辽宁省主要河流底栖动物群落结构及水质评价研究

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2023.05.014

生态环境学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (5): 969-979.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2023.05.014

辽宁省主要河流底栖动物群落结构及水质评价研究

姜永伟¹^,²(), 丁振军¹, 袁俊斌¹, 张峥¹, 李杨¹, 问青春¹, 王业耀²^,³^,^*(), 金小伟³

1.辽宁省生态环境监测中心，辽宁沈阳 120031
2.北京师范大学水科学研究院，北京 100875
3.中国环境监测总站/国家环境保护环境监测质量控制重点实验室，北京 100012

收稿日期:2023-03-10 出版日期:2023-05-18 发布日期:2023-08-09
通讯作者: *王业耀（1965年生），男，研究员，博士研究生导师，研究方向为水体污染控制。E-mail: yeyaowang@163.com
作者简介:姜永伟（1984年生），男，高级工程师，博士研究生，主要研究方向为水生态监测与评价。E-mail: jyw435@126.com
基金资助:
国家水生态监测技术研究项目(CNEMC-SSTJC-06);国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC3200105)

Study on Benthic Macroinvertebrates Community Structure and Water Quality Evaluation in Main Rivers of Liaoning Province

JIANG Yongwei¹^,²(), DING Zhenjun¹, YUAN Junbin¹, ZHANG Zheng¹, LI Yang¹, WEN Qingchun¹, WANG Yeyao²^,³^,^*(), JIN Xiaowei³

1. Liaoning Provincial Ecology & Environment Monitoring Center, Shenyang, 120031, P. R. China
2. College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
3. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Quality Control in Environmental Monitoring/China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, P. R. China

Received:2023-03-10 Online:2023-05-18 Published:2023-08-09

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

利用2021年辽宁省主要河流47个点位的底栖动物监测数据分析其群落结构的空间分布、群落结构与环境因子的关系、不同评价指数以及它们与环境因子的相关关系，为辽宁省水生态监测与评价方法的优化提供参考。结果表明，（1）辽宁省主要河流共检出底栖动物4门8纲22目57科98属120种，以水生昆虫为主，其种类数和生物密度均占据优势地位。上游点位以水生昆虫和甲壳动物为优势类群，33%的上游点位以蜉蝣目、襀翅目和毛翅目（EPT）为优势类群；中游点位以甲壳动物为优势类群，软体动物和环节动物明显增多；下游点位以甲壳动物和环节动物为优势类群，水生昆虫和软体动物的相对密度明显减少；从上游到下游整体呈现水生昆虫相对密度不断减少、环节动物相对密度不断增多、软体动物相对密度先增多后减少、甲壳动物基本稳定的趋势。（2）RDA分析结果表明，氟化物、化学需氧量、生化需氧量和总磷与底栖动物群落数显著负相关，溶解氧和锌与底栖动物群落数显著正相关。溶解氧与总分类单元数相关性最高（F=2.37，P=0.02），锌与环节动物相关性最高（F=3.30，P=0.01）。（3）构建了涵盖总分类单元数、EPT分类单元数、耐污种分类单元数和香农-维纳多样性指数的底栖动物完整性指数并建立了评价标准。Pearson相关性分析结果表明，底栖动物多样性指数和底栖动物分值指数的评价结果与底栖动物完整性指数的评价结果高度相关（r=0.86，P=0.00；r=0.84，P=0.00），二者计算方法较底栖动物完整性指数简单易行，可以作为辽宁省主要河流水质生物评价的重要指标。

关键词: 底栖动物, 群落结构, 环境因子, 多样性指数, 分值指数, 完整性指数, 辽宁

Abstract:

Based on the monitoring data of benthic macroinvertebrates at 47 points of major rivers in Liaoning Province in 2021, the spatial distribution of community structure, the relationship between community structure and environmental factors, and the correlation between different evaluation indexes and environmental factors were analyzed, providing references for the optimization of monitoring and evaluation methods concerning water ecology in Liaoning Province. The results show that (1) a total of 4 phyla, 8 classes, 22 orders, 57 families, 98 genera, and 120 species of benthic macroinvertebrates have been detected in the main rivers of Liaoning Province. Aquatic insects were the dominant group, and their species number and biological density were dominant. Aquatic insects and crustaceans were dominant groups at the upstream sites; Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) were dominant groups in 33% of the upstream sites; Crustaceans were the dominant group in midstream, mollusks and annelids increased significantly; Crustaceans and annelids were dominant groups at the downstream sites, while the relative densities of aquatic insects and mollusks decreased significantly. From the upstream to the downstream, the relative density of aquatic insects decreased continuously; the relative density of annelids increased continuously; the relative density of mollusks increased first and then decreased, and the relative density of crustaceans was basically stable. (2) The RDA analysis results indicate that Fluoride, Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) and total phosphorus (TP) were significantly and negatively correlated with the benthic macroinvertebrates community numbers, while dissolved oxygen (DO) and zinc were significantly and positively correlated with the benthic macroinvertebrates community numbers. DO had the highest correlation with the total number of taxons (F=2.37, P=0.02), and zinc has the highest correlation with annelids (F=3.30, P=0.01). (3) The benthic macroinvertebrates index of biological integrity (B-IBI) including the total number of taxons, the number of EPT taxons, the number of pollution tolerant species taxons and the Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (SDI) was constructed and the evaluation criteria was established. Based on the Pearson correlation analysis, the evaluation results of the SDI and the Chinese benthic macroinvertebrate score index (CMSI) were highly correlated with B-IBI (r=0.86, P=0.00; r=0.84, P=0.00). The calculation methods for both were simpler and more feasible than that for B-IBI, and can be used as important indicators for the biological evaluation of water quality in major rivers in Liaoning Province.

Key words: benthic macroinvertebrates, community structure, environmental factors, diversity index, score index, integrity index, Liaoning

中图分类号:

姜永伟, 丁振军, 袁俊斌, 张峥, 李杨, 问青春, 王业耀, 金小伟. 辽宁省主要河流底栖动物群落结构及水质评价研究[J]. 生态环境学报, 2023, 32(5): 969-979.

JIANG Yongwei, DING Zhenjun, YUAN Junbin, ZHANG Zheng, LI Yang, WEN Qingchun, WANG Yeyao, JIN Xiaowei. Study on Benthic Macroinvertebrates Community Structure and Water Quality Evaluation in Main Rivers of Liaoning Province[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2023, 32(5): 969-979.

图/表 16

表1 辽宁省主要河流底栖动物采样点位

Table 1 Sampling sites of benthic macroinvertebrates in main rivers of Liaoning province

监测区域	辽河	浑河	太子河	大辽河	大凌河	鸭绿江	碧流河
上游点位	辽河源、四双大桥、二道河子、福德店、三合屯、通江口、清辽、东大桥、黄河子、珠尔山	北杂木、古楼、台沟、阿及堡、戈布桥	老关砬子、兴安、邱家		王家窝棚	坦甸子	茧场
中游点位	马虎山、红庙子	东陵大桥、七台子、于家房、蒲河沿	参窝坝下、汤河桥、下王家、孟柳		南大桥、长宝渡口、章吉营	蒲石河大桥、荒沟、爱河大桥
下游点位	盘锦兴安、曙光大桥	韭菜台子	牛庄、小姐庙	辽河公园	王家沟、高台子、张家堡	文安

图1 辽宁省主要河流底栖动物采样点位

Figure 1 Sampling sites of benthic macroinvertebrates in main rivers of Liaoning province

图2 底栖动物种类组成

Figure 2 Composition of benthic macroinvertebrates species

图3 上游点位底栖动物群落结构

Figure 3 The benthic macroinvertebrates community structure of upstream sites

图4 中游点位底栖动物群落结构

Figure 4 The benthic macroinvertebrates community structure of midstream sites

图5 下游点位底栖动物群落结构

Figure 5 The benthic macroinvertebrates community structure of downstream sites

图6 辽河流域水体环境因子主成分分析（PCA）

Figure 6 Water environmental factor PCA in Liaohe River Basin

图7 底栖动物与环境因子的RDA分析

Figure 7 The RDA of benthic macroinvertebrates and environmental factors

表2 21个候选参数对干扰的反应及其在参照点位中的分布范围

Table 2 The responses of 21 candidate parameters to disturbance and their distribution ranges at reference sites

类型	候选参数	对干扰的反应	平均值	标准差	最小值	最大值	25%分位数	中位数	75%分位数
丰富度参数	M1	减小	13.6	5.27	9.0	25.0	9.5	11.5	16.3
	M2	不确定	628.8	880.5	55.0	2790	108.8	283.5	521.5
	M3	减小	4.4	3.3	0.0	10.0	2.0	4.0	6.8
	M4	减小	324.6	743.3	0.0	2417.0	43.0	57.0	141.5
	M5	减小	0.4	0.5	0.0	1.0	0.0	0.0	1.0
	M6	增大	8.7	16.2	0.0	44.0	0.0	0.0	7.0
	M7	减小	6.4	3.4	1.0	13.0	5.0	5.5	8.3
	M8	减小	359.9	520.6	9.0	1600.0	50.3	156.5	281.5
	M9	增大	1.8	1.1	0.0	4.0	1.0	2.0	2.0
	M10	增大	44.5	94.9	0.0	310.0	1.5	7.0	40.0
物种组成参数	M11	增大	0.4	0.1	0.2	0.6	0.3	0.4	0.5
	M12	减小	0.4	0.3	0.0	0.8	0.1	0.4	0.7
	M13	减小	0.5	0.2	0.1	0.7	0.4	0.5	0.6
	M14	减小	0.6	0.2	0.0	0.9	0.5	0.6	0.7
	M15	增大	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2
	M16	增大	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.1
	M17	减小	2.8	0.6	2.0	3.5	2.3	2.8	3.1
	M18	减小	2.3	1.0	1.5	3.0	1.6	1.9	2.7
耐受性/敏感性参数	M19	增大	3.5	0.8	2.4	4.7	2.8	3.7	4.1
	M20	增大	0.4	0.2	0.1	0.7	0.3	0.4	0.4
	M21	减小	70.5	31.3	31.0	124.0	51.0	61.5	97.3

表3 16个参数在监测点位的分布范围、IQ值及取舍

Table 3 The distribution range, IQ value and choice of 16 parameters at monitoring sites

候选参数	平均值	标准差	最小值	最大值	25%分位数	中位数	75%分位数	IQ值	参数取舍
M1	6.2	4.3	1.0	17.0	2.0	6.0	9.0	3	保留
M3	0.7	1.1	0.0	4.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	3	保留
M6	3.7	9.4	0.0	45.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0	删除
M7	1.9	1.3	0.0	5.0	1.0	2.0	3.0	3	保留
M9	0.5	0.8	0.0	4.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	2	保留
M11	0.6	0.2	0.3	1.0	0.5	0.6	0.9	2	保留
M12	0.1	0.2	0.0	0.9	0.0	0.0	0.2	2	保留
M13	0.4	0.2	0.0	1.0	0.3	0.3	0.5	1	删除
M14	0.5	0.3	0.0	1.0	0.2	0.5	0.8	1	删除
M15	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.7	0.0	0.0	0.1	1	删除
M16	0.1	0.2	0.0	0.9	0.0	0.0	0.1	1	删除
M17	1.5	0.9	0.0	2.9	1.0	1.6	2.2	3	保留
M18	1.4	1.2	0.0	5.1	0.6	1.0	2.3	1	删除
M19	4.2	1.3	2.5	8.0	3.3	3.8	4.8	0	删除
M20	0.3	0.3	0.1	1.3	0.2	0.2	0.5	1	删除
M21	16.3	12.0	0.0	52.0	7.0	12.0	24.0	3	保留

表4 8个参数间的Pearson相关性系数

Table 4 Pearson correlation coefficient among 8 parameters

参数	M1	M3	M7	M9	M11	M12	M17	M21
M1	1
M3	0.68**¹⁾	1
M7	0.73**	0.88**	1
M9	0.69**	0.43**	0.49**	1
M11	0.63**	-0.51**	0.59**	-0.53**	1
M12	0.49**	0.80**	0.60**	0.32* ²⁾	-0.43**	1
M17	0.73**	0.62**	0.71**	0.56**	-0.87**	0.44**	1
M21	0.79**	0.89**	0.91**	0.65**	-0.62**	0.62**	0.76**	1

表5 组成B-IBI的4个参数分值计算公式

Table 5 Score calculation formulas of the four parameters that constitute B-IBI

B-IBI组成参数	分值计算公式
总分类单元数	指数值/17
EPT分类单元数	指数值/6.7
耐污种分类单元数	(4-指数值)/4
香农-维纳多样性指数	指数值/3.08

表6 B-IBI评价标准

Table 6 B-IBI evaluation criteria

优秀	良好	中等	较差	很差
>2.36	1.77-2.36	1.18-1.77	0.59-1.18	0.00-0.59

图8 参照点位与监测点位的箱线图

Figure 8 Boxplot of reference sites and monitoring sites

表7 底栖动物评价指数的计算方法和等级标准

Table 7 Calculation method and grade standard of the benthic macroinvertebrates evaluation index

底栖动物评价指数	计算方法	等级标准
底栖动物评价指数	计算方法	优秀	良好	中等	较差	很差
B-IBI	(总分类单元数/17)+(EPT分类单元数/6.7)+[(4-耐污种分类单元数)/4]+(Shannon-Wiener多样性指数值/3.08)	>2.36	(1.77, 2.36]	(1.18, 1.77]	(0.59, 1.18]	(0.00, 0.59]
BI	$∑ i =1 s n i N t i ；$ i指第i个物种，n_i指种i的个体数，N指生物总个体数，t_i指种i的耐污值	<4.2	(4.2, 5.6]	(5.6, 7.0]	(7.0, 8.4]	>8.4
CMSI	$∑ i =1 z mi i ；$ i指第i个科，m_i指科i的敏感值	≥43	(32, 43]	(22, 31]	(11, 21]	≤10
ACMSI	CMSI/n：CMSI指底栖动物分值指数，n指参加记分的科数	≥6.57	(4.93, 6.56]	(3.28, 4.92]	(1.64, 3.27]	≤1.63
BPI	$lg ⁡ N 1 +2 lg N 2 +2 + lg N 3 +2$ ；N₁指寡毛类、蛭类和摇蚊幼虫个体数，N₂指多毛类、甲壳类、除摇蚊幼虫以外的其他水生昆虫的个体数，N₃指软体动物个体数	<0.1	(0.1, 0.5]	(0.5, 1.5]	(1.5, 5.0]	≥5.0
SDI	$- ∑ i =1 s (n i N)×log 2 (n i N) ；$ n_i指种i的个体数，N指生物总个体数	>3.0	(2.0, 3.0]	(1.0, 2.0]	(0, 1.0]	0

表7 底栖动物评价指数的计算方法和等级标准

Table 7 Calculation method and grade standard of the benthic macroinvertebrates evaluation index

底栖动物评价指数	计算方法	等级标准
底栖动物评价指数	计算方法	优秀	良好	中等	较差	很差
B-IBI	(总分类单元数/17)+(EPT分类单元数/6.7)+[(4-耐污种分类单元数)/4]+(Shannon-Wiener多样性指数值/3.08)	>2.36	(1.77, 2.36]	(1.18, 1.77]	(0.59, 1.18]	(0.00, 0.59]
BI	$∑ i =1 s n i N t i ；$ i指第i个物种，n_i指种i的个体数，N指生物总个体数，t_i指种i的耐污值	<4.2	(4.2, 5.6]	(5.6, 7.0]	(7.0, 8.4]	>8.4
CMSI	$∑ i =1 z mi i ；$ i指第i个科，m_i指科i的敏感值	≥43	(32, 43]	(22, 31]	(11, 21]	≤10
ACMSI	CMSI/n：CMSI指底栖动物分值指数，n指参加记分的科数	≥6.57	(4.93, 6.56]	(3.28, 4.92]	(1.64, 3.27]	≤1.63
BPI	$lg ⁡ N 1 +2 lg N 2 +2 + lg N 3 +2$ ；N₁指寡毛类、蛭类和摇蚊幼虫个体数，N₂指多毛类、甲壳类、除摇蚊幼虫以外的其他水生昆虫的个体数，N₃指软体动物个体数	<0.1	(0.1, 0.5]	(0.5, 1.5]	(1.5, 5.0]	≥5.0
SDI	$- ∑ i =1 s (n i N)×log 2 (n i N) ；$ n_i指种i的个体数，N指生物总个体数	>3.0	(2.0, 3.0]	(1.0, 2.0]	(0, 1.0]	0

图9 6个指数与生境和水环境因子的Pearson相关性

Figure 9 Pearson correlation among six indexes, habitat and water environment factors n=44

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辽宁省主要河流底栖动物群落结构及水质评价研究

Study on Benthic Macroinvertebrates Community Structure and Water Quality Evaluation in Main Rivers of Liaoning Province

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