长江流域重要水源地微塑料赋存特征及生态风险评估

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2026.03.002

生态环境学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (3): 345-351.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2026.03.002

• “新污染物”研究专栏 • 上一篇下一篇

长江流域重要水源地微塑料赋存特征及生态风险评估

周浩然¹^,²(), 何涛²^,³, 彭恋¹^,², 钟志明²^,⁴, 钱宝¹^,²^,^*()

1.长江水利委员会水文局，湖北武汉 430010
2.长江水利委员会流域水环境保护与治理创新团队，湖北武汉 430071
3.长江水利委员会水文局长江下游水文水资源勘测局，江苏南京 210011
4.长江水利委员会水文局长江中游水文水资源勘测局，湖北武汉 430010

收稿日期:2024-03-12 修回日期:2025-10-08 接受日期:2025-10-28 出版日期:2026-03-18 发布日期:2026-03-13
通讯作者: *E-mail: jacber@163.com
作者简介:周浩然（1997年生），男，工程师，硕士研究生，主要从事水环境监测与评价方面的研究。E-mail: zhr55433@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(U2340209);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费项目(CKSF2023337/SH)

Occurrence Characteristics and Ecological Risk Assessment of Microplastics in Drinking Water Sources in the Yangtze River Basin

ZHOU Haoran¹^,²(), HE Tao²^,³, PENG Lian¹^,², ZHONG Zhiming²^,⁴, QIAN Bao¹^,²^,^*()

1. Bureau of Hydrology, Changjiang Water Resources Commission, Wuhan 430010, P. R. China
2. Innovation Team for Basin Water Environmental Protection and Governance of Changjiang Water Resources Commission, Wuhan 430010, P. R. China
3. Lower Changjiang River Bureau of Hydrological and Water Resources Survey, Hydrology Bureau of Changjiang Water Resources Commission, Nanjing 210011, P. R. China
4. Middle Changjiang River Bureau of Hydrological and Water Resources Survey, Hydrology Bureau of Changjiang Water Resources Commission, Wuhan 430010, P. R. China

Received:2024-03-12 Revised:2025-10-08 Accepted:2025-10-28 Online:2026-03-18 Published:2026-03-13

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

微塑料作为一种新型污染物，因其对生态系统以及人体健康的潜在风险而被广泛关注。2022年10月，水利部发布了长江流域国家重要饮用水水源地名录，对饮用水水源地保护与饮用水安全提出了更高的要求，但目前少有针对水源地微塑料的调查研究，对微塑料在水源地的生态风险缺乏认知。本研究选取了长江流域上中下游12个重要饮用水水源地，通过傅里叶变换红外成像显微镜以及光学显微镜，分析水源地微塑料赋存特征并评估其生态风险。结果表明，各水源地水体微塑料丰度为0－4 piece∙L⁻¹，平均丰度为1.8 piece∙L⁻¹，低于长江流域水体微塑料丰度的平均水平，这与对饮用水水源地的严格管控密不可分。水源地微塑料形状主要为纤维状，占比为57.1%；微塑料颜色主要为透明，占比为42.9%；微塑料化学类型以聚乙烯（PE）和聚丙烯（PP）为主，占比分别为47.6%和28.6%。水源地微塑料生态风险评估表明，在9个检出微塑料的水源地中，2个水源地属于IV级风险区，主要与聚氯乙烯（PVC）污染有关；1个水源地属于II级风险区，6个水源地属于Ⅰ级风险区，整体生态风险较低。上述研究成果有助于了解长江流域重要水源地的微塑料污染现状，为饮用水安全保障以及水生态保护提供科学依据。

关键词: 微塑料, 长江流域, 饮用水水源地, 新型污染物, 赋存特征, 生态风险评估

Abstract:

As emerging contaminants, microplastics have garnered considerable attention because of their potential risks to both ecosystems and human health. In October 2022, the Ministry of Water Resources issued a list of nationally important drinking water sources in the Yangtze River Basin, imposing higher standards for their protection and safety. However, there is currently limited research specifically focusing on microplastics in drinking water sources, and knowledge of their ecological risks in critical environments remains insufficient. This study focused on 12 important drinking water sources located in the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin in China. The occurrence characteristics of microplastics in these water bodies were analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) imaging microscopy and optical microscopy. Furthermore, the ecological risk of microplastics in water bodies was assessed using a potential ecological risk index. The results revealed that the abundance of microplastics in the water of all water sources ranged from 0 to 4 pieces∙L⁻¹, with an average abundance of 1.8 pieces∙L⁻¹, which was lower than the average level of microplastics in water of the Yangtze River Basin. The microplastics detected in the drinking water source were predominantly fibrous in shape (57.1%), transparent in color (42.9%), and mainly composed of polyethylene (PE, 47.6%) and polypropylene (PP, 28.6%) in terms of polymer composition. The ecological risk assessment of microplastics in drinking water sources indicated that among the nine water sources detected with microplastics, two belonged to risk zone IV, primarily due to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pollution, one belonged to risk zone II, and six belonged to risk zone I, with low ecological risk. This study contributes to the understanding of current state of microplastic pollution in important drinking water sources in the Yangtze River Basin and provides a scientific basis for ensuring drinking water safety and ecological protection.

Key words: microplastics, Yangtze River Basin, source of drinking water, emerging contaminants, occurrence characteristics, ecological risk assessment

中图分类号:

周浩然, 何涛, 彭恋, 钟志明, 钱宝. 长江流域重要水源地微塑料赋存特征及生态风险评估[J]. 生态环境学报, 2026, 35(3): 345-351.

ZHOU Haoran, HE Tao, PENG Lian, ZHONG Zhiming, QIAN Bao. Occurrence Characteristics and Ecological Risk Assessment of Microplastics in Drinking Water Sources in the Yangtze River Basin[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2026, 35(3): 345-351.

图/表 9

表1 长江流域重要饮用水水源地采样点位信息

Table 1 Information of sampling points of national important drinking water sources in the Yangtze River Basin

点位名称	所在省市	类型	经度(E)/°	纬度(N)/°
监利市长江	湖北荆州	河流型	112.85	29.78
宜昌市葛洲坝	湖北宜昌	湖库型	111.29	30.74
乐山市青衣江	四川乐山	河流型	103.71	29.56
成都市金马河	四川成都	河流型	103.82	30.57
眉山市龚家堰	四川眉山	湖库型	103.92	30.18
抚州市抚河	江西抚州	河流型	116.40	27.96
南昌市赣江	江西南昌	河流型	115.86	28.65
新余市孔目江	江西新余	河流型	114.94	27.81
襄阳市汉江	湖北襄阳	河流型	112.05	32.05
安康市马坡岭及许家台	陕西安康	河流型	109.00	32.67
张家界市土木溪水库	湖南张家界	湖库型	110.55	29.04
太仓市浏河	江苏苏州	河流型	121.31	31.55

图1 长江流域重要饮用水水源地采样点位分布示意图本图基于审图号为GS（2019）1822号的标准地图制作，底图边界无修改

Figure 1 Distribution diagram of sampling points of national important drinking water sources in the Yangtze River Basin

表2 塑料类型危害得分

Table 2 Polymer hazard fraction

塑料类型	缩写	危害得分S_k（最高水平）
聚丙烯	PP	1
聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯	PET	4
聚乙烯	PE	11
聚苯乙烯	PS	30
聚酰胺	PA	47
聚碳酸酯	PC	1177
聚氨酯	PU	7384
聚氯乙烯	PVC	10551

图2 饮用水水源地微塑料丰度

Figure 2 Abundance of microplastics in drinking water sources

图3 饮用水水源地典型微塑料形状

Figure 3 Typical microplastics shapes in drinking water sources

图4 饮用水水源地典型微塑料形状占比图中数字表示不同形状微塑料数量占总数量的比例

Figure 4 Proportion of typical microplastics shapes in drinking water sources

图5 饮用水水源地典型微塑料颜色占比图中数字表示不同颜色微塑料数量占总数量的比例

Figure 5 Proportion of typical microplastics color in drinking water sources

图6 饮用水水源地典型微塑料化学组成占比图中数字表示不同化学组成微塑料数量占总数量的比例

Figure 6 Polymer type distribution of microplastics in drinking water sources

表3 饮用水水源地生态风险评估

Table 3 Ecological risk assessment of drinking water source

点位	监利市长江	南昌市赣江	新余市孔目江	襄阳市汉江	成都市金马河	安康市马坡岭及许家台	宜昌市葛洲坝	抚州市抚河	太仓市浏河	乐山市青衣江	眉山市龚家堰	张家界市土木溪水库
I_PER	1587	1587	10.4	8.4	3.6	2.0	1.8	1.8	1.7	0.0	0.0	0.0
风险等级	IV级	IV级	II级	Ⅰ级	Ⅰ级	Ⅰ级	Ⅰ级	Ⅰ级	Ⅰ级	Ⅰ级	Ⅰ级	Ⅰ级

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长江流域重要水源地微塑料赋存特征及生态风险评估

Occurrence Characteristics and Ecological Risk Assessment of Microplastics in Drinking Water Sources in the Yangtze River Basin

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