广东省江门市耕地土壤矿质养分特征及差异

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2025.01.006

生态环境学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (1): 46-55.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2025.01.006

广东省江门市耕地土壤矿质养分特征及差异

黄连喜¹(), 王泽煌², 田利华², 赵景鹏², 陈伟盛¹, 林启美¹, 黄庆¹, 魏岚¹^,^*()

1.广东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所/农业农村部南方植物营养与肥料重点实验室/广东省农业资源循环利用与耕地保育重点实验室，广东广州 510640
2.江门市农业科技创新中心，广东江门 529100

收稿日期:2024-06-21 出版日期:2025-01-18 发布日期:2025-01-21
通讯作者: * 魏岚。E-mail: 441004456@qq.com
作者简介:黄连喜（1982年生），女，副研究员，硕士，主要从事耕地土壤地力提升、农产品质量安全调控及土壤污染修复治理等研究工作。E-mail: hlx4@163.com
基金资助:
广东省农业农村厅2022年广东省省级涉农项目(107000068-2022-0000176609)

Characteristics and Differences of Soil Mineral Nutrients in Jiangmen City, Guangdong Province

HUANG Lianxi¹(), WANG Zehuang², TIAN Lihua², ZHAO Jingpeng², CHEN Weisheng¹, LIN Qimei¹, HUANG Qing¹, WEI Lan¹^,^*()

1. Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer in South Region, Ministry of Agriculture/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nutrient Cycling and Farmland Conservation, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
2. Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center of Jiangmen City, Jiangmen 529099, P. R. China

Received:2024-06-21 Online:2025-01-18 Published:2025-01-21

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

土壤矿质养分是评价土壤肥力的重要指标，是土壤供给作物生长的必需营养元素。为实现化肥减量增效、农作物合理施肥及耕地土壤质量提升目标，对江门市主要作物的耕地土壤进行矿质养分调查分析。结果表明，江门市耕地土壤pH均值5.60，超过45%的耕地土壤酸化严重，茄果与瓜类蔬菜地、果园及稻田土壤酸性较强，恩平市及蓬江/江海地区土壤pH明显高于其他县区。土壤有机质平均质量分数为26.4 g∙kg⁻¹，以新会区及果园土壤最高，恩平市最低。碱解氮和速效钾均值分别为120 mg∙kg⁻¹和136 mg∙kg⁻¹，新会区、蓬江/江海区及果园土壤最高，恩平市最低。74.5%样点的土壤有效磷含量达到极丰富水平，均值为123 mg∙kg⁻¹。土壤交换性钙、交换性镁质量摩尔浓度与有效硼、有效硅质量分数均值分别为2.02 cmol∙kg⁻¹、0.650 cmol∙kg⁻¹、0.650 mg∙kg⁻¹和132 mg∙kg⁻¹，仅新会区、蓬江/江海区及果园土壤含量稍高。不同作物及县区间的土壤pH变异性较弱，变异系数为9.43%—17.0%，有机质、碱解氮、有效硼和有效硅含量变异性中等，变异系数为20.4%—86.6%，有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙和交换性镁含量变异性较强，变异系数为55.4%—143%。与第二次土壤普查结果相比，江门市耕地土壤具有酸化加剧的趋势，有效磷含量极显著提升，有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量有所提升。江门市耕地土壤有机质和碱解氮含量中等偏高水平，速效钾，有效硼和有效硅含量偏低，交换性钙和交换性镁缺乏。江门地区整体土壤矿质养分差异明显，不同作物及区域间土壤矿质养分差异不可忽视，需按照“控氮、减磷、提质、增钾、稳硼硅、补钙镁”的总体原则，推广测土配方及精准平衡施肥。

关键词: 江门市, 耕地, 土壤, 矿质养分, 变异性

Abstract:

Soil mineral nutrients are important indices for evaluating soil fertility, and are essential nutrient elements for the soil to supply crops. To reduce fertilizer amount and increase efficiency, rational fertilization of crops and improving soil quality of cultivated land, mineral nutrients in cultivated land soil of the main crops in Jiangmen City were investigated and analyzed. The results showed that the average pH of the cultivated soil in Jiangmen was 5.60 and more than 45% of the cultivated soil was acidified. Soil acidity in eggplant and melon vegetable fields, orchards, and paddy fields was stronger. The soil pH in Enping City and Pengjiang/Jianghai was significantly higher than that in other districts. The average soil organic matter content was 26.4 g∙kg⁻¹, with the highest values in Xinhui District and orchard soil, and the lowest in Enping City. The average values of alkali-hydrolytic nitrogen and available potassium content were 120 mg∙kg⁻¹ and 136 mg∙kg⁻¹, respectively, with the highest values in the Xinhui District, Pengjiang/Jianghai District, and orchard soils, and the lowest in Enping City. The available phosphorus content in 74.5% of the soil samples was very high, with an average value of 123 mg∙kg⁻¹.The mean values of exchangeable calcium, exchangeable magnesium, available boron and available silicon in soils were 2.02 cmol∙kg⁻¹, 0.650 cmol∙kg⁻¹, 0.650 mg∙kg⁻¹ and 132 mg∙kg⁻¹, respectively, with slightly higher contents only in Xinhui District, Pengjiang/Jianghai District and orchard. The variability of pH value was weak; organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, available boron, and available silicon content were moderate; and available phosphorus, available potassium, exchangeable calcium, and exchangeable magnesium content were strong in the soil of different crops and districts, with coefficients of variation ranging from 9.43% to 17.0%, 20.4% to 86.6%, and 55.4% to 143%, respectively. Compared with the results of the second soil survey, the cultivated soil in Jiangmen showed increased acidification, significantly increased available phosphorus content, and slightly increased organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, and available potassium content. In Jiangmen, the contents of organic matter and alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen were medium-high, the contents of available potassium, available boron, and available silicon were low, and the contents of exchangeable calcium and exchangeable magnesium were lacking. Therefore, the differences in mineral nutrients in the Jiangmen area are evident, and the differences in soil mineral nutrients in different crops and regions cannot be ignored. It is necessary for Jiangmen City to promote soil testing formula and precise balanced fertilization according to the overall principle of “controlling nitrogen, reducing phosphorus, improving organic matter, increasing potassium, stabilizing borosilicate, and supplementing calcium and magnesium”.

Key words: Jiangmen City, cultivated land, soil, mineral nutrients, variability

中图分类号:

S153.6
X144

黄连喜, 王泽煌, 田利华, 赵景鹏, 陈伟盛, 林启美, 黄庆, 魏岚. 广东省江门市耕地土壤矿质养分特征及差异[J]. 生态环境学报, 2025, 34(1): 46-55.

HUANG Lianxi, WANG Zehuang, TIAN Lihua, ZHAO Jingpeng, CHEN Weisheng, LIN Qimei, HUANG Qing, WEI Lan. Characteristics and Differences of Soil Mineral Nutrients in Jiangmen City, Guangdong Province[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2025, 34(1): 46-55.

图/表 10

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养分指标	一级	二级	三级	四级	五级	六级
有机质质量分数/(g∙kg⁻¹)	>40	30—40	20—30	10—20	6—10	<6.0
碱解氮质量分数/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	>150	120—150	90—120	60-90	30—60	<30
有效磷质量分数/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	>40	20—40	10—20	5—10	3—5	<3
速效钾质量分数/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	>200	150— 200	100—150	50—100	30— 50	<30
交换性钙容量/(cmol∙kg⁻¹)	≥4	2—4	≤2
交换性镁容量/(cmol∙kg⁻¹)	≥1	0.5—1	≤0.5
有效硼质量分数/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	>2.0	1.01— 2.0	0.501—1.0	0.201—0.50	<0.20
有效硅质量分数/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	>230	115—230	70—115	25—70	<25

养分指标	一级	二级	三级	四级	五级	六级
有机质质量分数/(g∙kg⁻¹)	>40	30—40	20—30	10—20	6—10	<6.0
碱解氮质量分数/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	>150	120—150	90—120	60-90	30—60	<30
有效磷质量分数/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	>40	20—40	10—20	5—10	3—5	<3
速效钾质量分数/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	>200	150— 200	100—150	50—100	30— 50	<30
交换性钙容量/(cmol∙kg⁻¹)	≥4	2—4	≤2
交换性镁容量/(cmol∙kg⁻¹)	≥1	0.5—1	≤0.5
有效硼质量分数/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	>2.0	1.01— 2.0	0.501—1.0	0.201—0.50	<0.20
有效硅质量分数/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	>230	115—230	70—115	25—70	<25

耕地利用类型	pH				有机质质量分数
耕地利用类型	范围	均值	中位值	变异系数/%	范围/(g∙kg⁻¹)	均值/(g∙kg⁻¹)	中位值/(g∙kg⁻¹)	变异系数/%
水稻田	3.70—6.96	5.48	5.44	10.7	11.2—70.7	30.5	29.6	36.4
叶菜地	4.50—7.07	5.82	5.70	11.0	13.4—42.2	24.4	23.3	32.6
根茎蔬菜地	2.88—7.54	5.77	5.70	17.0	4.92—48.9	22.3	23.7	45.9
茄果与瓜类蔬菜地	4.03—6.89	5.41	5.35	13.4	6.05—83.9	25.9	25.1	44.7
豆类蔬菜地	4.04—6.89	5.69	5.69	11.2	9.84—45.0	24.4	25.2	41.9
玉米地	4.72—7.08	5.62	5.60	11.9	13.2—41.0	27.3	26.9	25.3
花生地	4.16—8.25	6.13	6.33	16.2	8.98—31.2	18.3	16.5	36.0
果园	4.02—7.10	5.46	5.54	15.9	9.44—60.0	30.6	26.3	39.4

耕地利用类型	pH				有机质质量分数
耕地利用类型	范围	均值	中位值	变异系数/%	范围/(g∙kg⁻¹)	均值/(g∙kg⁻¹)	中位值/(g∙kg⁻¹)	变异系数/%
水稻田	3.70—6.96	5.48	5.44	10.7	11.2—70.7	30.5	29.6	36.4
叶菜地	4.50—7.07	5.82	5.70	11.0	13.4—42.2	24.4	23.3	32.6
根茎蔬菜地	2.88—7.54	5.77	5.70	17.0	4.92—48.9	22.3	23.7	45.9
茄果与瓜类蔬菜地	4.03—6.89	5.41	5.35	13.4	6.05—83.9	25.9	25.1	44.7
豆类蔬菜地	4.04—6.89	5.69	5.69	11.2	9.84—45.0	24.4	25.2	41.9
玉米地	4.72—7.08	5.62	5.60	11.9	13.2—41.0	27.3	26.9	25.3
花生地	4.16—8.25	6.13	6.33	16.2	8.98—31.2	18.3	16.5	36.0
果园	4.02—7.10	5.46	5.54	15.9	9.44—60.0	30.6	26.3	39.4

耕地利用类型	碱解氮质量分数				有效磷质量分数				速效钾质量分数
耕地利用类型	范围/ (mg∙kg⁻¹)	均值/ (mg∙kg⁻¹)	中位值/ (mg∙kg⁻¹)	变异系数/ %	范围/ (mg∙kg⁻¹)	均值/ (mg∙kg⁻¹)	中位值/ (mg∙kg⁻¹)	变异系数/ %	范围/ (mg∙kg⁻¹)	均值/ (mg∙kg⁻¹)	中位值/ (mg∙kg⁻¹)	变异系数/ %
水稻田	14.0—275	123	119	45.3	4.68—206	57.5	46.5	78.9	12.0—303	84.4	75.0	64.1
叶菜地	44.9—190	130	129	33.6	21.8—478	174	98.3	86.6	38.0—410	163	153	56.8
根茎蔬菜地	29.6—226	89.7	77.9	52.6	3.93—306	103	72.9	87.6	6.00—313	68.2	53.0	82.3
茄果-瓜类蔬菜地	15.1—302	137	115	49.0	4.89—740	182	144	76.0	17.0—709	163	130	84.9
豆类蔬菜地	32.6—347	98.5	87.9	68.8	6.09—419	147	115	79.3	28.0—337	117	93.0	79.9
玉米地	53.5—218	127	120	34.9	14.8—390	162	117	69.9	29.0—653	209	153	85.6
花生地	3.10—193	85.5	83.9	48.7	2.35—292	83.5	56.6	93.9	27.0—292	71.9	56.0	82.0
果园	38.0—435	144	130	58.0	8.02—694	159	116	87.2	54.0—1.11×10³	294	181	85.8

广东省江门市耕地土壤矿质养分特征及差异

Characteristics and Differences of Soil Mineral Nutrients in Jiangmen City, Guangdong Province

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耕地利用类型	交换性钙质量摩尔浓度				交换性镁质量摩尔浓度				有效硼质量分数				有效硅质量分数
	b/(cmol∙kg⁻¹)			变异系数/ %	b/(cmol∙kg⁻¹)			变异系数/ %	w/(mg∙kg⁻¹)			变异系数/ %	w/(mg∙kg⁻¹)			变异系数/ %
	范围	均值	中位值	变异系数/ %	范围	均值	中位值	变异系数/ %	范围	均值	中位值	变异系数/ %	范围	均值	中位值	变异系数/ %
水稻田	9.00×10⁻²—7.35	1.47	1.20	75.6	0.100—2.00	0.570	0.410	77.0	8.00×10⁻²—1.68	0.640	0.620	50.5	27.2—252	110	92.9	51.7
叶菜地	0.360— 7.00	2.78	2.45	61.8	0.200—2.20	0.940	0.800	62.2	0.180— 1.18	0.700	0.760	37.6	60.2—427	143	110	65.8
根茎蔬菜地	N.d— 8.20	1.91	1.20	94.6	0.100—2.50	0.380	0.300	108	0.148—3.33	0.690	0.620	75.1	25.8—549	145	101	76.4
茄果与瓜类蔬菜地	N.d— 6.23	1.54	1.10	81.0	N.d— 2.34	0.590	0.500	78.9	0.151— 1.86	0.610	0.520	55.1	28.1—693	104	85.8	89.0
豆类蔬菜地	0.340— 7.30	1.96	1.50	90.1	0.200—4.70	0.710	0.370	143	0.220— 1.30	0.640	0.590	45.0	33.8—479	159	127	69.2
玉米地	N.d— 12.7	2.81	1.40	111	0.200—3.00	0.800	0.400	96.0	0.190— 1.08	0.650	0.660	34.5	44.2—430	137	77.5	85.6
花生地	0.107— 9.00	2.81	2.15	82.2	0.100—1.96	0.420	0.300	102	9.00×10⁻²—1.15	0.510	0.480	52.4	25.2—529	172	121	75.2
果园	N.d— 13.0	2.88	1.71	98.9	0.100—4.70	1.14	0.930	83.3	8.30×10⁻²—1.82	0.750	0.730	46.2	41.4—768	156	137	77.6

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