华北亚高山土壤细菌群落及氮循环对退耕还草的响应

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.08.005

生态环境学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (8): 1537-1546.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.08.005

华北亚高山土壤细菌群落及氮循环对退耕还草的响应

王礼霄(), 刘晋仙, 柴宝峰^*()

山西大学黄土高原研究所/黄土高原生态恢复山西省重点实验室,山西太原 030006

收稿日期:2021-10-20 出版日期:2022-08-18 发布日期:2022-10-10
通讯作者: * 柴宝峰（1967年生）,男,教授,博士,主要从事微生物生态学研究。E-mail: bfchai@sxu.edu.cn
作者简介:王礼霄（1988年生）,女,博士研究生,主要从事微生物生态学研究。E-mail: 525079118@qq.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(31772450);国家自然科学青年科学基金项目(31801962)

Response of Soil Bacterial Community and Nitrogen Cycle during the Natural Recovery of Abandoned Farmland in Subalpine of the North China

WANG Lixiao(), LIU Jinxian, CHAI Baofeng^*()

Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University/Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration for Loess Plateau, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China

Received:2021-10-20 Online:2022-08-18 Published:2022-10-10

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

退耕还草是生态恢复的重要措施,地上植被演替是驱动微生物变化的最重要因素之一。在生态系统相对脆弱的华北亚高山草甸,微生物群落结构和氮循环的潜在功能受退耕还草的影响尚不清楚。利用16S rRNA基因的Illumina MiSeq测序和qPCR技术,研究了山西省宁武云中山亚高山退耕还草区不同恢复年限（农田、15 a、20 a、30 a）的草地土壤细菌群落结构及其氮循环功能基因的变化特征。结果表明,农田和不同恢复年限的草甸地上植被多样性指数（Shannon index）和丰富度指数（Richness index）以及土壤理化性质（土壤总碳、总氮、碳氮比、硝态氮、铵态氮和土壤含水率）和酶活性（过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶）差异显著（P<0.05）。优势细菌类群是放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）,土壤细菌群落多样性沿退耕时间序列显著增加,结构也有显著差异。土壤总碳、总氮、碳氮比与铵态氮含量是细菌群落结构变化的重要驱动因子（P<0.05）。植物群落与细菌群落的α多样性显著相关（P<0.05）。参与氮循环的功能基因nifH、amoA-AOA、amoA-AOB的丰度随自然恢复时间而增加（P<0.05）。可见,亚高山草地自然恢复过程中植被多样性、土壤理化性质、土壤细菌群落结构与氮循环相关功能发生了显著的变化。研究结果将为华北亚高山退耕还草区生态保护措施的制定提供数据支持。

关键词: 生态恢复, 退耕还草, 植物多样性, 土壤理化性质, 细菌群落结构, 氮循环基因

Abstract:

The conversion of farmland to grass is an important measure for ecological restoration, and succession of vegetation is one of the most important factors driving soil microbial community. However, the change of microbial community structure and potential function of the nitrogen cycle with conversion of farmland to grass in the ecologically fragile subalpine meadow of North China remain unclear. Using the Illumina Miseq sequencing of 16S rRNA gene and qPCR technology, we investigated the bacterial community structure and functional genes of the nitrogen cycle in soils with farmland and meadow of different recovery years (15 years, 20 years, 30 years) in the Yunzhongshan mountain conversion area of Ningwu, Shanxi Province. The results showed that there were significant differences in the aboveground vegetation diversity index, richness index, soil physicochemical properties (Soil total carbon, total nitrogen, carbon nitrogen ratio, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen and water content) and enzyme activities (Catalase, Urease and Sucrase) between farmland and meadow with different restoration years (P<0.05). The dominant bacterial groups were Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria. The diversity of soil bacterial community increased significantly along the time series of abandoned farmland, and the structure was also significantly different. Soil total carbon, total nitrogen, carbon nitrogen ratio and ammonium nitrogen content were important driving factors for the change of the bacterial community structure (P<0.05). The abundance of functional genes nifH, amoA-AOA, amoA-AOB involved in the nitrogen cycle increased with time during meadow natural recovery (P<0.05). The results indicated that the natural restoration of subalpine meadow changed the vegetation diversity, soil properties, soil bacterial structure and function genes related to nitrogen cycle, providing a sufficient theoretical basis for the ecological protection of subalpine areas in North China.

Key words: ecological restoration, conversion of farmland to grass, plant diversity, soil physical and chemical properties, bacterial community structure, nitrogen cycle related functional genes

中图分类号:

Q89
X171.1

王礼霄, 刘晋仙, 柴宝峰. 华北亚高山土壤细菌群落及氮循环对退耕还草的响应[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022, 31(8): 1537-1546.

WANG Lixiao, LIU Jinxian, CHAI Baofeng. Response of Soil Bacterial Community and Nitrogen Cycle during the Natural Recovery of Abandoned Farmland in Subalpine of the North China[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2022, 31(8): 1537-1546.

图/表 10

表1 农田与不同恢复年限草地土壤理化性质与植物群落参数

Table 1 Soil physicochemical properties and plant community parameters under different revegetation habitats and farmland

参数 Parameters	Farmland	R15-year	R20-year	R30-year
土壤酸碱度Soil pH	6.54±0.16a	6.47±0.03a	6.41±0.04a	6.58±0.10a
土壤含水量Soil water content/%	16.87±2.85b	24.98±0.85a	27.43±1.14a	29.24±0.47a
总氮Total nitrogen/%	0.33±0.03a	0.15±0.01c	0.17±0.01c	0.25±0.01b
总碳Total carbon/%	3.74±0.35a	1.66±0.09c	1.82±0.09c	2.91±0.06b
碳氮比carbon-nitrogen ratio	11.42±0.11ab	10.92±0.23b	10.89±0.23b	11.79±0.18a
铵态氮NH₄⁺-N/(g∙kg^-1)	1.32±0.05a	0.45±0.0.03b	0.42±0.01b	0.42±0.01b
硝态氮NO₃^--N/(g∙kg^-1)	0.38±0.01a	0.19±0.04b	0.16±0.03b	0.15±0.02b
过氧化氢酶 Catalase/mg∙(g∙20 min)^-1	1.32±0.04a	1.38±0.06a	1.28±0.10a	0.48±0.03b
脲酶 Urease/[mg∙(g∙24 h)^-1]	1.62±0.01a	0.61±0.02b	0.61±0.01b	0.49±0.03c
蔗糖酶 Sucrase/[mg∙(g∙24 h)^-1]	0.33±0.01b	0.51±0.06bc	0.47±0.03c	0.83±0.06a
植物香农指数 Plant Shannon index	—	2.45±0.03a	2.14±0.09b	2.05±0.07b
植物丰富度指数 Plant richness index	—	15.33±0.88a	12.00±0.58b	10.33±0.67b
植物均匀度指数 Plant evenness index	—	0.76±0.02a	0.71±0.03a	0.76±0.03a
优势种 Dominant species	—	嵩草 (Kobresia bellardii)、苔草 (Carex spp.)、委陵菜 (Potentilla chinensis Ser.)	委陵菜 (Potentilla chinensis Ser.)、车前 (Plantago asiatica L.)、嵩草 (Kobresia bellardii)	米口袋 (Gueldenstaedtia verna( Georgi) Boriss)、嵩草 (Kobresia bellardii)、车前 (Plantago asiatica L.)

图1 农田和不同退耕年限草地细菌群落在门水平的相对丰度及差异分析 n=3。*代表P<0.05;**代表P<0.01。下同

Figure 1 The relative abundance of dominant bacteria phylum and variation analysis from different revegetation habitats and farmland n=3. * indicates significant differences at the 0.05 level; ** indicates significant differences at the 0.01 level. The same below

图2 农田和不同退耕年限草地细菌群落在纲、科、属水平的差异分析

Figure 2 The variation analysis of dominant bacteria class, family and genus from different revegetation habitats and farmland

表2 农田和不同恢复年限草地土壤细菌群落多样性

Table 2 Diversity of bacteria communities of different revegetation habitats and farmland

样地类型 Plot types	多样性指数Diversity index
样地类型 Plot types	sobs指数 sobs	香农指数Shannon index	辛普森指数Simpson index	ACE指数 ACE index	超1指数 Chao1 index
Farmland	2382.00±104.24a	6.60±0.07a	0.003±0.000c	3173.08±160.56a	3200.63±130.02a
R15-year	1807.33±98.79c	5.84±0.19c	0.010±0.003a	2555.52±101.41c	2496.17±97.03b
R20-year	2019.33±63.75bc	6.13±0.03bc	0.007±0.000ab	2764.29±140.75ab	2774.28±138.28b
R30-year	2143.00±65.04ab	6.27±0.05ab	0.006±0.000ab	2882.00±104.76ab	2858.61±74.51ab

图3 农田和不同恢复年限草地细菌群落基于Bray-Curtis距离的NMDS分析及其与线性回归分析

Figure 3 NMDS and linear regression analysis of bacteria communities based on Bray-Curtis distance among different revegetation habitats and farmland

图4 农田和不同恢复年限草地细菌群落组成的冗余分析及优势门与环境因子的Pearson相关分析

Figure 4 Redundancy analysis of bacterial community composition and Pearson analysis with dominant phylum in different revegetation grasslands and farmland

图5 农田和不同恢复年限草地土壤细菌群落与植物群落α多样性和β多样性之间的相关关系（基于Bray-Curtis距离）

Figure 5 Relationship between plant and soil bacterial α-diversity and β-diversity (based on Bray-Curtis distances) in different revegetation grasslands and farmland

图6 农田和不同恢复年限草地参与氮循环主要过程的功能基因拷贝数（amoA-AOA, amoA-AOB, nifH, nirK and nirS） n=3,不同的字母表示两组数据差异显著P<0.05

Figure 6 Gene copy numbers of functional genes involved in major steps of the nitrogen cycle (amoA-AOA, amoA-AOB, nifH, nirK and nirS) in different revegetation grasslands and farmland n=3; different lowercase letters indicate significant differences P<0.05

图7 参与氮循环主要过程的功能基因与土壤理化性质的相关关系

Figure 7 Correlations between gene copy numbers of functional genes involving in nitrogen cycling and soil physicochemical properties

表3 参与氮循环主要过程的功能基因与优势门的相关关系

Table 3 Correlation between dominant phylum and functional genes involved in the main processes of nitrogen cycling

参数 Parameter	Actinobacteriota	Proteobacteria	Acidobacteriota	Chloroflexi	Gemmatimonadota	Firmicutes	Verrucomicrobiota	Bacteroidota	Patescibacteria	Methylomirabilota	Myxococcota
amoA-AOA	0.063	0.324	0.544	0.736**	0.365	0.227	-0.185	0.834**	0.111	-0.330	0.684*
AmoB-AOB	0.275	0.420	0.285	0.742**	0.524	0.499	-0.395	0.839**	0.093	-0.371	0.953**
nifH	-0.252	-0.163	0.211	0.551	-0.090	0.050	-0.137	0.539	-0.193	-0.513	0.528
nirK	-0.169	0.143	0.671	0.528	-0.037	-0.116	0.288	0.62229*	0.448	-0.302	0.251
nirS	0.252	0.404	0.405	0.811**	0.510	0.455	-0.320	0.854**	0.073	-0.373	0.903**

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华北亚高山土壤细菌群落及氮循环对退耕还草的响应

Response of Soil Bacterial Community and Nitrogen Cycle during the Natural Recovery of Abandoned Farmland in Subalpine of the North China

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