趋磁细菌在环境污染修复中的应用研究进展与展望

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2025.01.016

生态环境学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (1): 145-155.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2025.01.016

趋磁细菌在环境污染修复中的应用研究进展与展望

韩军超¹^,²(), 郑茂坤³(), 涂晨²^,^**(), 刘颖², 曹振宇², 邢倩雯²^,⁴, 申卫收¹^,^**(), 骆永明²

1.南京信息工程大学环境科学与工程学院，江苏南京 210044
2.土壤与农业可持续发展国家重点实验室（中国科学院南京土壤研究所），江苏南京 211135
3.山东第一医科大学（山东省医学科学院），山东济南 250102
4.湖南师范大学地理科学学院，湖南长沙 410081

收稿日期:2024-10-15 出版日期:2025-01-18 发布日期:2025-01-21
通讯作者: 申卫收。E-mail: wsshen@nuist.edu.cn
** 涂晨。E-mail: ctu@issas.ac.cn；
作者简介:韩军超（2000年生），男，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为土壤污染与生物修复。E-mail: hanjcpp@163.com
郑茂坤（1978年生），男，教授，博士，主要研究方向为农业土壤环境与健康。E-mail: mkzheng@sdfmu.edu.cn第一联系人：
* 这些作者对这项工作的贡献相等：郑茂坤
基金资助:
中国科学院南京土壤研究所自主部署项目(ISSASIP2204);国家重点研发计划项目课题(2022YFD1700104);中国建筑生态环境工程研究中心(土壤修复技术与装备);中国建筑第八工程局有限公司项目(CSCEC-PT-009)

Research Progresses and Prospects on the Application of Magnetotactic Bacteria in Environmental Remediation

HAN Junchao¹^,²(), ZHENG Maokun³(), TU Chen²^,^**(), LIU Ying², CAO Zhenyu², XING Qianwen²^,⁴, SHEN Weishou¹^,^**(), LUO Yongming²

1. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 211135, P. R. China
2. State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture (Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences), Nanjing 210008, P. R. China
3. Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Ji’nan 250102, P. R. China
4. School of Geographical Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China

Received:2024-10-15 Online:2025-01-18 Published:2025-01-21

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

趋磁细菌是一类能通过生物矿化在细胞内形成磁性纳米颗粒——磁小体的微生物，广泛分布于多种自然环境中。趋磁细菌利用体内的磁小体进行定向运动。磁小体主要由磁铁矿（Fe₃O₄）或胶黄铁矿（Fe₃S₄）构成，具有独特的生物相容性和超顺磁性。趋磁细菌在医学、生物学、地质学和环境污染治理与修复领域都具有显著的应用潜力。该文首先介绍了趋磁细菌的分布及其特性，其次归纳了从自然界样品中富集趋磁细菌的主要方法和装置并概述趋磁细菌的培养方法，总结国内外趋磁细菌在环境污染治理与修复领域，尤其是在重金属修复领域的研究进展。现有的研究证明，趋磁细菌能有效去除废水中的金、铬、镉、铜等重金属离子，且对环境中的部分有机污染物也具有一定的去除效果。同时，该文也提出目前趋磁细菌的应用遇到的问题和挑战。趋磁细菌的高密度培养难度大、分离回收设备不完善以及应用场景局限，这些因素都限制了趋磁细菌在环境污染治理与修复领域中的应用。最后展望了趋磁细菌在环境修复领域的应用研究应聚焦于优化培养条件以实现大量培养，并研发基于趋磁细菌的修复功能菌剂与技术，为环境中各种污染物尤其是重金属的减量修复提供新方案。

关键词: 趋磁细菌, 磁小体, 环境污染修复, 重金属, 磁性回收

Abstract:

Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are microorganisms capable of synthesizing intracellular magnetic nanoparticles, termed magnetosomes, through biomineralization. These bacteria are widely distributed across various natural environments, including lakes, marine ecosystems, wetlands, soil, and sediments, and they utilize magnetosomes for directional movement. Magnetosomes, primarily composed of magnetite (Fe₃O₄) or greigite (Fe₃S₄), exhibit exceptional biocompatibility and superparamagnetic properties. Due to these unique characteristics, MTB holds significant promise for applications in medicine, biology, geology, and environmental remediation. This review introduces the distribution and characteristics of MTB, highlights the main devices and methods used for enriching and screening MTB in the natural environment, and discusses the development of culture conditions for MTB. Furthermore, it examines the recent research progress in the application of MTB to remediate polluted environments. Studies have revealed that MTB can efficiently remove heavy metals from wastewater, including gold, chromium, cadmium, silver, and copper. The mechanism of heavy metal removal by MTB is dominated by ion exchange processes, including physical adsorption, chemical complexation, and intracellular accumulation. Functional groups such as hydroxyl, amide I, and carboxyl groups are involved in the adsorption of cadmium by MTB. In addition to heavy metals, MTB plays a role in the removal of organic pollutants, radionuclides, toxic salts, and pathogens from various environments through physical adsorption and chemical reduction. Additionally, this review reveals the techniques and devices for recovering MTB from polluted water after remediation. The recovery principle leverages magnetic fields to guide the MTB to swim directionally, causing it to accumulate near the magnetic poles for separation and recovery. Although MTB has shown emerging potential in wastewater treatment, several challenges hinder its widespread application in pollution remediation. First, despite the widespread presence of MTB in natural environments, only a few species have been successfully cultured. Identifying and purifying MTB from natural environments is critical for its application in environmental pollution remediation. Second, aside from the small number of model strains, optimizing MTB growth and magnetosome production conditions for most MTB strains remains challenging, making large-scale cultivation difficult. Third, current recovery devices for MTB are primarily suited to aquatic environments, whereas effective separation and recovery systems for MTB in sediments and soils are yet to be designed and developed. In the future, the integration of advanced screening techniques such as single-cell and high-throughput screening will facilitate the identification and isolation of culturable MTB strains from diverse natural environments. Subsequently, optimizing the culture conditions for these isolated strains and enhancing magnetosome production will be essential for achieving high bacterial biomass and magnetosome yields. Innovative devices that enable MTB to adsorb a wide range of pollutants, particularly heavy metals, in water, soil, and sediment environments have been developed. These devices must also incorporate magnetic separation and recovery systems under magnetic-field conditions to achieve effective pollution reduction and environmental remediation. Finally, comprehensive research is required to clarify the mechanisms and influencing factors underlying adsorption and pollutant removal by MTB. These investigations provide valuable insights and novel methodologies to advance MTB-based pollution remediation technologies.

Key words: magnetotactic bacteria, magnetosomes, environmental pollution remediation, heavy metal removal, magnetic recycling

中图分类号:

韩军超, 郑茂坤, 涂晨, 刘颖, 曹振宇, 邢倩雯, 申卫收, 骆永明. 趋磁细菌在环境污染修复中的应用研究进展与展望[J]. 生态环境学报, 2025, 34(1): 145-155.

HAN Junchao, ZHENG Maokun, TU Chen, LIU Ying, CAO Zhenyu, XING Qianwen, SHEN Weishou, LUO Yongming. Research Progresses and Prospects on the Application of Magnetotactic Bacteria in Environmental Remediation[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2025, 34(1): 145-155.

图/表 5

图1 趋磁细菌的透射电子显微和扫描电子显微图像

Figure 1 Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy images of magnetotactic bacteria

图2 趋磁细菌的特性及其在环境修复领域中的应用

Figure 2 Characterisation of magnetotactic bacteria and their application in the field of environmental remediation

图3 趋磁细菌的收集装置示意图

Figure 3 Schematic diagram of the collection device for magnetotactic bacteria

表1 趋磁细菌在重金属吸附去除领域的应用

Table 1 Applications of magnetotactic bacteria in heavy metal adsorption and removal

菌株	金属离子	pH	细菌投加量	t/h	初始质量浓度/(g·L⁻¹)	吸附率/%	参考文献
Stenotrophomonas. sp.	Au³⁺	2	10 g·L⁻¹	1	80	100	Song et al.,2008
RS-1	Cd²⁺	7	6.9×10⁷ ind·mL⁻¹	250	1.3	96	Afrooz et al.,2022
MSR-1	Ag⁺	4.0	10 g·L⁻¹	0.16	80	91	Wang et al.,2011
MSR-1	Cu²⁺	5.0	10 g·L⁻¹	0.16	80	62	Wang et al.,2011
magnetotatic bacteria	Cu²⁺	2.0—4.5	10 g·L⁻¹	0.16	80	98	Song et al.,2007
magnetotatic bacteria	Au³⁺	1.0—5.5	10 g·L⁻¹	0.16	80	99	Song et al.,2007
AMB-1	Au³⁺	—	6.9×10⁷ ind·mL⁻¹	168	0.4	42	Tanaka et al.,2008
MSR-1	Cr⁶⁺	7	—	40	10	100	Qu et al.,2014
MTB-KTN90	Cobalt	7	0.015 g·L⁻¹	1	115	88	Tajer-Mohammad-Ghazvini et al.， 2016
MTB-KTN90	Cobalt	7	（干质量）	1	115	88	Tajer-Mohammad-Ghazvini et al.， 2016

图4 趋磁细菌分离装置示意图

Figure 4 Schematic diagram of the magnetotactic bacterial separation device

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趋磁细菌在环境污染修复中的应用研究进展与展望

Research Progresses and Prospects on the Application of Magnetotactic Bacteria in Environmental Remediation

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