黄河宁夏段典型滩涂湿地土壤理化因子空间分布特征及其对微地形的响应

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2023.04.004

生态环境学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (4): 668-677.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2023.04.004

黄河宁夏段典型滩涂湿地土壤理化因子空间分布特征及其对微地形的响应

潘昱伶¹^,²^,³(), 璩向宁¹^,²^,³, 李琴¹^,²^,³, 王磊¹^,²^,³^,^*(), 王筱平⁴, 谭鹏⁴, 崔庚⁵, 安雨⁵, 佟守正⁵

1.宁夏大学生态环境学院，宁夏银川 750021
2.宁夏大学/西北土地退化与生态恢复国家重点实验室培育基地，宁夏银川 750021
3.宁夏大学/西北退化生态系统恢复与重建教育部重点实验室，宁夏银川 750021
4.宁夏黄河湿地生态系统国家定位观测研究站，宁夏银川 750011
5.中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所，吉林长春 130102

收稿日期:2022-12-22 出版日期:2023-04-18 发布日期:2023-07-12
通讯作者: *王磊，教授，主要从事为植被与生态遥感研究。E-mail: WL8999@163.com
作者简介:潘昱伶（1996年生），女，硕士研究生。研究方向为生态学。E-mail:13097549806@163.com
基金资助:
宁夏重点研发计划项目(2021BEG02013);宁夏领军人才项目(2021GKLRLX13);宁夏回族自治区西部一流学科建设项目(NXYLXK2017B06)

Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Soil Physicochemical Factors and Their Response to Microtopography in a Typical Beach Wetland of the Yellow River in Ningxia

PAN Yuling¹^,²^,³(), QU Xiangning¹^,²^,³, LI Qing¹^,²^,³, WANG Lei¹^,²^,³^,^*(), WANG Xiaoping⁴, TAN Peng⁴, CUI Geng⁵, AN Yu⁵, TONG Shouzheng⁵

1. School of Ecology and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, P. R. China
2. Ningxia University/Breeding Base for Sate Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration in Northwestern China, Yinchuan 750021, P. R. China
3. Ningxia University/Key Laboratory of Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystems in Northwestern China of Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750021, P. R. China
4. National Positioning Observation Station for the Yellow River Wetland Ecosystem in Ningxia, Yinchuan 750011, P. R. China
5. Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, P. R. China

Received:2022-12-22 Online:2023-04-18 Published:2023-07-12

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

明确土壤理化因子空间分布特征及其对微地形的响应，对于黄河滩涂湿地生态系统保护、修复与适应性管理具有重要意义。以黄河宁夏段典型滩涂湿地为研究对象，根据微地形空间特征采集土壤剖面样品，对pH、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和有机质等指标进行地统计学分析，探究黄河典型滩涂湿地土壤理化因子空间分布特征及其对微地形的响应。结果表明，（1）黄河滩涂湿地土壤理化因子空间分布不均且丰缺程度存在一定的差异性，碱解氮、有效磷与全氮空间分布相似，分布状况垂直于黄河河道方向，随着距离的增加逐渐由低到高过渡，且它们之间呈极显著相关性（P<0.01）。全钾含量较为丰富，1级至3级水平高达86.4%。（2）根据地统计学方法得出土壤理化因子除速效钾不存在空间自相关性外，其余因子C₀/(C₀+C)均小于25%，表现为强烈的空间自相关性，说明其变异性主要受自然因子（微地形、水文、植被）的影响，没有过多随机因素（耕作、施肥等人为因素），为原生态区域。（3）微地形是土壤理化因子含量及其分布特征的重要影响因素，随着海拔高度的增高，全氮、碱解氮、有机质和速效钾等养分含量下降，土壤含水率降低且土壤粘粒减少，坡面曲率与碱解氮呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。该研究揭示了微地形影响下的黄河滩涂湿地土壤养分分布的空间异质性特征，由于黄河冲刷和泥沙堆积作用，距河道近的地势较高，土壤养分较少。在河岸带滩涂湿地修复中，可构建不同微地形以达到小尺度滩涂湿地的保护、植被重建、生态修复和合理利用。

关键词: 滩涂湿地, 土壤养分, 微地形, 地统计学, 空间变异

Abstract:

Clarifying the spatial distribution characteristics of soil physicochemical factors and their response to microtopography is of great significance for the conservation, restoration, and adaptive management of the Yellow River beach wetland ecosystem. A typical beach wetland in Ningxia of the Yellow River was used as a research object. Collection of soil profile samples was based on spatial features of microtopography. The pH, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, rapidly-available potassium, and organic matter were measured and analyzed indoors. The spatial distribution characteristics of soil physicochemical factors and their response to microtopography in typical beach wetlands of the Yellow River were studied. The results showed that: (1) uneven spatial distribution and variability in the abundance of physicochemical factors were presented in wetlands of the Yellow River beaches. The spatial distributions of alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, and total nitrogen were similar. Their distribution condition was perpendicular to the direction of the Yellow River channel and gradually transitioned from low to high with increasing distance. They were highly significantly correlated with each other (P<0.01). Total potassium content was relatively abundant, and the level of grades 1 to 3 was as high as 86.4%. (2) According to the geostatistical method, there was no spatial autocorrelation of the soil physicochemical factors except for rapidly-available potassium. All remaining soil physicochemical factors had C₀/(C₀+C) less than 25% and showed a strong spatial autocorrelation. This result indicates that variability was mainly influenced by natural factors (microtopography, hydrology, and vegetation) and it was an undisturbed pristine area. (3) Microtopography was an important influencing factor for the content and distribution characteristics of soil physicochemical factors. With the increase in altitude, the nutrient content (total nitrogen, alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen, organic matter, and rapidly-available potassium), soil water content, and soil clay were decreased. There was no correlation between slope and soil’s physicochemical properties. The slope curvature was significantly negatively correlated with alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen (P<0.05). The study reveals the spatial heterogeneity characteristics of soil nutrient distribution in the wetlands of the Yellow River beach under the influence of microtopography. In the absence of human interference, the terrain close to the river was higher and has less soil nutrients due to the effect of the Yellow River scouring and sediment accumulation. In the restoration of the riparian wetlands, different microtopographies can be constructed to achieve protection, revegetation, ecological restoration, and rational usage of small-scale beach wetlands.

Key words: beach wetland, soil nutrients, microtopography, geostatistic, spatial variation

中图分类号:

S153
X144

潘昱伶, 璩向宁, 李琴, 王磊, 王筱平, 谭鹏, 崔庚, 安雨, 佟守正. 黄河宁夏段典型滩涂湿地土壤理化因子空间分布特征及其对微地形的响应[J]. 生态环境学报, 2023, 32(4): 668-677.

PAN Yuling, QU Xiangning, LI Qing, WANG Lei, WANG Xiaoping, TAN Peng, CUI Geng, AN Yu, TONG Shouzheng. Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Soil Physicochemical Factors and Their Response to Microtopography in a Typical Beach Wetland of the Yellow River in Ningxia[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2023, 32(4): 668-677.

图/表 10

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指标	最小值	最大值	平均值	标准差	变异系数/%
pH	8.26	9.04	8.71	0.19	2.16
w_(全氮)/(g∙kg⁻¹)	0.20	0.99	0.48	0.21	44.3
w_(全磷)/(g∙kg⁻¹)	0.38	1.07	0.65	0.18	27.4
w_(全钾)/(g∙kg⁻¹)	14.5	25.0	17.9	2.57	14.3
w_(碱解氮)/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	9.48	57.9	21.4	10.1	47.4
w_(有效磷)/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	1.15	8.23	4.57	1.80	39.4
w_(速效钾)/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	47.9	137	79.0	23.4	29.6
w_(有机质)/(g∙kg⁻¹)	3.25	17.7	8.13	4.20	51.6

指标	最小值	最大值	平均值	标准差	变异系数/%
pH	8.26	9.04	8.71	0.19	2.16
w_(全氮)/(g∙kg⁻¹)	0.20	0.99	0.48	0.21	44.3
w_(全磷)/(g∙kg⁻¹)	0.38	1.07	0.65	0.18	27.4
w_(全钾)/(g∙kg⁻¹)	14.5	25.0	17.9	2.57	14.3
w_(碱解氮)/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	9.48	57.9	21.4	10.1	47.4
w_(有效磷)/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	1.15	8.23	4.57	1.80	39.4
w_(速效钾)/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	47.9	137	79.0	23.4	29.6
w_(有机质)/(g∙kg⁻¹)	3.25	17.7	8.13	4.20	51.6

分级标准	含量与比例	土壤指标
分级标准	含量与比例	w_(全氮)/(g∙kg⁻¹)	w_(全磷)/(g∙kg⁻¹)	w_(全钾)/(g∙kg⁻¹)	w_(碱解氮)/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	w_(有效磷)/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	w_(速效钾)/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	w_(有机质)/(g∙kg⁻¹)
一级	含量	>2	>1	>25	>150	>40	>200	>40
一级	比例/%	0	6.82	2.27	0	0	0	0
二级	含量	1.5‒2	0.8‒1	20‒25	120‒150	20‒40	150‒200	30‒40
二级	比例/%	0	15.9	22.7	0	0	2.27	0
三级	含量	1‒1.5	0.6‒0.8	15‒20	90‒120	10‒20	100‒150	20‒30
三级	比例/%	2.27	27.3	61.4	0	0	20.5	0
四级	含量	0.75‒1	0.4‒0.6	10‒20	60‒90	5‒10	50‒100	10‒20
四级	比例/%	11.4	40.9	13.6	2.27	43.2	68.2	29.6
五级	含量	0.5‒0.75	0.2‒0.4	5‒10	30‒60	3‒5	30‒50	6‒10
五级	比例/%	20.5	9.09	0	11.4	31.8	9.09	22.7
六级	含量	<0.5	<0.2	<5	<30	<3	<30	<6
六级	比例/%	65.9	0	0	86.4	25.0	0	47.7

分级标准	含量与比例	土壤指标
分级标准	含量与比例	w_(全氮)/(g∙kg⁻¹)	w_(全磷)/(g∙kg⁻¹)	w_(全钾)/(g∙kg⁻¹)	w_(碱解氮)/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	w_(有效磷)/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	w_(速效钾)/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	w_(有机质)/(g∙kg⁻¹)
一级	含量	>2	>1	>25	>150	>40	>200	>40
一级	比例/%	0	6.82	2.27	0	0	0	0
二级	含量	1.5‒2	0.8‒1	20‒25	120‒150	20‒40	150‒200	30‒40
二级	比例/%	0	15.9	22.7	0	0	2.27	0
三级	含量	1‒1.5	0.6‒0.8	15‒20	90‒120	10‒20	100‒150	20‒30
三级	比例/%	2.27	27.3	61.4	0	0	20.5	0
四级	含量	0.75‒1	0.4‒0.6	10‒20	60‒90	5‒10	50‒100	10‒20
四级	比例/%	11.4	40.9	13.6	2.27	43.2	68.2	29.6
五级	含量	0.5‒0.75	0.2‒0.4	5‒10	30‒60	3‒5	30‒50	6‒10
五级	比例/%	20.5	9.09	0	11.4	31.8	9.09	22.7
六级	含量	<0.5	<0.2	<5	<30	<3	<30	<6
六级	比例/%	65.9	0	0	86.4	25.0	0	47.7

相关系数	pH	w_(全氮)/(g∙kg⁻¹)	w_(全磷)/(g∙kg⁻¹)	w_(全钾)/(g∙kg⁻¹)	w_(碱解氮)/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	w_(有效磷)/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	w_(速效钾)/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	w_(有机质)/(g∙kg⁻¹)
pH	1
w_(全氮)/(g∙kg⁻¹)	−0.189	1
w_(全磷)/(g∙kg⁻¹)	0.104	0.199	1
w_(全钾)/(g∙kg⁻¹)	0.469^*	−0.370	0.522^*	1
w_(碱解氮)/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	−0.281	0.717^**	0.312	−0.270	1
w_(有效磷)/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	0.173	0.639^**	0.533^*	0.148	0.532^*	1
w_(速效钾)/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	−0.191	0.550^**	0.281	−0.140	0.727^**	0.407	1
w_(有机质)/(g∙kg⁻¹)	−0.114	0.986^**	0.159	−0.357	0.691^**	0.630^**	0.515^*	1

黄河宁夏段典型滩涂湿地土壤理化因子空间分布特征及其对微地形的响应

Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Soil Physicochemical Factors and Their Response to Microtopography in a Typical Beach Wetland of the Yellow River in Ningxia

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养分指标	理论模型	块金值 C₀	基台值 (C₀+C)	(块金值/基台值)/%	变程/m	决定系数 (R²)	残差 (RSS)
w_(全氮)/(g∙kg⁻¹)	高斯	2.23×10⁻³	4.84×10⁻²	4.60	45.4	0.546	1.11×10⁻³
w_(全磷)/(g∙kg⁻¹)	球形	5.84×10⁻⁴	3.83×10⁻²	1.52	56.2	0.597	3.32×10⁻⁴
w_(全钾)/(g∙kg⁻¹)	指数	0.360	8.59	4.19	78.0	0.656	7.07
w_(碱解氮)/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	球形	6.50	150.0	4.33	258.5	0.811	4.37×10³
w_(有效磷)/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	高斯	0.150	4.45	3.37	47.3	0.672	3.06
w_(速效钾)/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	高斯	1.0	793.0	0.13	62.7	0.676	2.53×10⁵
w_(有机质)/(g∙kg⁻¹)	高斯	1.19	17.7	6.73	50.2	0.691	116.0

相关关系	盖度/%	物种个体数	平均高度/m	芦苇密度
海拔高度/m	0.290	0.432**	−0.318*	0.448**
坡度/(°)	−0.043	−0.240	0.437**	−0.146
坡面曲率	0.063	0.097	−0.275	0.077
pH	0.317*	0.145	−0.038	0.205
w_(全氮)/(g∙kg⁻¹)	−0.219	−0.240	0.390**	−0.312*
w_(全磷)/(g∙kg⁻¹)	0.044	−0.141	0.136	−0.191
w_(全钾)/(g∙kg⁻¹)	0.312*	0.105	−0.236	0.095
w_(碱解氮)/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	−0.199	−0.366*	0.265	−0.350*
w_(有效磷)/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	0.006	−0.249	0.262	−0.246
w_(速效钾)/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	0.058	−0.269	0.263	−0.164
w_(有机质)/(g∙kg⁻¹)	−0.256	−0.241	0.381*	−0.311*
w_(盐分)/%	−0.314*	−0.127	−0.263	−0.368*
w_{(土壤水分)}/%	−0.216	−0.395*	−0.074	−0.456**

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