城市工业地块土壤重金属污染风险评价与源解析

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2024.05.012

生态环境学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (5): 791-801.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2024.05.012

• 研究论文【环境科学】 • 上一篇下一篇

城市工业地块土壤重金属污染风险评价与源解析

吴文伟¹^,²(), 沈城¹^,²^,^*(), 沙晨燕², 林匡飞¹^,^*(), 吴健², 谢雨晴¹^,², 周璇¹^,²

1.华东理工大学资源与环境工程学院/国家环境保护化工过程环境风险评价与控制重点实验室，上海 2002371
2.上海市环境科学研究院，上海 200233

收稿日期:2024-01-30 出版日期:2024-05-18 发布日期:2024-06-27
通讯作者: 林匡飞，E-mail: kflin@ecust.edu.cn
* 沈城，E-mail: shencheng@saes.sh.cn;
作者简介:吴文伟（1997年生），男，硕士研究生，从事土壤生态修复和风险评价。E-mail: 19117160929@163.com
基金资助:
上海市生态环境局重大科研项目(沪环科[2019]第22号);上海市生态环境局重大科研项目(沪环科[2020]第7号);上海市环境科学研究院创新基金项目(CX2021110334);上海市科委重大科研项目(19DZ1203404)

Soil Heavy Metal Enrichment Characteristics, Risk Assessment, and Source Analysis in Redevelopment Areas during Urban Industrial Plots

WU Wenwei¹^,²(), SHEN Cheng¹^,²^,^*(), SHA Chenyan², LIN Kuangfei¹^,^*(), WU Jian², XIE Yuqing¹^,², ZHOU Xuan¹^,²

1. State Key Laboratory for Environmental Protection Environmental Risk Assessment and Control of Chemical Processes/School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 2002371, P. R. China
2. Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, P. R. China

Received:2024-01-30 Online:2024-05-18 Published:2024-06-27

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

选择上海市金山区为研究区域，基于研究区内25个再开发利用行业地块168个不同深度剖面的土壤样品，测定分析了重金属镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）、铜（Cu）、镍（Ni）、汞（Hg）、砷（As）含量，采用地累积指数、内梅罗综合污染指数和潜在生态风险指数对重金属污染特征进行分析和评价，利用地统计学、相关性分析、绝对主成分－多元线性回归（APCS-MLR）模型解析其污染来源。结果表明，研究区土壤中除As外，其余重金属均不同程度超过上海市土壤背景值，表层土壤中Cd、Pb、Cu、Ni和Hg含量分别为背景值的2.15、1.61、2.20、2.02和1.30倍，6种重金属含量随着土壤深度的增加逐渐降低，重金属在表层土壤中存在一定程度的富集，人类活动扰动主要集中在表层。空间插值结果表明Cd、Cu、Ni高值区主要集中在研究区西北侧，Pb和Hg高值区集中在研究区中部，As元素分布均匀。地累积指数表现为Ni (0.37)>Cu (0.36)>Cd (0.29)>Pb (0.11)>Hg (−0.62)>As (−0.85)；内梅罗综合污染指数为1.95，表现为轻度污染；潜在生态风险指数结果显示，研究区综合潜在生态风险指数R值在50.60－271.50，均值为153.00，整体呈现中等生态风险。相关性分析和APCS-MLR模型识别出研究区域土壤重金属主要有3个来源，源1（Cd、Cu和Ni）为金属制品源，源2（Hg和Pb）为化学原料和化学制品源，源3为（As）自然源为主的混合源。该研究对上海市金山区再开发利用场地土壤重金属污染情况进行相对全面的评价，以期为城市更新过程中土壤重金属污染防控和修复提供相应的证据支撑。

关键词: 城市工业区, 土壤重金属, 分布特征, 风险评价, 来源解析

Abstract:

The research area selected is Jinshan District, Shanghai. Based on 168 soil samples from 25 different depth profiles of redevelopment sites within the study area, the concentrations of heavy metals cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As) were determined and analyzed. The characteristics of heavy metal pollution were assessed using the Geoaccumulation Index, Nemerow Comprehensive Pollution Index, and Potential Ecological Risk Index. Additionally, the pollution sources were analyzed utilizing geostatistics, correlation analysis, and Absolute Principal Component Scores-Multiple Linear Regression (APCS-MLR) model. Results indicate that, except for As, the concentrations of other heavy metals in the soil exceeded the background values of Shanghai. The concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, and Hg in the surface soil were 2.15, 1.61, 2.20, 2.02, and 1.30 times higher than the background values, respectively. The concentrations of these six heavy metals gradually decreased with increasing soil depth, indicating a certain degree of enrichment in the surface soil due to human activities. Spatial interpolation reveals that high values of Cd, Cu, and Ni were concentrated in the northwest, while high values of Pb and Hg were concentrated in the central part of the study area, with As distributed evenly. The Geoaccumulation Index showed the order of accumulation as Ni (0.37)>Cu (0.36)>Cd (0.29)>Pb (0.11)>Hg (−0.62)>As (−0.85). The Nemerow Comprehensive Pollution Index indicated mild pollution with a value of 1.95. The results of the Potential Ecological Risk Index show that the comprehensive potential ecological risk index (R) in the study area ranged from 50.60 to 271.50, with an average of 153.00, indicating a moderate ecological risk overall. Correlation analysis and the APCS-MLR model identified three main sources of heavy metals in the soil of the study area: Source 1 (Cd, Cu, and Ni) was attributed to metal product sources, Source 2 (Hg and Pb) to chemical raw materials and chemical product sources, and Source 3 (As) to a mixed source mainly from natural origins. This study provides a relatively comprehensive evaluation of soil heavy metal pollution in the redevelopment sites of Jinshan District, Shanghai. It aims to provide evidence-based support for the prevention, control, and remediation of soil heavy metal pollution during the urban renewal process.

Key words: urban industrial zone, soil heavy metals, distribution characteristics, risk assessment, source analysis

中图分类号:

X52
X820.4

吴文伟, 沈城, 沙晨燕, 林匡飞, 吴健, 谢雨晴, 周璇. 城市工业地块土壤重金属污染风险评价与源解析[J]. 生态环境学报, 2024, 33(5): 791-801.

WU Wenwei, SHEN Cheng, SHA Chenyan, LIN Kuangfei, WU Jian, XIE Yuqing, ZHOU Xuan. Soil Heavy Metal Enrichment Characteristics, Risk Assessment, and Source Analysis in Redevelopment Areas during Urban Industrial Plots[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2024, 33(5): 791-801.

图/表 14

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级别	P_i	污染等级	P_m	污染等级
1	P_i ≤1.00	无污染	P_m≤0.70	清洁
2	1.00<P_i ≤2.00	轻度污染	0.70<P_m≤1.00	尚清洁
3	2.00<P_i ≤3.00	中度污染	1.00<P_m≤2.00	轻度污染
4	P_i >3.00	重度污染	2.00<P_m≤3.00	中度污染
5			P_m>3.00	重度污染

级别	P_i	污染等级	P_m	污染等级
1	P_i ≤1.00	无污染	P_m≤0.70	清洁
2	1.00<P_i ≤2.00	轻度污染	0.70<P_m≤1.00	尚清洁
3	2.00<P_i ≤3.00	中度污染	1.00<P_m≤2.00	轻度污染
4	P_i >3.00	重度污染	2.00<P_m≤3.00	中度污染
5			P_m>3.00	重度污染

级别	I_geo	污染等级
1	I_geo≤0.00	无污染
2	0.00<I_geo≤1.00	轻度污染
3	1.00<I_geo≤2.00	中度污染
4	2.00<I_geo≤3.00	偏重污染
5	3.00<I_geo≤4.00	重度污染
6	I_geo≥4.00	重度污染以上

级别	I_geo	污染等级
1	I_geo≤0.00	无污染
2	0.00<I_geo≤1.00	轻度污染
3	1.00<I_geo≤2.00	中度污染
4	2.00<I_geo≤3.00	偏重污染
5	3.00<I_geo≤4.00	重度污染
6	I_geo≥4.00	重度污染以上

级别	E_i	风险程度	R	风险程度
1	E_i ≤40.0	轻微风险	R≤110	轻微风险
2	40.0<E_i ≤80.0	中等风向	110<R≤220	中等风险
3	80.0<E_i ≤160	重度风险	220<R≤440	重度风险
4	160<E_i ≤320	强烈风险	440<R≤660	强烈风险
5	E_i>320	极强风险	R>660	极强风险

城市工业地块土壤重金属污染风险评价与源解析

Soil Heavy Metal Enrichment Characteristics, Risk Assessment, and Source Analysis in Redevelopment Areas during Urban Industrial Plots

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项目	Cd	Pb	Cu	Ni	Hg	As
上海市土壤背景值/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	0.13	25.50	28.60	31.90	0.10	9.10
毒性系数	30	5	5	5	40	10

重金属	样本量/个	采样深度/m	最大值/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	最小值/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	平均值±标准差/(mg∙kg⁻¹)	变异系数/%	土壤背景值/(mg∙kg⁻¹)
Cd	168	0‒0.50	2.59	0.04	0.28±0.25a	89.2	0.13
	168	0.50‒1.50	0.56	0.02	0.12±0.05b	42.7
	147	≥4.50	0.21	0.06	0.12±0.03b	26.0
Pb	168	0‒0.50	96.60	19.90	40.88±20.76a	50.8	25.50
	168	0.50‒1.50	43.20	14.10	27.25±10.59b	38.9
	147	≥4.50	48.60	10.40	26.62±6.13b	23.0
Cu	168	0‒0.50	404.20	21.00	62.81±44.17a	70.3	28.60
	168	0.50‒1.50	118.00	9.00	32.72±19.65b	60.0
	147	≥4.50	47.00	1.00	26.59±7.31b	27.5
Ni	168	0‒0.50	203.00	ND	64.37±29.25a	53.8	31.90
	168	0.50‒1.50	147.00	ND	39.78±15.23a	38.3
	147	≥4.50	43.97	9.00	29.51±7.55b	28.6
Hg	168	0‒0.50	1.40	0.034	0.13±0.15a	113.5	0.10
	168	0.50‒1.50	0.36	0.02	0.11±0.10b	88.5
	147	≥4.50	0.16	0.02	0.05±0.01b	27.2
As	168	0‒0.50	9.08	5.79	7.77±1.73b	22.2	9.10
	168	0.50‒1.50	7.80	3.54	5.23±0.88b	16.8
	147	≥4.50	5.56	3.20	4.15±0.35b	8.5

项目	平均值	占比/%
项目	平均值	无污染	轻度污染		中度污染		重度污染
P_Cd	1.89	26.92	38.46		26.92		7.69
P_Pb	1.44	3.85	92.30		3.85		0
P_Cu	1.49	34.62	42.31		19.23		3.85
P_Ni	1.48	26.92	38.46		30.77		3.85
P_Hg	1.19	53.85	34.62		11.54		0
P_As	0.85	100	0		0		0
P_m	1.95	清洁	尚清洁	轻度污染		中度污染	重度污染
P_m	1.95	0	7.69	46.15		38.46	7.69

评价指标	潜在生态危害指数 (E_i)						R
评价指标	Cd	Pb	Cu	Ni	Hg	As	R
最大值	97.22	11.69	20.00	20.02	113.48	10.05	272.50
最小值	18.52	4.91	3.64	0	13.40	6.37	50.60
平均值	63.92	7.50	10.98	10.09	52.01	8.49	152.99

重金属元素	主成分矩阵		旋转后主成分矩阵
重金属元素	PC1	PC2	PC1	PC2
Cd	0.637	0.002	0.611	0.181
Pb	−0.003	0.895	−0.254	0.858
Cu	0.866	−0.179	0.881	0.071
Ni	0.753	−0.291	0.804	−0.068
Hg	−0.078	0.742	−0.282	0.690
As	0.737	0.269	0.632	0.465

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