高寒草地沙化过程植物群落构成及生态位特征变化

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2021.08.002

生态环境学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (8): 1561-1570.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2021.08.002

所属专题：生物多样性专题汇编

高寒草地沙化过程植物群落构成及生态位特征变化

宗宁¹(), 石培礼¹^,², 朱军涛¹^,^*()

1.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所生态系统网络观测与模拟重点实验室拉萨高原生态试验站,北京 100101
2.中国科学院大学资源与环境学院,北京 100049

收稿日期:2021-04-07 出版日期:2021-08-18 发布日期:2021-11-03
通讯作者: * 朱军涛（1981年生）,男,副研究员,博士,主要从事生态系统与全球变化生态学。E-mail: zhujt@igsnrr.ac.cn
作者简介:宗宁（1987年生）,男,副研究员,博士,主要从事高原生态学研究。E-mail: zongning@igsnrr.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(42071066);国家自然科学基金项目(31870406);国家自然科学基金项目(42077422);国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFA0604802);第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究项目(2019QZKK0302);中国科学院战略性先导科技专项项目(XDA20050102)

Changes of Plant Community Composition and Niche Characteristics during Desertification Process in An Alpine Steppe

ZONG Ning¹(), SHI Peili¹^,², ZHU Juntao¹^,^*()

1. Lhasa National Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
2. College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Received:2021-04-07 Online:2021-08-18 Published:2021-11-03

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

草地沙化是目前面临的重要环境问题,会对草原地区牧草生产与居民生活环境产生影响。目前对沙化草地的研究主要集中在植被与土壤性质的变化,对物种之间关系的变化并未进行深入探究。基于经典的生态位理论,利用空间代替时间序列的方法,通过调查高寒草地沿沙化梯度的植物群落变化特征,分析沙化演替过程中高寒草原植物群落构成、生态位宽度以及生态位重叠（O）的变化,探索沙化过程植物种群的资源利用状况及生态适应能力,以期为青藏高原高寒草原植物多样性维持机制与沙化草地植被恢复提供参考依据。结果发现,随着沙化程度的加重,群落盖度和地上生物量呈现逐渐降低的趋势。不同的是,物种丰富度、辛普森指数和香农-维纳指数的最大值出现在轻度沙化梯度,而后呈显著降低趋势（P<0.001）,但Pielou指数在各沙化梯度间差异不显著（P=0.634）。通过计算重要值发现,沙化梯度之间群落结构变异较大。相关性分析发现,沙化过程物种生态位宽度与重要值呈饱和曲线关系。随着沙化程度的加重,生态位高度重叠（>0.9）和部分重叠（0.5<O≤0.9）的植物种对数逐渐降低,而中度重叠以下（≤0.5）的植物种对数则变化不大,这说明沙化程度加深导致的物种数减少会降低种群间资源利用的竞争。沙化程度的加重伴随土壤养分的减少,为降低对有限资源的竞争,植物种群间的资源利用呈现多样化。

关键词: 高寒草地, 沙化梯度, 多样性, 重要值, 生态位重叠

Abstract:

Grassland desertification has become an urgent environmental issue, which negatively affects forage production and environmental conditions for residents living in grassland areas. Current researches on desertified grassland have been mainly focused on changes in vegetation and soil properties, while the changed relationships among species caused by desertification have been rarely investigated. Based on the classic niche theory, this study used space as a surrogate of time series to assess the changed characteristics of plant communities along the desertification gradient in alpine grasslands. The species composition, niche width, and niche overlap (O) were analyzed along the desertification gradients, as well as the resource utilization and ecological adaptability of plant populations. The research findings can provide scientific guidelines for revealing the mechanism maintaining plant diversity in alpine grasslands and for restoring desertified grassland vegetation of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Along the desertification gradient, community coverage and aboveground biomass showed gradually decreasing trends. However, the highest species richness, Simpson index, and Shannon-Wiener index appeared in the light desertification gradient end, and then showed significant decreasing trends. The Pielou index did not differ significantly among the desertification gradients. The importance value showed that significant differences occurred in community structure among the desertification gradients. Correlation analysis found that species niche width along the desertification gradient displayed a saturation curve with the importance values. Along the increasing desertification, the number of plant population with high niche overlap (>0.9) and partial overlap (0.5<O≤0.9) gradually decreased, while the number of moderate overlap (≤0.5) did not change. This means that the decrease in species number caused by desertification can reduce the competition for resource utilization among plant species. Accompanied by weakened soil nutrients, resources utilization among plant populations is diversified in order to reduce competition for limited resources.

Key words: alpine grassland, desertification gradient, biodiversity, importance value, niche overlap

中图分类号:

Q948
X173

宗宁, 石培礼, 朱军涛. 高寒草地沙化过程植物群落构成及生态位特征变化[J]. 生态环境学报, 2021, 30(8): 1561-1570.

ZONG Ning, SHI Peili, ZHU Juntao. Changes of Plant Community Composition and Niche Characteristics during Desertification Process in An Alpine Steppe[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2021, 30(8): 1561-1570.

图/表 10

参考文献 36

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沙化梯度Desertification gradient	潜在沙化 Potential desertification	轻度沙化 Light desertification	中度沙化 Moderate desertification	重度沙化 Heavy desertification	极重度沙化 Severely heavy desertification
植被覆盖度 Vegetation cover	>50%	>30%	10%‒30%	5%‒10%	<5%
裸地面积 Proportion of bare land	<10%	<20%	20%‒30%	30%‒50%	>50%
优势物种 Dominant species	紫花针茅 (Stipa purpurea)、多裂委陵菜 (Potentilla multifida)、微孔草 (Microula sikkimensis)	窄叶苔草 (Carex montis-everestii)、多裂委陵菜、羊茅 (Festuca ovina)	紫花针茅、多裂委陵菜、冷地早熟禾 (Poa crymophila)	紫花针茅、纤杆蒿(Artemisia demissa)、窄叶苔草	微孔草、平卧轴藜(Axyris prostrata)

沙化梯度Desertification gradient	潜在沙化 Potential desertification	轻度沙化 Light desertification	中度沙化 Moderate desertification	重度沙化 Heavy desertification	极重度沙化 Severely heavy desertification
植被覆盖度 Vegetation cover	>50%	>30%	10%‒30%	5%‒10%	<5%
裸地面积 Proportion of bare land	<10%	<20%	20%‒30%	30%‒50%	>50%
优势物种 Dominant species	紫花针茅 (Stipa purpurea)、多裂委陵菜 (Potentilla multifida)、微孔草 (Microula sikkimensis)	窄叶苔草 (Carex montis-everestii)、多裂委陵菜、羊茅 (Festuca ovina)	紫花针茅、多裂委陵菜、冷地早熟禾 (Poa crymophila)	紫花针茅、纤杆蒿(Artemisia demissa)、窄叶苔草	微孔草、平卧轴藜(Axyris prostrata)

科 Family	序号 No.	植物种 Plant species	重要值 Importance value
科 Family	序号 No.	植物种 Plant species	潜在沙化Potential desertification	轻度沙化Light desertification	中度沙化Moderate desertification	重度沙化Heavy desertification	极重度沙化Severely heavy desertification
禾本科 Gramineae	S1	紫花针茅 Stipa purpurea	25.45	1.40	51.92	37.51	1.31
	S2	冷地早熟禾 Poa crymophila	7.44	4.36	10.90	2.22	‒
	S3	羊茅 Festuca ovina	6.73	12.47	‒	‒	‒
	S4	穗三毛 Trisetum spicatum	5.32	‒	‒	3.80	‒
莎草科 Cyperaceae	S5	窄叶苔草 Carex montis-everestii	4.95	25.22	2.49	13.52	‒
豆科 Leguminosae	S6	丛生黄耆 Astragalus confertus	1.85	3.35	‒	6.56	‒
蔷薇科 Rosaceae	S7	多裂委陵菜 Potentilla multifida	22.96	24.15	‒	‒	‒
蔷薇科 Rosaceae	S8	二裂委陵菜 Potentilla bifurca	4.82	5.04	13.67	‒	‒
菊科 Asteraceae	S9	青藏狗娃花 Heteropappus bowerii	0.54	‒	10.45	4.49	‒
	S10	纤杆蒿 Artemisia demissa	0.98	3.05	7.32	26.78	‒
	S11	弱小火绒草 Leontopodium pusillum	1.07	1.85	‒	0.64	‒
龙胆科 Gentianaceae	S12	线叶龙胆 Gentiana farreri	2.79	10.49	‒	‒	‒
紫草科 Boraginaceae	S13	微孔草 Microula sikkimensis	12.88	4.38	2.96	4.47	54.24
景天科 Crassulaceae	S14	藏布红景天 Rhodiola sangpo-tibetana	1.19	3.65	0.31	‒	‒
石竹科 Caryophyllaceae	S15	高山雪灵芝 Arenaria kansuensis	‒	0.40	‒	‒	‒
伞形科 Umbelliferae	S16	棱子芹 Pleurospermum camtschaticum	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒
藜科 Chenopodiaceae	S17	平卧轴藜 Axyris prostrata	1.05	‒	‒	‒	44.45

科 Family	序号 No.	植物种 Plant species	重要值 Importance value
科 Family	序号 No.	植物种 Plant species	潜在沙化Potential desertification	轻度沙化Light desertification	中度沙化Moderate desertification	重度沙化Heavy desertification	极重度沙化Severely heavy desertification
禾本科 Gramineae	S1	紫花针茅 Stipa purpurea	25.45	1.40	51.92	37.51	1.31
	S2	冷地早熟禾 Poa crymophila	7.44	4.36	10.90	2.22	‒
	S3	羊茅 Festuca ovina	6.73	12.47	‒	‒	‒
	S4	穗三毛 Trisetum spicatum	5.32	‒	‒	3.80	‒
莎草科 Cyperaceae	S5	窄叶苔草 Carex montis-everestii	4.95	25.22	2.49	13.52	‒
豆科 Leguminosae	S6	丛生黄耆 Astragalus confertus	1.85	3.35	‒	6.56	‒
蔷薇科 Rosaceae	S7	多裂委陵菜 Potentilla multifida	22.96	24.15	‒	‒	‒
蔷薇科 Rosaceae	S8	二裂委陵菜 Potentilla bifurca	4.82	5.04	13.67	‒	‒
菊科 Asteraceae	S9	青藏狗娃花 Heteropappus bowerii	0.54	‒	10.45	4.49	‒
	S10	纤杆蒿 Artemisia demissa	0.98	3.05	7.32	26.78	‒
	S11	弱小火绒草 Leontopodium pusillum	1.07	1.85	‒	0.64	‒
龙胆科 Gentianaceae	S12	线叶龙胆 Gentiana farreri	2.79	10.49	‒	‒	‒
紫草科 Boraginaceae	S13	微孔草 Microula sikkimensis	12.88	4.38	2.96	4.47	54.24
景天科 Crassulaceae	S14	藏布红景天 Rhodiola sangpo-tibetana	1.19	3.65	0.31	‒	‒
石竹科 Caryophyllaceae	S15	高山雪灵芝 Arenaria kansuensis	‒	0.40	‒	‒	‒
伞形科 Umbelliferae	S16	棱子芹 Pleurospermum camtschaticum	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒
藜科 Chenopodiaceae	S17	平卧轴藜 Axyris prostrata	1.05	‒	‒	‒	44.45

科 Family	序号 No.	植物种 Plant species	生态位Niche breadth
科 Family	序号 No.	植物种 Plant species	潜在沙化Potential desertification	轻度沙化 Light desertification	中度沙化Moderate desertification	重度沙化 Heavy desertification	极重度沙化Severely heavy desertification
禾本科 Gramineae	S1	紫花针茅 Stipa purpurea	0.898	0.398	0.975	0.963	0.200
	S2	冷地早熟禾 Poa crymophila	0.695	0.713	0.947	0.358	‒
	S3	羊茅 Festuca ovina	0.567	0.799	‒	‒	‒
	S4	穗三毛 Trisetum spicatum	0.394	‒	‒	0.394	‒
莎草科 Cyperaceae	S5	窄叶苔草 Carex montis-everestii	0.552	0.938	0.584	0.785	‒
豆科 Leguminosae	S6	丛生黄耆 Astragalus confertus	0.336	0.384	‒	0.226	‒
蔷薇科 Rosaceae	S7	多裂委陵菜 Potentilla multifida	0.851	0.924	‒	‒	‒
蔷薇科 Rosaceae	S8	二裂委陵菜 Potentilla bifurca	0.295	0.595	0.623	‒	‒
菊科 Asteraceae	S9	青藏狗娃花 Heteropappus bowerii	0.200	‒	0.790	0.384	‒
	S10	纤杆蒿 Artemisia demissa	0.400	0.763	0.700	0.780	‒
	S11	弱小火绒草 Leontopodium pusillum	0.309	0.270	‒	0.200	‒
龙胆科 Gentianaceae	S12	线叶龙胆 Gentiana farreri	0.458	0.837	‒	‒	‒
紫草科 Boraginaceae	S13	微孔草 Microula sikkimensis	0.638	0.506	0.375	0.526	0.971
景天科 Crassulaceae	S14	藏布红景天 Rhodiola sangpo-tibetana	0.506	0.779	0.200	‒	‒
石竹科 Caryophyllaceae	S15	高山雪灵芝 Arenaria kansuensis	‒	0.400	‒	‒	‒
伞形科 Umbelliferae	S16	棱子芹 Pleurospermum camtschaticum	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒
藜科 Chenopodiaceae	S17	平卧轴藜 Axyris prostrata	‒	‒	‒	‒	0.950

高寒草地沙化过程植物群落构成及生态位特征变化

Changes of Plant Community Composition and Niche Characteristics during Desertification Process in An Alpine Steppe

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植物种 Plant species	S1	S2	S3	S4	S5	S6	S7	S8	S9	S10	S11	S12	S13	S14
S1	‒	0.685	0.660	0.718	0.530	0.609	0.811	0.410	0.657	0.607	0.660	0.818	0.669	0.517
S2	0.542	‒	0.838	0.206	0.875	0.454	0.973	0.222	0.174	0.623	0.625	0.430	0.698	0.655
S3	0.748	0.913	‒	0	0.590	0.791	0.895	0.147	0	0.761	0.371	0.922	0.250	0.961
S4	‒	‒	‒	‒	0.250	0	0.120	0.610	0	0	0	0	0.426	0
S5	0.488	0.795	0.778	‒	‒	0.285	0.820	0.459	0	0.566	0.747	0.400	0.445	0.460
S6	0.045	0.221	0.303	‒	0.714	‒	0.590	0.096	0	0.906	0.351	0.964	0.142	0.926
S7	0.597	0.684	0.757	‒	0.968	0.743	‒	0.315	0.251	0.689	0.603	0.739	0.541	0.798
S8	0.406	0.983	0.854	‒	0.741	0.455	0.595	‒	0	0.071	0	0.126	0.721	0.135
S9	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	0	0.285	0	0.674	0
S10	0.301	0.816	0.670	‒	0.951	0.774	0.852	0.799	‒	‒	0.696	0.872	0.140	0.848
S11	0.641	0.335	0.647	‒	0.312	0.161	0.445	0.221	‒	0.065	‒	0.336	0.266	0.344
S12	0.705	0.803	0.869	‒	0.825	0.454	0.846	0.694	‒	0.726	0.856	‒	0.196	0.992
S13	0.456	0.471	0.730	‒	0.592	0.675	0.658	0.421	‒	0.372	0.811	0.623	‒	0.216
S14	0.511	0.723	0.666	‒	0.906	0.585	0.894	0.631	‒	0.889	0.581	0.370	0.682	‒

植物种 Plant species	S1	S2	S4	S5	S6	S8	S9	S10	S11	S13	S14
S1	‒	0.967	‒	0.709	‒	0.686	0.940	0.746	‒	0.666	0.503
S2	0.476	‒	‒	0.670	‒	0.710	0.884	0.767	‒	0.700	0.466
S4	0.642	0.271	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒
S5	0.806	0.604	0.654	‒	‒	0.854	0.450	0.901	‒	0.005	0.577
S6	0.384	0.898	0	0.433	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒
S8	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	0.449	0.988	‒	0.158	0.163
S9	0.519	0.497	0	0.748	0.552	‒	‒	0.511	‒	0.786	0.420
S10	0.910	0.237	0.627	0.720	0.039	‒	0	‒	‒	0.170	0.309
S11	0.370	0.440	0.616	0.488	0	‒	0	0.539	‒	‒	‒
S13	0.772	0.534	0.212	0.379	0.643	‒	0.136	0	0.432	‒	0.226
S14	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒	‒

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