北江中下游水源地双酚类化合物和溴代阻燃剂的污染特征及风险评估

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2025.07.002

生态环境学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (7): 1007-1019.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2025.07.002

• “新污染物”研究专栏 • 上一篇下一篇

北江中下游水源地双酚类化合物和溴代阻燃剂的污染特征及风险评估

周依湘¹^,²(), 唐斌², 付成忠¹^,², 许榕钦²^,³, 周东静²^,⁴, 王俊丽¹^,^*(), 郑晶²^,^*()

1.贵州医科大学公共卫生与健康学院/环境污染与疾病监控教育部重点实验室，贵州贵阳 561113
2.生态环境部华南环境科学研究所新污染物研究中心/生态环境部环境污染健康风险评价重点实验室，广东广州 510535
3.中国医科大学公共卫生学院，辽宁沈阳 110122
4.广州大学环境科学与工程学院，广东广州 510006

收稿日期:2024-10-23 出版日期:2025-07-18 发布日期:2025-07-11
通讯作者: *E-mail: 411395583@qq.com；zhengjing@scies.org
作者简介:周依湘（1999年生），女，硕士研究生，研究方向为环境与健康。E-mail: 2138505547@qq.com
基金资助:
广东省科技计划项目(2023B1212070031);国家自然科学基金项目(42377087)

Occurrence and Associated Risk Assessment of Bisphenols and Brominated Flame Retardants in the Water Sources of the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Beijiang River

ZHOU Yixiang¹^,²(), TANG Bin², FU Chengzhong¹^,², XU Rongqin²^,³, ZHOU Dongjing²^,⁴, WANG Junli¹^,^*(), ZHENG Jing²^,^*()

1. The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, P. R. China
2. The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment/Research Center of Emerging Contaminants, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510535, P. R. China
3. School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, P. R. China
4. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China

Received:2024-10-23 Online:2025-07-18 Published:2025-07-11

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究北江中下游地区典型饮用水源地水体和沉积物中双酚类化合物（BPs）和溴代阻燃剂[BFRs；包括多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）和新型BFRs（NBFRs）]的污染状况和风险水平，测定了14个饮用水源地水体和沉积物中BPs和BFRs的含量，分析其沉积物-水分配系数，并评价其生态风险与健康风险。结果显示：在丰水期，北江中下游水源水中BPs、PBDEs和NBFRs的总质量浓度分别为13.0-360 ng∙L⁻¹、<LOD（检出限）-70.3 ng∙L⁻¹、<LOD-36.6 ng∙L⁻¹；枯水期相应的质量浓度分别为<LOD-275 ng∙L⁻¹、<LOD-17.1 ng∙L⁻¹、<LOD-7.31 ng∙L⁻¹；沉积物中BPs、PBDEs和NBFRs的总质量分数分别为<LOD-34.4 ng∙g⁻¹、0.734-12.5 ng∙g⁻¹和<LOD-1.89 ng∙g⁻¹。其中，水源水中的主要污染物为双酚A（BPA）、2,4,4′−三溴联苯醚（BDE28）和六氯二溴辛烷（HCDBCO），沉积物中为双酚B（BPB）、十溴联苯醚（BDE209）和HCDBCO；PBDEs在丰水期水体中的含量高于枯水期，且在河流型水源地水体中的含量高于湖库型水源地。BPs和PBDEs的沉积物-水分配系数（lgK_d）与有机碳归一化分配系数（lgK_oc）显著相关，表明总有机碳对其分配行为有显著的影响。水源水中BPs和BFRs的生态风险、非致癌风险及致癌风险值均小于相应的安全阈值，表明北江中下游水源水中BPs和BFRs对生态环境及人体健康造成的风险较低。研究结果可为饮用水源中BPs和BFRs的健康风险管控提供基础数据。

关键词: 饮用水源地, 北江流域, 双酚类化合物, 溴代阻燃剂, 污染特征, 风险评估

Abstract:

To investigate the contamination status and risk levels of bisphenols (BPs) and brominated flame retardants (BFR) [including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and novel BFRs (NBFRs)], in the water and sediments of typical drinking water sources in the middle and lower reaches of the Beijiang River. This study was conducted to determine the mass concentrations of BPs and BFRs in the water and sediment of 14 drinking water source areas, analyze the partition coefficients between the sediment and water, and assess their ecological and health risks. The results indicated that during the wet season, the total mass concentrations of BPs, PBDEs and NBFRs in the source water were 13.0-360 ng∙L⁻¹, <LOD (limit of detection)-70.3 ng∙L⁻¹, and <LOD-36.6 ng∙L⁻¹ respectively. During the dry season, the corresponding mass concentrations were <LOD-275 ng∙L⁻¹, <LOD-17.1 ng∙L⁻¹, and <LOD-7.31 ng∙L⁻¹, respectively. In the sediments, the total mass fractions of BPs, PBDEs, and NBFRs were <LOD-34.4 ng∙g⁻¹, 0.734-12.5 ng∙g⁻¹, and <LOD-1.89 ng∙g⁻¹, respectively. The major chemicals present in water are bisphenol A (BPA), 2,4,4′−tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE28), and hexachlorodibromooctane (HCDBCO). The major chemicals in the sediments are bisphenol B (BPB), decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209), and HCDBCO. The concentrations of PBDEs were higher in the water bodies during the wet season than during the dry season. In addition, the concentrations of PBDEs in the water were higher in riverine water sources than in lake and reservoir water sources. The partition coefficients (lgK_d) of BPs and PBDEs in the sediment-water system exhibited a significant correlation with the normalized partition coefficients (lgK_oc) of organic carbon, suggesting that the total organic carbon content substantially influences their partitioning behavior. The ecological, noncarcinogenic, and carcinogenic risk values associated with BPs and BFRs in the source water were all below the corresponding safety thresholds, suggesting that BPs and BFRs in the source water of the middle and lower reaches of the Beijiang River pose minimal risks to the ecological environment and human health. These results serve as foundational data for the health risk management of BPs and BFRs in drinking water sources.

Key words: drinking water source, Beijiang River Basin, bisphenols, brominated flame retardants, pollution characterization, risk assessment

中图分类号:

X52
X820.4

周依湘, 唐斌, 付成忠, 许榕钦, 周东静, 王俊丽, 郑晶. 北江中下游水源地双酚类化合物和溴代阻燃剂的污染特征及风险评估[J]. 生态环境学报, 2025, 34(7): 1007-1019.

ZHOU Yixiang, TANG Bin, FU Chengzhong, XU Rongqin, ZHOU Dongjing, WANG Junli, ZHENG Jing. Occurrence and Associated Risk Assessment of Bisphenols and Brominated Flame Retardants in the Water Sources of the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Beijiang River[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2025, 34(7): 1007-1019.

图/表 10

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	中文全称	简称	CAS号	辛醇水分配系数LogK_ow¹⁾	母离子质荷比(m/z)	子离子质荷比(m/z)	碰撞电压/eV
双酚类化合物（BPs）	双酚A	BPA	80-05-7	3.64	227	133	−25.0
	双酚B	BPB	77-40-7	4.15	241	212	−25.0
	4,4′−亚乙烯联苯酚	BPE	2081-08-5	3.19	213	198	−25.0
	双酚F	BPF	620-92-8	2.76	199	105	−25.0
	双酚P	BPP	2167-51-3	6.1	345	133	−70.0
	双酚S	BPS	80-09-1	2.14	249	92.0	−55.0
	双酚Z	BPZ	843-55-0	5.78	267	145	−55.0
	双酚AF	BPAF	1478-61-1	3.96	335	265	−40.0
	双酚AP	BPAP	1571-75-1	4.33	289	274	−25.0
	双酚BP	BPBP	1844-01-5	5.6	351	274	−22.0
	双酚M	BPM	13595-25-0	-²⁾	345	133	−36.0
	双酚G	BPG	127-54-8	6.3	311	296	−30.0
多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）	2,4,4′−三溴联苯醚	BDE28	41318-75-6	5.88	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	2,2′,4,4′−四溴联苯醚	BDE47	5436-43-1	6.77	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	2,2′,4,4′,5−五溴联苯醚	BDE99	60348-60-9	6.84	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	2,2′,4,4′,6−五溴联苯醚	BDE100	189084-64-8	6.51	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	2,2,4,4,5,5−六溴联苯醚	BDE153	68631-49-2	7.13	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	2,2′,4,4′,5,6′−六溴联苯醚	BDE154	207122-15-4	7.39	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	2,2′,3,4,4′,5,6−七溴联苯醚	BDE183	207122-16-5	7.14	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	十溴联苯醚	BDE209	1163-19-5	12.1	-	489 (487)	-
新型溴代阻燃剂（NBFRs）	2,4,6−三溴苯基烯丙基醚	ATE	3278-89-5	-	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	1,2−二溴−4−(1,2−二溴乙基)环己烷	TBECH	3322-93-8	5.24	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	1,2,5,6−四溴环辛烷	TBCO	3194-57-8	5.24	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	2,3,4,5,6−五溴乙苯	PBEB	85-22-3	7.48	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	2−溴烯丙基−2,4,6−三溴苯醚	BATE	99717-56-3	-	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	六溴苯	HBB	87-82-1	7.33	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	(2,3−二溴丙基) (2,4,6−三溴苯基)醚	DPTE	35109-60-5	6.34	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	1,2,3,4,5−五溴苯	PBBZ	608-90-2	6.44	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	2,3,5,6−四溴对二甲苯	p−TBX	23488-38-2	6.65	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	五溴甲苯	PBT	87-83-2	6.99	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	六氯二溴辛烷	HCDBCO	51936-55-1	7.91	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	1,2−双(2,4,6−三溴苯氧基)乙烷	BTBPE	37853-59-1	9.15	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	四溴邻氯甲苯	TBCT	39569-21-6	7.33	-	79.0 (81.0)	-

	中文全称	简称	CAS号	辛醇水分配系数LogK_ow¹⁾	母离子质荷比(m/z)	子离子质荷比(m/z)	碰撞电压/eV
双酚类化合物（BPs）	双酚A	BPA	80-05-7	3.64	227	133	−25.0
	双酚B	BPB	77-40-7	4.15	241	212	−25.0
	4,4′−亚乙烯联苯酚	BPE	2081-08-5	3.19	213	198	−25.0
	双酚F	BPF	620-92-8	2.76	199	105	−25.0
	双酚P	BPP	2167-51-3	6.1	345	133	−70.0
	双酚S	BPS	80-09-1	2.14	249	92.0	−55.0
	双酚Z	BPZ	843-55-0	5.78	267	145	−55.0
	双酚AF	BPAF	1478-61-1	3.96	335	265	−40.0
	双酚AP	BPAP	1571-75-1	4.33	289	274	−25.0
	双酚BP	BPBP	1844-01-5	5.6	351	274	−22.0
	双酚M	BPM	13595-25-0	-²⁾	345	133	−36.0
	双酚G	BPG	127-54-8	6.3	311	296	−30.0
多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）	2,4,4′−三溴联苯醚	BDE28	41318-75-6	5.88	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	2,2′,4,4′−四溴联苯醚	BDE47	5436-43-1	6.77	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	2,2′,4,4′,5−五溴联苯醚	BDE99	60348-60-9	6.84	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	2,2′,4,4′,6−五溴联苯醚	BDE100	189084-64-8	6.51	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	2,2,4,4,5,5−六溴联苯醚	BDE153	68631-49-2	7.13	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	2,2′,4,4′,5,6′−六溴联苯醚	BDE154	207122-15-4	7.39	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	2,2′,3,4,4′,5,6−七溴联苯醚	BDE183	207122-16-5	7.14	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	十溴联苯醚	BDE209	1163-19-5	12.1	-	489 (487)	-
新型溴代阻燃剂（NBFRs）	2,4,6−三溴苯基烯丙基醚	ATE	3278-89-5	-	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	1,2−二溴−4−(1,2−二溴乙基)环己烷	TBECH	3322-93-8	5.24	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	1,2,5,6−四溴环辛烷	TBCO	3194-57-8	5.24	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	2,3,4,5,6−五溴乙苯	PBEB	85-22-3	7.48	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	2−溴烯丙基−2,4,6−三溴苯醚	BATE	99717-56-3	-	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	六溴苯	HBB	87-82-1	7.33	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	(2,3−二溴丙基) (2,4,6−三溴苯基)醚	DPTE	35109-60-5	6.34	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	1,2,3,4,5−五溴苯	PBBZ	608-90-2	6.44	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	2,3,5,6−四溴对二甲苯	p−TBX	23488-38-2	6.65	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	五溴甲苯	PBT	87-83-2	6.99	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	六氯二溴辛烷	HCDBCO	51936-55-1	7.91	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	1,2−双(2,4,6−三溴苯氧基)乙烷	BTBPE	37853-59-1	9.15	-	79.0 (81.0)	-
	四溴邻氯甲苯	TBCT	39569-21-6	7.33	-	79.0 (81.0)	-

化合物	丰水期水体中质量浓度/(ng∙L⁻¹)			枯水期水体中质量浓度/(ng∙L⁻¹)			p值
化合物	检出率/%	中值	范围	检出率/%	中值	范围	p值
BPA	100	30.1	12.6-351	92.9	30.2	<LOD-228	0.890
BPB	78.6	0.414	<LOD-0.935	42.9	<LOD	<LOD-49.8	-
BPE	28.6	<LOD	<LOD-10.6	42.9	<LOD	<LOD-5.75	-
BPP	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	14.3	<LOD	<LOD-0.940	-
BPS	57.1	0.349	<LOD-8.03	92.9	0.648	<LOD-15.0	0.087
BPAF	92.9	0.577	<LOD-2.354	71.4	0.308	<LOD-3.72	0.088
BPG	21.4	<LOD	<LOD-2.08	35.7	<LOD	<LOD-1.34	-
∑BPs	100	33.1	13.0-360	92.9	41.3	<LOD-275	0.550
BDE28	71.4	0.694	<LOD-69.6	57.1	0.72	<LOD-17.1	0.541
BDE99	64.3	0.534	<LOD-0.957	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	-
BDE153	7.1	<LOD	<LOD-0.260	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	-
BDE183	7.1	<LOD	<LOD-0.474	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	-
BDE209	42.9	<LOD	<LOD-2.69	14.3	<LOD	<LOD-0.289	-
∑PBDEs	92.9	2.59	<LOD-70.3	64.3	0.72	<LOD-17.1	0.036
TBCT	42.9	<LOD	<LOD-0.346	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	-
DPTE	42.9	<LOD	<LOD-7.33	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	-
HBB	21.4	<LOD	<LOD-6.34	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	-
HCDBCO	28.6	<LOD	<LOD-35.1	14.3	<LOD	<LOD-7.31	-
∑NBFRs	71.4	3.12	<LOD-36.6	14.3	<LOD	<LOD-7.31	-

化合物	丰水期水体中质量浓度/(ng∙L⁻¹)			枯水期水体中质量浓度/(ng∙L⁻¹)			p值
化合物	检出率/%	中值	范围	检出率/%	中值	范围	p值
BPA	100	30.1	12.6-351	92.9	30.2	<LOD-228	0.890
BPB	78.6	0.414	<LOD-0.935	42.9	<LOD	<LOD-49.8	-
BPE	28.6	<LOD	<LOD-10.6	42.9	<LOD	<LOD-5.75	-
BPP	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	14.3	<LOD	<LOD-0.940	-
BPS	57.1	0.349	<LOD-8.03	92.9	0.648	<LOD-15.0	0.087
BPAF	92.9	0.577	<LOD-2.354	71.4	0.308	<LOD-3.72	0.088
BPG	21.4	<LOD	<LOD-2.08	35.7	<LOD	<LOD-1.34	-
∑BPs	100	33.1	13.0-360	92.9	41.3	<LOD-275	0.550
BDE28	71.4	0.694	<LOD-69.6	57.1	0.72	<LOD-17.1	0.541
BDE99	64.3	0.534	<LOD-0.957	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	-
BDE153	7.1	<LOD	<LOD-0.260	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	-
BDE183	7.1	<LOD	<LOD-0.474	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	-
BDE209	42.9	<LOD	<LOD-2.69	14.3	<LOD	<LOD-0.289	-
∑PBDEs	92.9	2.59	<LOD-70.3	64.3	0.72	<LOD-17.1	0.036
TBCT	42.9	<LOD	<LOD-0.346	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	-
DPTE	42.9	<LOD	<LOD-7.33	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	-
HBB	21.4	<LOD	<LOD-6.34	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	-
HCDBCO	28.6	<LOD	<LOD-35.1	14.3	<LOD	<LOD-7.31	-
∑NBFRs	71.4	3.12	<LOD-36.6	14.3	<LOD	<LOD-7.31	-

化合物	沉积物中质量分数/(ng∙g⁻¹)
化合物	检出率/%	中值	范围
BPA	84.6	3.25	<LOD-4.47
BPB	61.5	4.41	<LOD-12.8
BPE	46.2	<LOD	<LOD-25.7
BPS	15.4	<LOD	<LOD-0.130
BPAF	61.5	0.028	<LOD-0.718
∑BPs	92.3	9.64	<LOD-34.4
BDE28	15.4	<LOD	<LOD-0.475
BDE47	61.5	0.250	<LOD-2.29
BDE99	100	0.651	0.305-2.78
BDE153	100	0.099	0.028-0.973
BDE183	53.8	0.244	<LOD-1.41
BDE209	100	0.388	0.082-10.4
∑PBDEs	100	1.73	0.734-12.5
TBCT	38.5	<LOD	<LOD-0.057
PBT	23.1	<LOD	<LOD-0.659
DPTE	30.8	<LOD	<LOD-0.744
HBB	38.5	<LOD	<LOD-0.746
HCDBCO	7.70	<LOD	<LOD-1.57
∑NBFRs	53.8	0.057	<LOD-1.89

北江中下游水源地双酚类化合物和溴代阻燃剂的污染特征及风险评估

Occurrence and Associated Risk Assessment of Bisphenols and Brominated Flame Retardants in the Water Sources of the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Beijiang River

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化合物	lgK_d值/(L∙kg⁻¹)		p值	lgK_oc值/(L∙kg⁻¹)		p值
化合物	河流型水源地	湖库型水源地	p值	河流型水源地	湖库型水源地	p值
BPA	1.75-2.30（2.09）	0.520-2.54（1.84）	0.830	2.16-2.66（2.44）	0.45-2.63（1.84）	0.133
BPB	4.16-4.49（4.30）	3.95-4.38（4.16）	0.351	4.32-4.72（4.56）	4.03-4.64（4.34）	0.351
BPAF	1.07-2.62（1.75）	1.91-2.21（2.06）	0.367	1.23-2.72（2.12）	2.10-2.47（2.29）	0.293
∑BPs	2.34-2.82（2.60）	1.43-3.42（2.36）	0.391	2.50-3.35（2.95）	1.36-3.51（2.31）	0.317
BDE99	2.86-3.63（3.19）	2.56-3.59（3.13）	0.378	3.12-4.08（3.43）	2.65-3.52（2.99）	0.240
∑PBDEs	1.32-4.00（2.76）	2.62-3.35（3.07）	1.00	1.59-4.32（3.10）	2.29-3.46（2.97）	0.317

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