牛粪化肥配施对双季稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2024.04.008

生态环境学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (4): 573-584.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2024.04.008

• 研究论文【环境科学】 • 上一篇下一篇

牛粪化肥配施对双季稻田CH₄和N₂O排放的影响

何杰¹^,²^,³(), 李宗明²^,³, 杨正宇²^,³, 沈健林²^,³^,^*(), 刘国平¹^,^*(), 吴金水²^,³

1.长江大学动物科学技术学院，湖北荆州 434200
2.中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所/亚热带农业生态过程重点实验室，湖南长沙 410125
3.中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所/长沙农业环境观测研究站，湖南长沙 410125

收稿日期:2024-03-06 出版日期:2024-04-18 发布日期:2024-05-31
通讯作者: 刘国平，E-mail: guoping.liu@yangtzeu.edu.cn
*沈健林，E-mail: jlshen@isa.ac.cn
作者简介:何杰（1999年生），女，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为农田温室气体减排。E-mail: 2547079771@qq.com
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD1700700);国家自然科学基金项目(42077104);国家自然科学基金项目(42161144002)

Effects of Combined Application of Cow Manure and Chemical Fertilizer on CH₄ and N₂O Emissions in Paddy Fields with Double-Rice Cropping

HE Jie¹^,²^,³(), LI Zongming²^,³, YANG Zhengyu²^,³, SHEN Jianlin²^,³^,^*(), LIU Guoping¹^,^*(), WU Jinshui²^,³

1. College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434200, P. R. China
2. Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region/Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, P. R. China
3. Changsha Research Station for Agricultural & Environmental Monitoring/Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, P. R. China

Received:2024-03-06 Online:2024-04-18 Published:2024-05-31

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

畜禽粪便有机肥替代化肥是实现农田化肥减施和养分循环利用的重要措施。以湖南典型红壤双季稻田系统为研究对象，采用静态箱-气相色谱法结合土壤理化和生物学性质测定，研究了水稻生长季基肥配施牛粪条件下CH₄和N₂O的排放特征及其主要影响因素。结果表明，与常规施用化肥处理相比，牛粪化肥配施显著影响CH₄和N₂O累积排放量。具体而言，两个稻季生长期内牛粪替代50%化学氮肥处理（CM）的CH₄累积排放量较常规氮肥处理（CON）显著提高43.2%；而CM处理N₂O累积排放量较CON处理显著降低45.2%。同时CM处理显著增加了土壤有机碳、土壤总氮、土壤可溶性有机碳、土壤铵态氮和硝态氮质量分数和土壤pH，但显著降低了土壤Eh。受土壤性质改变的影响，早晚稻季土壤中甲烷产生功能基因、甲烷氧化功能基因的基因拷贝数平均分别显著增加79.1%、13.0%；同时完全氨氧化细菌amoA功能基因、反硝化nirS功能基因、反硝化nosZ功能基因的基因拷贝数平均分别显著增加35.8%、50.8%、7.1%，但反硝化nirK功能基因和反硝化nosZⅡ功能基因的基因拷贝数平均分别显著降低了46.5%和17.5%。通过冗余分析发现，土壤有机碳和土壤总氮质量分数对CH₄平均排放通量、甲烷产生功能基因拷贝数、甲烷氧化功能基因拷贝数的影响作用最大。另外土壤有机碳、土壤铵态氮和土壤总氮质量分数对N₂O平均排放通量、完全氨氧化细菌amoA功能基因拷贝数、反硝化nirS功能基因拷贝数、反硝化nosZ功能基因拷贝数、反硝化nirK功能基因和反硝化nosZⅡ功能基因的基因拷贝数的影响作用最大。考虑CH₄和N₂O的总的温室效应，与CON处理相比CM处理的温室气体排放（以CO₂计）显著增加了41.0%。综上所述，稻田有机无机肥配施改变土壤理化和生物学性质而增加了温室气体排放，需要在稻田温室效应评估中加以考虑。

关键词: 稻田, 牛粪, 甲烷, 氧化亚氮, 土壤微生物

Abstract:

Replacing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers from livestock and poultry manure is an important measure to reduce fertilizer application and recycle nutrients. A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of the combined application of cow manure and chemical fertilizers on CH₄ and N₂O emissions and related factors in a double-rice cropping system in Hunan Province. Gas fluxes were measured using the static chamber/gas chromatography method, and the dynamics of the soil chemical, physical, and biological properties were determined. The findings showed that compared to traditional fertilizer application, the combined application of manure had a significant impact on cumulative CH₄ and N₂O emissions. Specifically, throughout the two rice-growing seasons, the total CH₄ emissions of 50% chemical nitrogen fertilizer replaced with cow dung (CM) increased dramatically by 43.2% compared with the conventional nitrogen fertilizer (CON) treatment. When comparing the CM and CON treatments, the cumulative N₂O emissions were reduced by 45.2%. Soil pH, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, organic carbon, total nitrogen, and soluble organic carbon were all significantly improved by the CM treatment; however, soil Eh was significantly decreased. Owing to changes in soil properties, the mean copy numbers of genes that produce and oxidize methane increased by 79.1% and 13.0% in the early and late rice seasons, respectively. There was a significant increase of 35.8%, 50.8%, and 7.1% in the average gene copy numbers of the fully ammonia-oxidizing amoA, denitrifying nirS, and denitrifying nosZ functional genes, respectively. In contrast, the gene copy numbers of the functional genes nosZⅡ and nirK decreased by 17.5% and 46.5%, respectively. Redundancy analysis revealed that the average emission flux of CH₄, copy number of the gene that produces methane, and copy number of the gene that oxidizes methane were most influenced by soil organic carbon and soil total nitrogen content. In addition, soil organic carbon, soil ammonium nitrogen, and soil total nitrogen had significant impacts on the average emission flux of N₂O, copy numbers of completely ammonia-oxidizing amoA functional genes, denitrifying nirS functional genes, denitrifying nosZ functional genes, denitrifying nirK functional genes, and denitrifying nosZⅡ functional genes of bacteria. Considering the total greenhouse effect of CH₄ and N₂O emissions, greenhouse gas emissions (in CO₂ terms) from the CM treatment significantly increased by 41.0% compared to the CON treatment. In conclusion, the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers in paddy fields changes the physicochemical and biological properties of the soil and increases greenhouse gas emissions, which should be considered when assessing the greenhouse effects in paddy fields.

Key words: paddy field, cow manure, methane, nitrous oxide, soil microbe

中图分类号:

何杰, 李宗明, 杨正宇, 沈健林, 刘国平, 吴金水. 牛粪化肥配施对双季稻田CH₄和N₂O排放的影响[J]. 生态环境学报, 2024, 33(4): 573-584.

HE Jie, LI Zongming, YANG Zhengyu, SHEN Jianlin, LIU Guoping, WU Jinshui. Effects of Combined Application of Cow Manure and Chemical Fertilizer on CH₄ and N₂O Emissions in Paddy Fields with Double-Rice Cropping[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2024, 33(4): 573-584.

图/表 9

图1 CH4和N2O排放通量及土壤Eh?NH4+-N?NO3--N和DOC质量分数的变化动态 1）F：淹水；2）D：晒田；3）t1：基肥；4）t2：分蘖肥；5）t3：穗肥；6）由上到下依次为图（a）、（b）、（c）、（d）、（e）、（f）

Figure 1 Dynamics of CH4 and N2O emission fluxes, soil Eh, NH4+-N, NO3--N and DOC contents

图2 CH4、N2O累积排放量、平均排放通量和总温室效应（以CO2计）图中不同小写字母表示差异显著（p<0.05）。下同

Figure 2 Cumulative CH4, N2O emissions, average emission fluxes and total greenhouse effect (in CO2)

表1 土壤理化性质和稻季产量变化

Table 1 Changes of soil physical and chemical properties and rice yield during rice season

项目	CON	CM
w_(SOC)/(g·kg^-1)	19.0±0.198b	31.5±0.430a
w_(TN)/(g·kg^-1)	1.83±0.037b	2.86±0.110a
w_(NH4⁺_-N)/(mg·kg^-1)	30.8±0.597b	40.7±0.606a
w_(NO3-N)/(mg·kg^-1)	0.061±0.002b	0.136±0.005a
w_(DOC)/(mg·kg^-1)	90.3±1.948b	142.5±4.62a
pH	5.21±0.012b	5.57±0.003a
Eh/(mV)	-43.4±0.897a	-46.7±0.368b
早稻季产量/(t·hm^-2)	4.37±0.277a	4.21±0.047a
晚稻季产量/(t·hm^-2)	6.56±0.277a	6.79±0.147a
全年产量/(t·hm^-2)	10.9±0.309a	11.0±0.130a

图3 mcrA与pmoA功能基因拷贝数

Figure 3 Copy numbers of mcrA and pmoA functional genes

表2 CH4和N2O排放相关功能基因拷贝数均值

Table 2 Mean copy number of CH4 and N2O emission related functional genes

拷贝数(以干计)/g^-1	CON	CM
甲烷产生基因 (mcrA)	7.33×10⁸±2.80×10⁷b	1.31×10⁹±3.53×10⁶a
甲烷氧化基因 (pmoA)	1.41×10⁹±3.45×10⁷b	1.60×10⁹±5.31×10⁷a
氨氧化古菌amoA 功能基因 (AOA)	6.44×10⁷± 5.08×10⁶a	5.98×10⁷± 4.96×10⁶a
氨氧化细菌amoA 功能基因 (AOB)	3.70×10⁵± 4.17×10³a	3.61×10⁵± 2.69×10⁴a
完全氨氧化菌amoA 功能基因 (CMX)	4.96×10⁷± 1.05×10⁶b	6.73×10⁷± 1.99×10⁶a
反硝化功能基因nirK基因	2.05×10⁹±4.89×10⁷a	1.10×10⁹±2.64×10⁷b
反硝化功能基因nirS基因	3.47×10⁹±8.03×10⁷b	5.24×10⁹±7.87×10⁷a
反硝化功能基因nosZ基因	2.04×10⁹±4.21×10⁷b	2.18×10⁹±2.01×10⁷a
反硝化功能基因nosZⅡ基因	1.74×10⁹±2.58×10⁷a	1.44×10⁹±8.77×10⁷b

图4 反硝化功能基因拷贝数

Figure 4 Copy numbers of denitrification functional genes

图5 氨氧化功能基因拷贝数

Figure 5 Copy number of ammoxidation function genes

图6 CH4?N2O平均排放通量及其相关微生物功能基因拷贝数与土壤理化性质的冗余分析 1）CH4：甲烷平均排放通量；2）AN：土壤铵态氮质量分数；3）SOC：土壤有机碳质量分数；4）TN：土壤总氮质量分数；Eh.氧化还原电位；5）mcrA：产甲烷功能基因拷贝数；6）pmoA：甲烷氧化功能基因拷贝数；7）AOA：氨氧化古菌amoA基因拷贝数；8）AOB：氨氧化细菌amoA基因拷贝数；9）CMX：完全氨氧化细菌amoA基因拷贝数；10）nirK：反硝化功能基因nirK拷贝数；11）nirS：反硝化功能基因nirS拷贝数；12）nosZ：反硝化功能基因nosZ拷贝数；13）nosZⅡ：反硝化功能基因nosZⅡ拷贝数

Figure 6 Redundancy analysis of average emission fluxes of CH4 and N2O, copy number of related microbial functional genes and basic physicochemical properties of soil

图7 微生物介导土壤中氮素循环的主要过程（Klimasmith et al.，2022）不同颜色箭头表示不同的氮素循环过程，箭头上标记基因表示该周转过程中关键酶的标记功能基因

Figure 7 Main processes of microbial mediation in soil nitrogen cycling

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牛粪化肥配施对双季稻田CH₄和N₂O排放的影响

Effects of Combined Application of Cow Manure and Chemical Fertilizer on CH₄ and N₂O Emissions in Paddy Fields with Double-Rice Cropping

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