江苏典型淡水鱼类养殖尾水抗生素污染特征、生态风险及其与环境理化因子相关性

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2026.03.005

生态环境学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (3): 378-392.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2026.03.005

• “新污染物”研究专栏 • 上一篇下一篇

江苏典型淡水鱼类养殖尾水抗生素污染特征、生态风险及其与环境理化因子相关性

刘崇万¹^,²(), 朱晓华¹^,²^,^*(), 王明华¹^,^*(), 徐志华¹^,², 任娣¹^,², 杨洪生¹^,², 万金娟¹

1.江苏省淡水水产研究所，江苏南京 210017
2.江苏省水产质量检测中心，江苏南京 210017

收稿日期:2025-05-14 修回日期:2025-09-29 接受日期:2025-11-17 出版日期:2026-03-18 发布日期:2026-03-13
通讯作者: *E-mail: xhz824@sina.com；
作者简介:刘崇万（1988年生），男，助理研究员，硕士研究生，研究方向为水产品质量安全及水产健康养殖。E-mail: liuchongwanujs@126.com
基金资助:
国家特色淡水鱼产业技术体系(CARS-46);南京综合试验站项目;江苏省级农产品质量安全专项风险监测（水产品）(2024-SJ-046);江苏渔业生态与资源监测(2024-SJ-101)

Pollution Characteristics, and Ecological Risk of Antibiotics, and Correlation Analysis between Antibiotics and Physical-Chemical Parameters in Typical Freshwater Fish Aquaculture Wastewater in Jiangsu Province, China

LIU Chongwan¹^,²(), ZHU Xiaohua¹^,²^,^*(), WANG Minghua¹^,^*(), XU Zhihua¹^,², REN Di¹^,², YANG Hongsheng¹^,², WAN Jinjuan¹

1. Fresh Water Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210017, P. R. China
2. Fishery Analysis & Testing Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210017, P. R. China

Received:2025-05-14 Revised:2025-09-29 Accepted:2025-11-17 Online:2026-03-18 Published:2026-03-13

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

当前关于江苏淡水鱼产业养殖尾水抗生素的污染特征及其生态风险的了解和研究较少。选择江苏10个典型淡水鱼类养殖场，采用固相萃取-液质联用法，分析了养殖尾水中6类42种典型抗生素的含量水平和空间分布特征，并对其生态风险进行评价，同时，探究了抗生素污染与尾水中环境因子的相关性。结果表明，尾水中共检出5类27种抗生素，检出率和检出浓度均较高的有恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考、克林霉素和诺氟沙星；不同采样点抗生素检出浓度相差较大，其中，两个鳊鱼养殖企业（WJ和JS采样点）抗生素检出浓度显著高于其他采样点；单一抗生素而言，高风险及中风险占比达到28.0%，主要是克拉霉素、伊维菌素和阿维菌素，单类抗生素而言，所有采样点的大环内酯类抗生素均为高风险，氟喹诺酮类为高风险或接近高风险；进一步结合Pearson相关性分析可知，尾水中TDS、EC、DO、TP、TN、NH₄⁺-N、NO₃⁻-N、TOC、BOD₅及I_Mn与部分抗生素相关性显著，如克拉霉素、伊维菌素、阿维菌素、磺胺甲基异噁唑、磺胺氯哒嗪、恩诺沙星、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星及氟苯尼考。江苏淡水鱼类养殖尾水中抗生素检出较多，总体上赋存浓度较低，但潜在生态风险较大（尤其是鳊鱼Parabramis pekinensis）。研究结果可为江苏淡水鱼类养殖场抗生素的规范科学使用和风险防控以及尾水安全排放提供基础数据和科学依据。

关键词: 淡水鱼类, 养殖尾水, 抗生素, 污染特征, 生态风险, 环境因子

Abstract:

Antibiotics are widely used in aquaculture to promote growth and prevent disease. Antibiotic pollution has attracted growing concerns, due to their extensive presence in the environment. In order to understand the distribution and occurrence features of antibiotics in typical freshwater fish aquaculture wastewater in Jiangsu province. The present study investigated the concentrations, and spatial distributions of 42 types of antibiotics in 6 categories by solid-phase extraction pretreating-liquid mass spectrometry method. The ecological risks of antibiotics in the study areas, and their correlation with environmental factors were also evaluated. The results showed that a total of 27 antibiotics in 5 categories were detected, and Enrofloxacin, Florfenicol, Clindamycin and Norfloxacin were detected with high detection rates and concentrations. The detection concentration of antibiotics at different sampling sites was quite different, and the detection concentrations of antibiotics at WJ and JS sampling sites were significantly higher than those at other sampling sites. For each single antibiotic, high-risk and medium-risk accounted for 28.0%, mainly Clarithromycin, Ivermectin and Abamectin, and for each single class of antibiotics, Macrolides at all sampling sites were high-risk, and Fluoroquinolone was high-risk or close to high-risk. Further Pearson correlation analysis showed that TDS, EC, DO, TP, TN, NH₄⁺-N, NO₃⁻-N, TOC, BOD₅ and I_Mn were significantly correlated with some antibiotics, such as Clarithromycin, Ivermectin, Abamectin, Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfachloropyridazine, Enrofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, and Florfenicol. Attention should be paid to the residual contamination of antibiotics and its ecological risks in the wastewater of freshwater fish aquaculture (especially the Parabramis pekinensis). This study offers basic data and scientific basis for the standardized scientific use and risk prevention of antibiotics in freshwater fish farms in Jiangsu, as well as the safe discharge of aquaculture wastewater.

Key words: freshwater fish, aquaculture wastewater, antibiotics, pollution characteristics, ecological risk, physical-chemical parameters

中图分类号:

刘崇万, 朱晓华, 王明华, 徐志华, 任娣, 杨洪生, 万金娟. 江苏典型淡水鱼类养殖尾水抗生素污染特征、生态风险及其与环境理化因子相关性[J]. 生态环境学报, 2026, 35(3): 378-392.

LIU Chongwan, ZHU Xiaohua, WANG Minghua, XU Zhihua, REN Di, YANG Hongsheng, WAN Jinjuan. Pollution Characteristics, and Ecological Risk of Antibiotics, and Correlation Analysis between Antibiotics and Physical-Chemical Parameters in Typical Freshwater Fish Aquaculture Wastewater in Jiangsu Province, China[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2026, 35(3): 378-392.

图/表 11

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所属种类	中文名称	英文名称	英文简写	CAS号	分子式	检出限/(ng·L⁻¹)	定量限/(ng·L⁻¹)
大环内酯类	阿奇霉素	Azithromycin	AZM	83905-01-5	C₃₈H₇₂N₂O₁₂	1.0	4.0
	克拉霉素	Clarithromycin	CTM	81103-11-9	C₃₈H₆₉NO₁₃	1.0	4.0
	红霉素	Erythromycin	ERY	114-07-8	C₃₇H₆₇NO₁₃	0.2	4.0
	林可霉素	Lincomycin	LCC	859-18-7	C₁₈H₃₄N₂O₆S	0.2	4.0
	罗红霉素	Roxithromycin	ROX	80214-83-1	C₄₁H₇₆N₂O₁₅	0.01	4.0
	克林霉素	Clindamycin	CLR	21462-39-5	C₁₈H₃₃ClN₂O₅S	1.0	4.0
	竹桃霉素	Oleandomycin	ODM	7060-74-4	C₃₅H₆₁NO₁₂	1.0	4.0
	泰乐菌素	Tylosin	TYL	1401-69-0	C₄₆H₇₇NO₁₇	1.0	4.0
	伊维菌素	Ivermectin	IVE	70288-86-7	C₄₈H₇₄O₁₄	0.1	4.0
	依普菌素	Eprinomectin	EPR	123997-26-2	C₅₀H₇₅NO₁₄	1.0	4.0
	阿维菌素	Abamectin	ABA	71751-41-2	C₄₉H₇₄O₁₄	1.0	4.0
磺胺类	磺胺嘧啶	Sulfadiazine	SDZ	68-35-9	C₁₀H₁₀N₄O₂S	1.0	2.0
	磺胺噻唑	Sulfathiazole	STZ	72-14-0	C₉H₉N₃O₂S₂	0.2	2.0
	磺胺甲基嘧啶	Sulfamerazine	SMR	127-79-7	C₁₁H₁₂N₄O₂S	1.0	2.0
	磺胺间甲氧嘧啶	Sulfamonomethoxine	SMM	1220-83-3	C₁₁H₁₂N₄O₃S	0.2	2.0
	磺胺甲噻二唑	Sulfamethizole	SMT	144-82-1	C₉H₁₀N₄O₂S₂	0.1	2.0
	磺胺二甲基嘧啶	Sulfamethazine	SFM	57-68-1	C₁₂H₁₄N₄O₂S	0.2	2.0
	磺胺甲基异噁唑	Sulfamethoxazole	SMZ	723-46-6	C₁₀H₁₁N₃O₃S	1.0	2.0
	磺胺多辛	Sulfadoxine	SDM	2447-57-6	C₁₂H₁₄N₄O₄S	1.0	2.0
	磺胺异噁唑	Sulfafurazole	SEZ	127-69-5	C₁₁H₁₃N₃O₃S	0.2	2.0
	磺胺氯哒嗪	Sulfachloropyridazine	SCP	80-32-0	C₁₀H₉ClN₄O₂S	1.0	2.0
	磺胺间二甲氧嘧啶	Sulfadimethoxine	SDT	122-11-2	C₁₂H₁₄N₄O₄S	1.0	2.0
	磺胺喹恶啉	Sulfaquinoxaline	SQX	59-40-5	C₁₄H₁₂N₄O₂S	1.0	2.0
氟喹诺酮类	恩诺沙星	Enrofloxacin	ENR	93106-60-6	C₁₉H₂₂ FN₃O₃	1.0	2.0
	环丙沙星	Ciprofloxacin	CIP	85721-33-1	C₁₇H₁₈FN₃O₃	0.2	2.0
	诺氟沙星	Norfloxacin	NOR	70458-96-7	C₁₆H₁₈ FN₃O₃	1.0	2.0
	氧氟沙星	Ofloxacin	OFL	82419-36-1	C₁₈H₂₀FN₃O₄	1.0	2.0
	培氟沙星	Pefloxacin	PEF	70458-92-3	C₁₇H₂₀FN₃O₃	1.0	2.0
	洛美沙星	Lomefloxacin	LOM	98079-51-7	C₁₇H₁₉F₂N₃O₃	1.0	2.0
	氟罗沙星	Fleroxacin	FLE	79660-72-3	C₁₇H₁₈F₃N₃O₃	1.0	2.0
硝基呋喃类代谢物	5-甲基吗啉-3-氨基-2-恶唑烷基酮	3-Amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2- oxazolidone	AMOZ	43056-63-9	C₈H₁₅N₃O₃	0.25	0.5
	1-氨基-2-内酰脲	1-Aminohydantoin	AHD	2827-56-7	C₃H₆ClN₃O₂	0.25	0.5
	氨基脲	Semicarbazid	SEM	57-56-7	CH₅N₃O	0.25	0.5
	3-氨基-2-恶唑烷基酮	3-Amino-2-oxazolidone	AOZ	80-65-9	C₃H₆N₂O₂	0.25	0.5
四环素类	土霉素	Oxytetracycline	OTC	79-57-2	C₂₂H₂₄N₂O₉	2.0	10.0
	四环素	Tetracycline	TC	60-54-8	C₂₂H₂₄N₂O₈	2.0	10.0
	金霉素	Chlortetracycline	CTC	57-62-5	C₂₂H₂₃ClN₂O₈	0.1	10.0
	强力霉素	Doxycycline	DOC	564-25-0	C₂₂H₂₄N₂O₈	0.1	10.0
氯霉素类	氯霉素	Chloramphenicol	CAP	56-75-7	C₁₁H₁₂Cl₂N₂O₅	0.1	0.3
	甲砜霉素	Thiamphenicol	TAP	15318-45-3	C₁₂H₁₅Cl₂NO₅S	0.1	0.3
	氟苯尼考	Florfenicol	FF	73231-34-2	C₁₂H₁₄Cl₂FNO₄S	0.1	0.3
	氟苯尼考胺	Florfenicol amine	FFA	76639-93-5	C₁₀H₁₄FNO₃S	0.1	0.3
内标物质	D3-磺胺邻二甲氧嘧啶、D6-磺胺间二甲氧嘧啶、D5-恩诺沙星、D8-环丙沙星、D5-诺氟沙星、D5-氯霉素、D7-罗红霉素、D5-5-甲基吗啉-3-氨基-2-恶唑烷基酮、¹³C3-1-氨基-2-内酰脲、¹³C-¹⁵N2-氨基脲、D4-3-氨基-2-恶唑烷基酮等

所属种类	中文名称	英文名称	英文简写	CAS号	分子式	检出限/(ng·L⁻¹)	定量限/(ng·L⁻¹)
大环内酯类	阿奇霉素	Azithromycin	AZM	83905-01-5	C₃₈H₇₂N₂O₁₂	1.0	4.0
	克拉霉素	Clarithromycin	CTM	81103-11-9	C₃₈H₆₉NO₁₃	1.0	4.0
	红霉素	Erythromycin	ERY	114-07-8	C₃₇H₆₇NO₁₃	0.2	4.0
	林可霉素	Lincomycin	LCC	859-18-7	C₁₈H₃₄N₂O₆S	0.2	4.0
	罗红霉素	Roxithromycin	ROX	80214-83-1	C₄₁H₇₆N₂O₁₅	0.01	4.0
	克林霉素	Clindamycin	CLR	21462-39-5	C₁₈H₃₃ClN₂O₅S	1.0	4.0
	竹桃霉素	Oleandomycin	ODM	7060-74-4	C₃₅H₆₁NO₁₂	1.0	4.0
	泰乐菌素	Tylosin	TYL	1401-69-0	C₄₆H₇₇NO₁₇	1.0	4.0
	伊维菌素	Ivermectin	IVE	70288-86-7	C₄₈H₇₄O₁₄	0.1	4.0
	依普菌素	Eprinomectin	EPR	123997-26-2	C₅₀H₇₅NO₁₄	1.0	4.0
	阿维菌素	Abamectin	ABA	71751-41-2	C₄₉H₇₄O₁₄	1.0	4.0
磺胺类	磺胺嘧啶	Sulfadiazine	SDZ	68-35-9	C₁₀H₁₀N₄O₂S	1.0	2.0
	磺胺噻唑	Sulfathiazole	STZ	72-14-0	C₉H₉N₃O₂S₂	0.2	2.0
	磺胺甲基嘧啶	Sulfamerazine	SMR	127-79-7	C₁₁H₁₂N₄O₂S	1.0	2.0
	磺胺间甲氧嘧啶	Sulfamonomethoxine	SMM	1220-83-3	C₁₁H₁₂N₄O₃S	0.2	2.0
	磺胺甲噻二唑	Sulfamethizole	SMT	144-82-1	C₉H₁₀N₄O₂S₂	0.1	2.0
	磺胺二甲基嘧啶	Sulfamethazine	SFM	57-68-1	C₁₂H₁₄N₄O₂S	0.2	2.0
	磺胺甲基异噁唑	Sulfamethoxazole	SMZ	723-46-6	C₁₀H₁₁N₃O₃S	1.0	2.0
	磺胺多辛	Sulfadoxine	SDM	2447-57-6	C₁₂H₁₄N₄O₄S	1.0	2.0
	磺胺异噁唑	Sulfafurazole	SEZ	127-69-5	C₁₁H₁₃N₃O₃S	0.2	2.0
	磺胺氯哒嗪	Sulfachloropyridazine	SCP	80-32-0	C₁₀H₉ClN₄O₂S	1.0	2.0
	磺胺间二甲氧嘧啶	Sulfadimethoxine	SDT	122-11-2	C₁₂H₁₄N₄O₄S	1.0	2.0
	磺胺喹恶啉	Sulfaquinoxaline	SQX	59-40-5	C₁₄H₁₂N₄O₂S	1.0	2.0
氟喹诺酮类	恩诺沙星	Enrofloxacin	ENR	93106-60-6	C₁₉H₂₂ FN₃O₃	1.0	2.0
	环丙沙星	Ciprofloxacin	CIP	85721-33-1	C₁₇H₁₈FN₃O₃	0.2	2.0
	诺氟沙星	Norfloxacin	NOR	70458-96-7	C₁₆H₁₈ FN₃O₃	1.0	2.0
	氧氟沙星	Ofloxacin	OFL	82419-36-1	C₁₈H₂₀FN₃O₄	1.0	2.0
	培氟沙星	Pefloxacin	PEF	70458-92-3	C₁₇H₂₀FN₃O₃	1.0	2.0
	洛美沙星	Lomefloxacin	LOM	98079-51-7	C₁₇H₁₉F₂N₃O₃	1.0	2.0
	氟罗沙星	Fleroxacin	FLE	79660-72-3	C₁₇H₁₈F₃N₃O₃	1.0	2.0
硝基呋喃类代谢物	5-甲基吗啉-3-氨基-2-恶唑烷基酮	3-Amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2- oxazolidone	AMOZ	43056-63-9	C₈H₁₅N₃O₃	0.25	0.5
	1-氨基-2-内酰脲	1-Aminohydantoin	AHD	2827-56-7	C₃H₆ClN₃O₂	0.25	0.5
	氨基脲	Semicarbazid	SEM	57-56-7	CH₅N₃O	0.25	0.5
	3-氨基-2-恶唑烷基酮	3-Amino-2-oxazolidone	AOZ	80-65-9	C₃H₆N₂O₂	0.25	0.5
四环素类	土霉素	Oxytetracycline	OTC	79-57-2	C₂₂H₂₄N₂O₉	2.0	10.0
	四环素	Tetracycline	TC	60-54-8	C₂₂H₂₄N₂O₈	2.0	10.0
	金霉素	Chlortetracycline	CTC	57-62-5	C₂₂H₂₃ClN₂O₈	0.1	10.0
	强力霉素	Doxycycline	DOC	564-25-0	C₂₂H₂₄N₂O₈	0.1	10.0
氯霉素类	氯霉素	Chloramphenicol	CAP	56-75-7	C₁₁H₁₂Cl₂N₂O₅	0.1	0.3
	甲砜霉素	Thiamphenicol	TAP	15318-45-3	C₁₂H₁₅Cl₂NO₅S	0.1	0.3
	氟苯尼考	Florfenicol	FF	73231-34-2	C₁₂H₁₄Cl₂FNO₄S	0.1	0.3
	氟苯尼考胺	Florfenicol amine	FFA	76639-93-5	C₁₀H₁₄FNO₃S	0.1	0.3
内标物质	D3-磺胺邻二甲氧嘧啶、D6-磺胺间二甲氧嘧啶、D5-恩诺沙星、D8-环丙沙星、D5-诺氟沙星、D5-氯霉素、D7-罗红霉素、D5-5-甲基吗啉-3-氨基-2-恶唑烷基酮、¹³C3-1-氨基-2-内酰脲、¹³C-¹⁵N2-氨基脲、D4-3-氨基-2-恶唑烷基酮等

序号	采样点	主养品种	渔药使用情况	饲料使用情况	水产养殖调水产品使用情况	养殖面积/ hm²	所在地区	经纬度
1	YN	青鱼、草鱼、鲢鱼、鳙鱼	温度较高时（超过30 ℃）、上市前每7天随饲料拌喂渔药（以恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考为主）1次，病害发生时，加频加量喂药	养殖全程使用海大四大家鱼商品饲料，越冬期投喂量减少并搭配多维、中草药等保健料	养殖周期开始时，彻底调水改底，养殖过程中根据需要进行调水改底	30	常州市武进区	120°59′35″E， 31°38′15″N
2	HZ	青鱼、草鱼、鲢鱼、鳙鱼	正常情况下每10天随饲料拌喂渔药（以恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考为主）1次，病害发生时，加频加量喂药	养殖前期使用通威四大家鱼商品饲料、后期使用天参四大家鱼商品饲料，越冬期投喂量减少并搭配多维、中草药等保健料	根据需要进行调水改底	60	淮安市洪泽区	118°88′21″E，33°34′63″N
3	CX	鲫鱼	每年3－8月，每10天随饲料拌喂渔药（以恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考为主）1次，病害发生时，加频加量喂药	养殖全程使用通威鲫鱼商品饲料，越冬期投喂量减少并搭配多维、中草药等保健料	正常情况下每11－12天调水改底，遇特殊情况，及时调水改底	20	宿迁市宿城区	118°48′22″E，33°84′31″N
4	YB	鲫鱼	病害发生时，随饲料拌喂渔药（以恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考为主），病害严重时，存在过量投喂	养殖全程使用通威鲫鱼商品饲料，成鱼上市前半年自行配制饲料（使用量与商品料1꞉1），自配料中添加恩诺沙星；每天固定1次喂料时搭配多维、中草药等保健料	定期检测水质情况，根据结果调水改底	80	盐城市射阳县	120°39′50″E，33°86′88″N
5	JS	鳊鱼	养殖全程随饲料拌喂渔药（以恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考为主），病害发生时加大投喂量	养殖全程使用正虹系列鳊鱼商品饲料，上市前一个月及越冬期投喂量减少并搭配多维、中草药等保健料	正常情况下每15天调水改底，遇特殊情况，及时调水改底	30	无锡市宜兴市	119°53′36″E，31°14′02″N
6	WJ	鳊鱼	养殖全程随饲料拌喂渔药（以恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考为主），病害发生时加大投喂量	养殖全程使用澳华系列鳊鱼商品饲料，越冬期投喂量减少并搭配多维、中草药等保健料	正常情况下每7天调水改底，遇特殊情况，及时调水改底	20	常州市武进区	119°86′43″E，31°58′09″N
7	HL	斑点叉尾鮰	正常情况下，每7天随饲料拌喂渔药（以恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考为主）1次，病害发生时，加频加量喂药	养殖全程使用通威系列斑点叉尾鮰商品饲料，越冬期投喂量减少并搭配多维、中草药等保健料	正常情况下每3天调水改底，遇特殊情况，及时调水改底	20	南通市海安市	120°39′88″E，32°63′74″N
8	JL	斑点叉尾鮰	病害发生时，随饲料拌喂渔药（以恩诺沙星为主），病害严重时，加大投喂量	养殖全程使用通威系列斑点叉尾鮰商品饲料及宝辉生物发酵饲料（1꞉1），越冬期3天投喂一次宝辉生物发酵饲料，遇极端天气情况停止投喂	根据需要进行调水改底，一般每30天一次	100	盐城市大丰区	120°50′49″E，33°22′04″N
9	JF	大口黑鲈	正常情况下，每10天随饲料拌喂渔药（以恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考为主）1次，病害发生时，加频加量喂药	养殖全程使用澳华系列鲈鱼商品饲料，越冬期投喂量减少并搭配多维、中草药等保健料	根据需要进行调水改底，一般每15天一次	10	苏州市吴江区	120°45′30″E，31°12′30″N
10	RW	大口黑鲈	正常情况下，每7天随饲料拌喂渔药（以恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考为主）1次，病害发生时，加频加量喂药	养殖全程使用通威系列鲈鱼商品饲料，越冬期投喂量减少并搭配多维、中草药等保健料	根据需要进行调水改底，一般每20天一次	20	徐州市沛县	116°80′20″E，34°90′26″N

序号	采样点	主养品种	渔药使用情况	饲料使用情况	水产养殖调水产品使用情况	养殖面积/ hm²	所在地区	经纬度
1	YN	青鱼、草鱼、鲢鱼、鳙鱼	温度较高时（超过30 ℃）、上市前每7天随饲料拌喂渔药（以恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考为主）1次，病害发生时，加频加量喂药	养殖全程使用海大四大家鱼商品饲料，越冬期投喂量减少并搭配多维、中草药等保健料	养殖周期开始时，彻底调水改底，养殖过程中根据需要进行调水改底	30	常州市武进区	120°59′35″E， 31°38′15″N
2	HZ	青鱼、草鱼、鲢鱼、鳙鱼	正常情况下每10天随饲料拌喂渔药（以恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考为主）1次，病害发生时，加频加量喂药	养殖前期使用通威四大家鱼商品饲料、后期使用天参四大家鱼商品饲料，越冬期投喂量减少并搭配多维、中草药等保健料	根据需要进行调水改底	60	淮安市洪泽区	118°88′21″E，33°34′63″N
3	CX	鲫鱼	每年3－8月，每10天随饲料拌喂渔药（以恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考为主）1次，病害发生时，加频加量喂药	养殖全程使用通威鲫鱼商品饲料，越冬期投喂量减少并搭配多维、中草药等保健料	正常情况下每11－12天调水改底，遇特殊情况，及时调水改底	20	宿迁市宿城区	118°48′22″E，33°84′31″N
4	YB	鲫鱼	病害发生时，随饲料拌喂渔药（以恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考为主），病害严重时，存在过量投喂	养殖全程使用通威鲫鱼商品饲料，成鱼上市前半年自行配制饲料（使用量与商品料1꞉1），自配料中添加恩诺沙星；每天固定1次喂料时搭配多维、中草药等保健料	定期检测水质情况，根据结果调水改底	80	盐城市射阳县	120°39′50″E，33°86′88″N
5	JS	鳊鱼	养殖全程随饲料拌喂渔药（以恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考为主），病害发生时加大投喂量	养殖全程使用正虹系列鳊鱼商品饲料，上市前一个月及越冬期投喂量减少并搭配多维、中草药等保健料	正常情况下每15天调水改底，遇特殊情况，及时调水改底	30	无锡市宜兴市	119°53′36″E，31°14′02″N
6	WJ	鳊鱼	养殖全程随饲料拌喂渔药（以恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考为主），病害发生时加大投喂量	养殖全程使用澳华系列鳊鱼商品饲料，越冬期投喂量减少并搭配多维、中草药等保健料	正常情况下每7天调水改底，遇特殊情况，及时调水改底	20	常州市武进区	119°86′43″E，31°58′09″N
7	HL	斑点叉尾鮰	正常情况下，每7天随饲料拌喂渔药（以恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考为主）1次，病害发生时，加频加量喂药	养殖全程使用通威系列斑点叉尾鮰商品饲料，越冬期投喂量减少并搭配多维、中草药等保健料	正常情况下每3天调水改底，遇特殊情况，及时调水改底	20	南通市海安市	120°39′88″E，32°63′74″N
8	JL	斑点叉尾鮰	病害发生时，随饲料拌喂渔药（以恩诺沙星为主），病害严重时，加大投喂量	养殖全程使用通威系列斑点叉尾鮰商品饲料及宝辉生物发酵饲料（1꞉1），越冬期3天投喂一次宝辉生物发酵饲料，遇极端天气情况停止投喂	根据需要进行调水改底，一般每30天一次	100	盐城市大丰区	120°50′49″E，33°22′04″N
9	JF	大口黑鲈	正常情况下，每10天随饲料拌喂渔药（以恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考为主）1次，病害发生时，加频加量喂药	养殖全程使用澳华系列鲈鱼商品饲料，越冬期投喂量减少并搭配多维、中草药等保健料	根据需要进行调水改底，一般每15天一次	10	苏州市吴江区	120°45′30″E，31°12′30″N
10	RW	大口黑鲈	正常情况下，每7天随饲料拌喂渔药（以恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考为主）1次，病害发生时，加频加量喂药	养殖全程使用通威系列鲈鱼商品饲料，越冬期投喂量减少并搭配多维、中草药等保健料	根据需要进行调水改底，一般每20天一次	20	徐州市沛县	116°80′20″E，34°90′26″N

采样点	总溶解固体质量浓度/(mg∙L⁻¹)	氧化还原电位/ mV	电导率/ (μS∙cm⁻¹)	水温/ ℃
YN	575.09±63.87c	419.32±39.56	429.35±47.52	19.8±0.3a
HZ	586.32±39.85c	402.12±37.91	431.85±36.47	18.5±0.1b
CX	611.09±46.01c	399.55±29.02	412.06±49.52	19.2±0.2c
YB	546.32±57.94c	413.52±45.17	406.99±55.01	17.1±0.2c
JS	705.36±44.85b	402.35±33.67	398.25±64.28	18.9±0.1b
WJ	853.39±36.98a	419.38±55.98	412.36±28.46	19.6±0.1a
HL	715.32±34.52b	422.56±46.99	406.58±19.55	18.2±0.2b
JL	603.35±75.12c	399.58±32.88	428.65±37.89	17.6±0.2c
JF	599.37±66.39c	414.58±39.64	426.74±24.59	19.2±0.1c
RW	613.32±56.35c	435.62±22.35	433.02±33.56	16.5±0.1c

江苏典型淡水鱼类养殖尾水抗生素污染特征、生态风险及其与环境理化因子相关性

Pollution Characteristics, and Ecological Risk of Antibiotics, and Correlation Analysis between Antibiotics and Physical-Chemical Parameters in Typical Freshwater Fish Aquaculture Wastewater in Jiangsu Province, China

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采样点	pH值	溶解氧质量浓度/ (mg∙L⁻¹)	总磷质量浓度/ (mg∙L⁻¹)	总氮质量浓度/ (mg∙L⁻¹)	氨氮质量浓度/ (mg∙L⁻¹)	硝态氮质量浓度/ (mg∙L⁻¹)	亚硝态氮质量浓度/ (mg∙L⁻¹)	总有机碳质量浓度/ (mg∙L⁻¹)	生化需氧量/ (mg∙L⁻¹)	高锰酸盐指数/ (mg∙L⁻¹)
YN	8.14± 0.08	9.05± 0.09a	0.46± 0.06b	3.59± 0.49bc	0.75± 0.11b	0.21± 0.05a	0.15± 0.02ab	1.05± 0.30bc	0.33± 0.04d	7.15± 1.05b
HZ	8.02± 0.14	9.11± 0.22a	0.51± 0.03b	3.11± 0.37c	0.77± 0.09b	0.16± 0.07ab	0.17± 0.03a	0.95± 0.22c	0.29± 0.06d	7.36± 0.99b
CX	7.91± 0.11	8.87± 0.18a	0.39± 0.02c	3.21± 0.64c	0.46± 0.15c	0.18± 0.08ab	0.13± 0.01ab	0.72± 0.19d	0.15± 0.02e	6.98± 1.35bc
YB	8.15± 0.05	9.01± 0.16a	0.41± 0.06bc	3.07± 0.55c	0.62± 0.20bc	0.22± 0.12b	0.11± 0.02b	0.79± 0.21b	0.19± 0.05e	6.51± 1.02c
JS	8.30± 0.07	7.12± 0.19b	0.67± 0.17a	4.11± 0.31b	0.95± 0.08a	0.25± 0.11a	0.16± 0.04a	1.46± 0.51ab	0.62± 0.17b	7.99± 1.35a
WJ	8.24± 0.09	6.35± 0.23c	0.75± 0.11a	5.02± 0.28a	1.21± 0.11a	0.29± 0.05a	0.19± 0.02a	1.68± 0.45a	0.85± 0.16a	8.36± 2.01a
HL	8.05± 0.12	8.81± 0.22a	0.51± 0.08b	3.45± 0.52bc	0.74± 0.06b	0.22± 0.04a	0.11± 0.01b	1.25± 0.32b	0.54± 0.11bc	8.01± 1.11a
JL	7.95± 0.13	8.79± 0.14a	0.44± 0.06b	3.27± 0.36bc	0.76± 0.18b	0.14± 0.06b	0.12± 0.02b	0.70± 0.11d	0.22± 0.04e	7.22± 1.46b
JF	8.61± 0.09	8.95± 0.16a	0.46± 0.01b	3.05± 0.49c	0.59± 0.15bc	0.13± 0.05b	0.13± 0.03b	0.71± 0.02d	0.31± 0.06d	6.35± 0.98c
RW	8.67± 0.05	9.16± 0.23a	0.52± 0.07b	3.32± 0.37c	0.63± 0.21bc	0.09± 0.01c	0.10± 0.01b	0.63± 0.12d	0.11± 0.01e	6.49± 1.35c

抗生素	检出率%	范围/(ng·L⁻¹)	均值/(ng·L⁻¹)	中值/(ng·L⁻¹)
AZM	0	ND	ND	ND
CTM	80	ND－22.50	8.92	4.43
ERY	100	0.36－13.16	4.16	3.76
LCC	100	0.24－46.89	6.81	0.93
ROX	100	0.02－1.26	0.41	0.36
CLR	100	5.00－15.21	11.60	12.77
ODM	0	ND	ND	ND
TYL	60	1.87－5.14	2.92	2.06
IVE	60	ND－6.19	2.49	0.17
EPR	0	ND	ND	ND
ABA	80	ND－14.51	5.09	2.52
SDZ	80	ND－5.82	2.75	2.12
STZ	100	0.39－6.48	2.77	2.31
SMR	90	ND－2.46	2.23	1.28
SMM	60	ND－7.20	2.78	0.20
SMT	100	0.15－4.14	1.58	1.24
SFM	100	0.27－1.07	0.61	0.60
SMZ	70	ND－14.31	7.57	5.02
SDM	0	ND	ND	ND
SEZ	100	0.25－17.53	4.95	1.70
SCP	90	ND－13.02	ND	2.48
SDT	0	ND	ND	ND
SQX	0	ND	ND	ND
ENR	100	11.47－35.80	20.36	19.3
CIP	100	0.27－9.52	3.76	2.82
NOR	100	3.56－18.25	10.69	11.12
OFL	100	4.02－21.15	9.11	6.67
PEF	0	ND	ND	ND
LOM	0	ND	ND	ND
FLE	0	ND	ND	ND
AMOZ	0	ND	ND	ND
AHD	0	ND	ND	ND
SEM	0	ND	ND	ND
AOZ	0	ND	ND	ND
OTC	80	ND－3.86	2.34	1.96
TC	80	ND－10.49	4.87	3.47
CTC	100	0.19－0.52	0.32	0.28
DOC	100	ND－1.19	0.61	0.54
CAP	0	ND	ND	ND
TAP	0	ND	ND	ND
FF	100	6.69－41.10	19.41	16.02
FFA	100	0.75－1.74	1.15	1.16

抗生素	C_p/(ng∙L⁻¹)	抗生素	C_p/(ng∙L⁻¹)	抗生素	C_p/(ng∙L⁻¹)
CTM	2	STZ	16330	CIP	17
ERY	20	SMR	1740	NOR	103.8
LCC	680	SMM	10000	OFL	11.3
ROX	47	SMT	－	OTC	170
CLR	24940	SFM	1277	TC	90
TYL	3.4	SMZ	460	CTC	5
IVE	0.48	SEZ	－	DOC	300
ABA	1.43	SCP	26400	FF	1900
SDZ	1226	ENR	28.8	FFA	－

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