滇东喀斯特断陷盆地土壤有机碳空间分布特征及其关键影响因子

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2024.09.002

生态环境学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (9): 1339-1352.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2024.09.002

滇东喀斯特断陷盆地土壤有机碳空间分布特征及其关键影响因子

李建付¹(), 黄志霖², 和成忠³, 姜昕³, 宋琳³, 刘佳鑫¹^,⁵, 陈利顶¹^,⁴^,⁵^,⁶^,^*()

1.云南大学生态与环境学院，云南昆明 650091
2.中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与自然保护研究所，北京 100091
3.中国地质调查局昆明自然资源综合调查中心，云南昆明 650100
4.西南联合研究院，云南昆明 650092
5.西南跨境生态安全教育部重点实验室，云南昆明 650091
6.中国科学院生态环境研究/中心城市与区域生态国家重点实验室，北京 100085

收稿日期:2024-01-22 出版日期:2024-09-18 发布日期:2024-10-18
通讯作者: ^*陈利顶。E-mail: liding@ynu.edu.cn
作者简介:李建付（1996年生），男，硕士研究生，研究方向为生态学和土壤碳平衡研究。E-mail: 2093658255@qq.com
基金资助:
云南省西南联合研究生院科技专项(202302AO370012);中国科技部科技基础资源调查专项(2021FY100800)

Spatial Distribution and Key Factors Affecting Soil Organic Carbon Within the Karst Fault Basin in Eastern Yunnan, China

LI Jianfu¹(), HUANG Zhilin², HE Chengzhong³, JIANG Xin³, SONG Lin³, LIU Jiaxin¹^,⁵, CHEN Liding¹^,⁴^,⁵^,⁶^,^*()

1. School of Ecology and Environment, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
2. Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Nature Conservation, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P. R. China
3. Kunming General Survey of Natural Resources Center, China Geological Survey, Kunming 650100, P. R. China
4. Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
5. Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Transboundary Ecosecurity of Southwest China, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
6. State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology/Ecological Environment Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China

Received:2024-01-22 Online:2024-09-18 Published:2024-10-18

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

滇东喀斯特地区作为典型的生态脆弱区，土地石漠化和水土流失严重、景观空间异质性高，这些因素强烈影响着土壤性质和碳循环过程，为评估该地区土壤有机碳储量动态变化带来巨大困难。通过探究喀斯特地区土壤有机碳空间分布特征及其关键影响因素，进而提升喀斯特土壤碳汇能力，对实现碳中和目标以及减缓全球气候变暖具有重要意义。基于滇东喀斯特地区典型区域土壤调查数据，利用地统计学方法、随机森林模型（RF）和SHAP解释方法（SHAP），分析了土壤有机碳空间分布特征和关键影响因子及其影响效应。结果表明，1）研究区表层土壤有机碳质量分数为1.45－56.0 g∙kg⁻¹，变异系数为46.7%，空间变异较大。2）不同土地利用类型、土壤类型之间土壤有机碳含量差异显著（p<0.010），随着海拔上升，表层土壤有机碳含量呈现先下降后上升的趋势。3）土壤有机碳空间分布具有中等程度的空间自相关性（块金系数：48.4%），空间变异主要由总氮、总磷、降水量、海拔和pH主导，土壤氮、磷等关键因子解释了土壤有机碳88.5%的空间变异。4）关键影响因子对土壤有机碳的影响存在阈值或峰值效应。当总氮超过阈值点1.75 g∙kg⁻¹后，其对土壤有机碳的影响由负转正；总磷对土壤有机碳的正向贡献在1.50 g∙kg⁻¹左右时达到峰值，侧面证明了过度施磷肥并不能起到增加土壤肥力的作用，而可能会造成资源浪费和土地生态污染问题；海拔对土壤有机碳的正向贡献在1750 m左右时达到最大值；pH对土壤有机碳的正向贡献在4.45左右达到峰值。研究表明需要考虑关键因子的阈值或峰值效应，以便了解土壤有机碳积累的潜在过程。

关键词: 喀斯特断陷盆地, 土壤有机碳, 空间变异, 随机森林模型, SHAP

Abstract:

The karst region in eastern Yunnan, China, which is known for its fragile ecosystem, suffers from severe desertification, soil erosion, and landscape fragmentation. This complex background significantly affects soil properties and carbon cycling, and causes difficulties in assessing soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks. Identifying the spatial distribution of SOC and its affecting factors, thus improving the karst SOC sink, is of high significance for achieving carbon neutrality and reducing global warming. In this study, the characteristics of SOC and its affecting factors were examined using geostatistical methods, the Random Forest Model (RF), and the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method based on soil survey data. The findings were as follows: 1) SOC in the surface layer varied significantly across the region, ranging from 1.45 to 56.0 g∙kg⁻¹, and the coefficient variation (CV) was approximately 46.7%. 2) Significant differences in SOC existed among different land use types and soil types, and the surface SOC decreased and then increased as elevation increased. 3) Moderate autocorrelation (nugget coefficient: 48.4%) was observed in the spatial distribution of SOC. Total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), precipitation, altitude, and pH were the primary influencing factors. Soil TN and TP, as the key factors, explained approximately 88.5% of the spatial variation in SOC. 4) A threshold or peak effect was observed in the impact of key factors on the SOC. For instance, the effect of TN on SOC changed from negative to positive when TN exceeded 1.75 g∙kg⁻¹. The positive effect of TP reached its peak value at 1.50 g∙kg⁻¹. This implies that excessive phosphorus fertilizer input may lead to resource waste rather than improve soil fertility. Altitude also played a significant role in SOC, with the peak value at 1750 m for positive impact. Similarly, the pH had a peak positive effect of approximately 4.45. These findings on the threshold or peak effects of key factors are especially valuable for understanding the complex mechanisms of SOC accumulation in karst regions.

Key words: karst fault basin, soil organic carbon (SOC), spatial variation, random forest model, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP)

中图分类号:

X144

李建付, 黄志霖, 和成忠, 姜昕, 宋琳, 刘佳鑫, 陈利顶. 滇东喀斯特断陷盆地土壤有机碳空间分布特征及其关键影响因子[J]. 生态环境学报, 2024, 33(9): 1339-1352.

LI Jianfu, HUANG Zhilin, HE Chengzhong, JIANG Xin, SONG Lin, LIU Jiaxin, CHEN Liding. Spatial Distribution and Key Factors Affecting Soil Organic Carbon Within the Karst Fault Basin in Eastern Yunnan, China[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2024, 33(9): 1339-1352.

图/表 12

图1 研究区土壤采样点示意图

Figure 1 Schematic map of soil sampling points in the study area

图2 研究区海拔、土地利用和土壤类型空间分布图

Figure 2 Spatial distribution of altitude, land use types and soil types in the study area

表1 土地利用类型及采样点分布情况

Table 1 Area of land use type and distribution of sampling points

土地利用类型	面积/km²	面积比例/%	采样点个数
耕地	162.37	62.38	1704
园地	0.43	0.17	39
林地	71.24	27.37	162
草地	12.42	4.77	78
建设用地	12.14	4.66	0
水域	1.69	0.66	0

表2 本研究中采用的环境因子

Table 2 The affecting factors of soil organic carbon used in this study

变量类型	基本变量	变量简写与常用表达/单位
气候因素	年均降水量	MAP/mm
气候因素	年均温	MAT/℃
地形因素	海拔	Altitude/m
	坡度	Slope/(°)
	地形湿润度指数	TWI
	坡向	Aspect
成土因素	成土母质	PM
人类活动因素	土地利用类型	LU
土壤性质	总氮含量	TN/(g∙kg⁻¹)
	总磷含量	TP/(g∙kg⁻¹)
	土壤pH值	pH
	黏粒含量	Clay/%
	砂粒含量	Sand/%
	土壤含水量	SWC/%
	土壤类型	Subgroup
土地石漠化	岩石裸露率	Rer

表3 变量描述性统计特征

Table 3 Descriptive statistical characteristics of variables

变量类型	变量	单位	最小值	最大值	均值	标准差	偏度	峰度	变异系数/%
因变量	w_{(土壤有机碳)}	g∙kg⁻¹	1.45	56.0	22.5	10.5	0.91	0.48	46.7
自变量	w_{(土壤总氮)}	g∙kg⁻¹	0.25	3.48	1.78	0.57	−0.27	0.35	32.2
	w_{(土壤总磷)}	g∙kg⁻¹	0.30	4.98	1.31	0.47	1.74	5.72	35.7
	土壤pH	‒	4.27	8.18	5.89	0.95	0.77	−0.48	16.1
	土壤黏粒百分比	%	22.0	47.0	31.19	5.76	−0.44	−1.45	18.5
	土壤砂粒百分比	%	25.0	51.0	39.18	5.74	0.99	0.27	14.7
	年均降水量	mm	1047.80	1110.36	1076.37	15.8	0.39	−1.00	1.47
	年均气温	℃	13.1	15.6	14.6	0.52	−0.48	−0.63	3.57
	海拔	m	1632.00	2297.00	1917.83	124.9	0.37	−0.32	6.51
	坡度	°	4.27	8.18	5.89	0.95	0.77	−0.48	16.1
	地形湿度指数	‒	0.42	9.07	7.77	2.46	−1.81	1.45	31.6
	曲率	‒	−0.71	0.75	0.16	0.02	0.23	0.44	11.9
	岩石裸露率	‒	0	1.00	0.54	0.26	−0.04	−0.76	47.5

图3 土壤有机碳含量分布特征 n=1983，下同。不同小写字母表示差异显著性（p<0.05）

Figure 3 Distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon content

表4 土壤表层有机碳含量半方差函数模型及参数

Table 4 Semi-variance function model and parameters of soil organic carbon content

样点数	理论模型	块金值 (C₀)	偏基台值 (C)	变程 A/m	块金系数 [C₀/(C₀+C)]/ %	决定系数(R²)	残差 (RSS)
1983	指数模型	0.15	0.16	79.4	48.4	0.91	2.5210⁻³
1983	高斯模型	0.11	0.15	69.9	42.3	0.87	3.6710⁻³
1983	球状模型	0.09	0.12	82.3	42.9	0.69	4.1210⁻³
1983	线性模型	0.13	0.11	76.3	54.2	0.74	4.8810⁻³

图4 随机森林（RF）预测土壤有机碳含量（SOC）模型表现此处n为RF模型训练集样本数，n=396，红色实线表示土壤有机碳实测值与预测值实际的线性拟合线，而1?1虚线表示理论上能达到的拟合情况，用以对比分析

Figure 4 Performance of the random forest (RF) model for predicting soil organic carbon content (SOC)

图5 基于RF-SHAP模型的影响因子重要性排序（a）每个变量的总体重要性，y轴表示影响因子重要性排名；x轴表示各影响因子SHAP值的平均值；（b）变量的整体重要性和影响方向，特征排名（y轴）表示影响因子的重要性；SHAP值（x轴）表征模型中某个因素影响的统一索引；红（蓝）点表示影响因子的值，SHAP>0表示正向贡献，随着SHAP值增加，则该因子对土壤有机碳含量的正向影响效应越高，SHAP <0表示负向贡献，随着SHAP值减小，则该因子对土壤有机碳含量的负向影响效应越高。PM_sd：坡积物；LU_fl：林地；Aspect_shady_slope：阴坡；Subgroup_rs：红壤；Aspect_semi_shady_slope：半阴坡；PM_eld：残坡积物；PM_rd：残积物；Aspect_semi_sunny_slope：半阳坡，其余影响因子注释参照表2

Figure 5 Importance ranking of the affecting factors based on RF-SHAP model

图6 土壤有机碳关键影响因子的影响程度变化灰色竖线表示关键影响因子对土壤有机碳影响的阈值或者正向贡献峰值点。SHAP>0表示正向贡献，随着SHAP值增加，则该因子对土壤有机碳含量的正向影响效应越高，SHAP<0表示负向贡献，随着SHAP值减小，则该因子对土壤有机碳含量的负向影响效应越高

Figure 6 The degree of influence of key affecting factors

图7 土壤有机碳关键影响因子SHAP值空间分布图

Figure 7 Spatial distribution of SHAP values on key influencing factors of soil organic carbon

图8 土壤有机碳关键影响因子及SOC含量的空间分布图

Figure 8 Spatial distribution of key influencing factors of soil organic carbon and SOC content

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滇东喀斯特断陷盆地土壤有机碳空间分布特征及其关键影响因子

Spatial Distribution and Key Factors Affecting Soil Organic Carbon Within the Karst Fault Basin in Eastern Yunnan, China

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