西北旱区典型流域土地利用与生境质量的时空演变特征

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.09.022

生态环境学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (9): 1909-1918.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.09.022

西北旱区典型流域土地利用与生境质量的时空演变特征

陈乐¹^,²(), 卫伟¹^,²^,³()

1.中国科学院生态环境研究中心/城市与区域生态国家重点实验室,北京 100085
2.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
3.陕西黄土高原地球关键带国家野外科学观测研究站,陕西西安 710061

收稿日期:2022-01-18 出版日期:2022-09-18 发布日期:2022-11-07
通讯作者: *卫伟（1978年生）,男,研究员,博士,主要研究方向为景观生态与生态水文。E-mail: weiwei@rcees.ac.cn
作者简介:陈乐（1993年生）,女,博士研究生,研究方向为景观生态与生态遥感。E-mail: 1113819261@qq.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41991233);国家自然科学基金项目(U21A2011);国家自然科学基金项目(41971129);中科院青促会优秀会员项目(Y201812)

Spatiotemporal Changes in Land Use and Habitat Quality in A Typical Dryland Watershed of Northwest China

CHEN Le¹^,²(), WEI Wei¹^,²^,³()

1. State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology/Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences,;Beijing 100085, P. R. China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
3. National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Earth Key Belt in Shaanxi Loess Plateau, Xi’an 710061, P. R. China

Received:2022-01-18 Online:2022-09-18 Published:2022-11-07

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于土地利用变化探讨干旱区流域生境质量的演变特征及驱动力,对保护干旱区生物多样性、促进生态系统健康具有重要意义。以西北旱区典型流域--玛纳斯河流域为例,基于1980-2020年8期土地利用数据、气象站点数据和DEM数据,借助InVEST模型生境质量模块,定量研究了干旱区流域生境质量的时空变化规律及其复杂驱动因素。结果表明,（1）未利用地和草地是玛纳斯河流域主要的土地利用类型,分别占研究区面积的41.49%和28.54%。（2）耕地持续扩张并侵占草地与未利用地,积雪冰川大面积消融转为裸岩和草地是研究区土地利用变化的基本特征。（3）1980-2020年期间,玛纳斯河流域生境质量呈先改善后持续恶化的趋势,生境质量均值减小了0.059。（4）生境质量空间分布差异显著,整体表现为低山区>高山区>绿洲区>荒漠区,生境质量等级以较低为主,占研究区面积的40.36%以上。（5）耕地扩张不断侵占草地和未利用地、积雪冰川大面积融化以及中、高覆盖度草地退化是玛纳斯河流域生境质量恶化的主要原因。其中耕地扩张侵占草地导致绿洲生境质量大幅度下降。绿洲扩展侵占荒漠以及荒漠-绿洲交错带低覆盖度草地面积的增加是荒漠区生境质量改善主要原因。低山区生境质量变化取决于气候变化导致的中、低覆盖度草地之间的相互转化。积雪冰川融化以及高、中覆盖度草地退化是高山区生境质量恶化的首要原因。因此,今后干旱区应坚持适度追求和因地制宜原则,积极响应和开展重大生态恢复及保护工程建设,加强对草地、湿地、林地、高山冰川等生态系统的保护。

关键词: 干旱区, 玛纳斯河流域, 土地利用, InVEST模型, 生境质量, 生物多样性

Abstract:

The exploration of the evolution characteristics and driving forces of habitat quality based on land use changes is of great importance for protecting the biodiversity in arid areas and promoting its ecosystem health. In this thesis, the Manas river basin, a typical watershed in the northwest arid area, was taken as an example. According to the 8 periods of land use data, meteorological station data and DEM data from 1980 to 2020, the habitat quality module of the InVEST model was used to quantitatively study the temporal and spatial variation law and complex driving factors of habitat quality in arid area. The results indicated that (1) the unused land and grassland were the main land use types in the Manas river basin, accounting for 41.49% and 28.54% of the study area respectively. (2) Some basic characteristics of land use changes in the study area included the constant expansion of the cultivated land that occupied grassland and unused land, as well as the large-scale melting of snow glaciers leading to bare rocks and grasslands. (3) From 1980 to 2020, the habitat quality of the Manas river basin first showed improvement followed by continuous deterioration, and the average habitat quality decreased by 0.059. (4) In terms of the significant differences in the spatial distribution of habitat quality, the overall performance showed the following pattern: low mountain area>high mountain area>oasis area>desert area. The habitat quality grade was comparatively lower, accounting for more than 40.36% of the study area. (5) The continuous occupation of grassland and unused land by the expansion of cultivated land, the large-scale melting of snow and glaciers and the degradation of grassland with medium or high coverage were the main reasons for the deterioration of habitat quality in Manas river basin, in which the expansion of cultivated land and encroachment on grassland led to a substantial decline in the quality of oasis habitats. The main reasons for the improvement of habitat quality in desert area were the expansion of oasis encroaching on desert and the increase of grassland area with low coverage in the ecotone of desert and oasis. The mutual transformation between medium- and low-coverage grasslands caused by climate change determined the change of habitat quality in low mountainous areas. The primary reasons for the deterioration of habitat quality in alpine areas were the melting of snow and glaciers and the degradation of grassland with high or medium coverage. Therefore, future land use in arid areas should follow the principle of “moderate pursuit” and adopt strategies tailored according to local conditions. In addition, attention should be given to major ecological restoration and protection projects to facilitate the protection of ecosystems such as grasslands, wetlands, woodlands, and alpine glaciers.

Key words: arid areas, Manas river basin, land use, InVEST model, habitat quality, biodiversity

中图分类号:

X171.1

陈乐, 卫伟. 西北旱区典型流域土地利用与生境质量的时空演变特征[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022, 31(9): 1909-1918.

CHEN Le, WEI Wei. Spatiotemporal Changes in Land Use and Habitat Quality in A Typical Dryland Watershed of Northwest China[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2022, 31(9): 1909-1918.

图/表 9

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威胁因子 Threat factor	最大胁迫距离 Maximum distance of stress/km	权重 Weight	空间衰退类型 Spatial decay function
耕地 Cultivated land	4	0.6	线性
城镇用地 Urban land	10	0.9	指数
农村居民点 Rural land	5	0.6	指数
工矿用地 Industrial land	7	0.7	指数
未利用地 Unused land	5	0.3	线性

威胁因子 Threat factor	最大胁迫距离 Maximum distance of stress/km	权重 Weight	空间衰退类型 Spatial decay function
耕地 Cultivated land	4	0.6	线性
城镇用地 Urban land	10	0.9	指数
农村居民点 Rural land	5	0.6	指数
工矿用地 Industrial land	7	0.7	指数
未利用地 Unused land	5	0.3	线性

土地利用类型 Land use type	生境适宜度 Habitat suitability	耕地 Cultivated land	城镇用地 Urban land	农村居民点 Rural land	工矿用地 Industrial land	未利用地 Unused land
耕地 Cultivated land	0.5	0	0.8	0.6	0.7	0.4
有林地 Arbor forest land	1	0.8	0.95	0.85	0.7	0.5
灌木林 Shrub land	1	0.5	0.8	0.65	0.7	0.6
疏林地 Sparse forest land	0.9	0.7	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.5
其他林地 Other forest land	1	0.7	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.5
高覆盖度草地 High-coveraged grassland	0.8	0.6	0.7	0.55	0.45	0.6
中覆盖度草地 Medium-coveraged grassland	0.75	0.65	0.75	0.6	0.5	0.65
低覆盖度草地Low-coveraged grassland	0.7	0.7	0.8	0.65	0.55	0.7
湿地 Wetland	1	0.7	0.85	0.8	0.7	0.5
城镇用地 Urban land	0	0	0	0	0	0
农村居民点 Rural land	0	0	0	0	0	0
工矿用地 Industrial land	0	0	0	0	0	0
未利用地 Unused land	0.2	0.4	0.5	0.45	0.4	0

土地利用类型 Land use type	生境适宜度 Habitat suitability	耕地 Cultivated land	城镇用地 Urban land	农村居民点 Rural land	工矿用地 Industrial land	未利用地 Unused land
耕地 Cultivated land	0.5	0	0.8	0.6	0.7	0.4
有林地 Arbor forest land	1	0.8	0.95	0.85	0.7	0.5
灌木林 Shrub land	1	0.5	0.8	0.65	0.7	0.6
疏林地 Sparse forest land	0.9	0.7	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.5
其他林地 Other forest land	1	0.7	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.5
高覆盖度草地 High-coveraged grassland	0.8	0.6	0.7	0.55	0.45	0.6
中覆盖度草地 Medium-coveraged grassland	0.75	0.65	0.75	0.6	0.5	0.65
低覆盖度草地Low-coveraged grassland	0.7	0.7	0.8	0.65	0.55	0.7
湿地 Wetland	1	0.7	0.85	0.8	0.7	0.5
城镇用地 Urban land	0	0	0	0	0	0
农村居民点 Rural land	0	0	0	0	0	0
工矿用地 Industrial land	0	0	0	0	0	0
未利用地 Unused land	0.2	0.4	0.5	0.45	0.4	0

区域 Region	年份 The year
区域 Region	1980	1990	1995	2000	2005	2010	2015	2020
玛纳斯河流域 Manas river basin	0.5533	0.5536	0.5539	0.5459	0.5425	0.5024	0.5017	0.4945
沙漠区 Desert area	0.3052	0.3051	0.3050	0.3057	0.3056	0.3028	0.3061	0.3088
绿洲区 Oasis area	0.5476	0.5484	0.5490	0.5248	0.5151	0.5067	0.5022	0.4904
低山区 Low mountain area	0.7563	0.7561	0.7562	0.7573	0.7570	0.7429	0.7423	0.7407
高山区 High mountain area	0.7289	0.7289	0.7295	0.7293	0.7294	0.5890	0.5889	0.5886

西北旱区典型流域土地利用与生境质量的时空演变特征

Spatiotemporal Changes in Land Use and Habitat Quality in A Typical Dryland Watershed of Northwest China

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等级 Grade	年份 The year
等级 Grade	1980	1990	1995	2000	2005	2010	2015	2020
低 Low	0.81	0.82	0.81	0.97	1.04	1.32	1.51	1.58
较低 Lower	40.39	40.38	40.36	41.65	41.58	42.39	42.15	42.03
中等 Medium	14.44	14.36	14.36	15.04	16.28	23.74	24.02	25.2
较高 Higher	22.80	22.83	22.78	20.71	19.67	19.87	19.55	18.44
高 High	21.55	21.60	21.69	21.64	21.43	12.67	12.77	12.75

区域 Region	年份 Year	土地利用类型 Land use type	改善贡献率 Improvement contribution rate/%	土地利用类型 Land use type	恶化贡献率 Deterioration Contribution rate/%
玛纳斯河流域 Manas river basin	1980-1995	未利用地: 高覆盖度草地	22.45	中覆盖度草地: 低覆盖度草地	29.43
		有林地: 湿地	16.47	疏林地: 未利用地	15.68
		未利用地: 疏林地	14.32	高覆盖度草地: 未利用地	11.23
		耕地: 中覆盖度草地	10.25	耕地: 农村居民点	9.42
	1995-2005	未利用地: 耕地	19.40	低覆盖度草地: 未利用地	32.59
		有林地: 低覆盖度草地	9.72	低覆盖度草地: 耕地	15.62
		耕地: 中覆盖度草地	8.41	中覆盖度草地: 耕地	10.04
		农村居民点: 耕地	8.34	高覆盖度草地: 耕地	6.77
	2005-2010	未利用地: 低覆盖度草地	22.56	湿地: 未利用地	32.00
		未利用地: 耕地	21.97	高覆盖度草地: 未利用地	15.12
		未利用地: 高覆盖度草地	12.51	低覆盖度草地: 耕地	10.12
		未利用地: 湿地	12.49	中覆盖度草地: 未利用地	5.98
绿洲区 Oasis area	1980-1995	耕地: 湿地	23.48	疏林地: 未利用地	22.80
		未利用地: 疏林地	20.40	耕地: 农村居民点	17.27
		耕地: 中覆盖度草地	14.57	低覆盖度草地: 未利用地	14.37
		农村居民点: 有林地	11.53	未利用地: 农村居民点	10.15
	1995-2020	未利用地: 耕地	37.93	低覆盖度草地: 耕地	31.46
		未利用地: 低覆盖度草地	28.17	中覆盖度草地: 耕地	12.35
		农村居民点: 耕地	9.89	高覆盖度草地: 耕地	10.26
荒漠区 Desert area	1980-2020	未利用地: 耕地	40.43	低覆盖度草地: 未利用地	28.36
		未利用地: 低覆盖度草地	28.33	中覆盖度草地: 未利用地	17.20
		未利用地: 湿地	17.01	疏林地: 耕地	14.15
低山区 Low mountain area	1980-2020	中覆盖度草地: 高覆盖度草地	32.61	中覆盖度草地: 低覆盖度草地	37.90
		低覆盖度草地: 中覆盖度草地	30.38	高覆盖度草地: 中覆盖度草地	21.75
		农村居民点: 耕地	10.63	中覆盖度草地: 耕地	8.72
高山区 High mountain area	1980-2020	未利用地: 低覆盖度草地	47.28	湿地: 未利用地	54.04
		未利用地: 湿地	25.54	高覆盖度草地: 未利用地	24.59
		未利用地: 中覆盖度草地	9.09	中覆盖度草地: 未利用地	9.30

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