有机肥与生物炭对新疆盐碱沙化土壤微生物群落特征的影响

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2023.08.005

生态环境学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (8): 1392-1404.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2023.08.005

有机肥与生物炭对新疆盐碱沙化土壤微生物群落特征的影响

顾美英¹^,³(), 唐光木²^,³, 张云舒²^,³, 黄建²^,³, 张志东¹^,³, 张丽娟¹^,³, 朱静¹^,³, 唐琦勇¹^,³, 楚敏¹^,³, 徐万里²^,³^,^*()

1.新疆农业科学院微生物应用研究所/新疆特殊环境微生物实验室，新疆乌鲁木齐 830091
2.新疆农业科学院土壤肥料与农业节水研究所，新疆乌鲁木齐 830091
3.农业农村部盐碱土改良与利用（干旱半干旱区盐碱地）重点实验室，新疆乌鲁木齐 830091

收稿日期:2023-03-06 出版日期:2023-08-18 发布日期:2023-11-08
通讯作者: *俆万里。E-mail: 363954019@qq.com
作者简介:顾美英（1974年生），女，研究员，主要研究方向为微生物资源利用和农业微生物生态。E-mail: gmyxj2008@163.com
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2021YFD1900802);新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发计划(2022B02013-3)

Effects of Organic Fertilizers and Biochar on Microorganism Community Characteristics in Saline-alkali Sandy Soil of Xinjiang

GU Meiying¹^,³(), TANG Guangmu²^,³, ZHANG Yunshu²^,³, HUANG Jian²^,³, ZHANG Zhidong¹^,³, ZHANG Lijuan¹^,³, ZHU Jing¹^,³, TANG Qiyong¹^,³, CHU Min¹^,³, XU Wanli²^,³^,^*()

1. Institute of Microbiology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Xinjiang Laboratory of Special Environmental Microbiology, Urumqi 830091, P. R. China
2. Institute of Soil Fertilizer and Agricultural Water Conservation, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, P. R. China
3. Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Soil Improvement and Utilization (Saline-alkali Land in Arid and Semi-arid Regions), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Urumqi 830091, P. R. China

Received:2023-03-06 Online:2023-08-18 Published:2023-11-08

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

有机肥和生物炭在改善中低产田土壤质量，提升土壤肥力方面具有重要意义。设置不施肥CK、单施化肥NPK、增施羊粪有机肥NPK+M、增施生物炭NPK+B和增施羊粪有机肥-生物炭NPK+M+B等5个处理，进行5年田间定位试验，采用高通量测序技术，探讨有机肥和生物炭对改善新疆盐碱沙化土壤微生物群落多样性和功能的施肥策略。结果表明，有机肥和生物炭改善了盐碱沙化土壤理化性质，降低pH，增加阳离子交换量和养分含量，其中NPK+M+B处理对土壤中有机质、速效磷和速效钾有显著提升作用，分别提高了87.80%、125.15%和59.52%。施肥增加了土壤电导率，但NPK+B和NPK+M+B处理可缓解其升高。微生物α多样性分析发现，施肥增加了盐碱沙化土壤细菌群落Shannon多样性指数及Chao和Ace丰度指数，以NPK+M+B处理效果最好，分别提高了6.31%、57.98%和57.25%。施用化肥增加了土壤真菌多样性，增施羊粪有机肥和生物炭则降低。NPK+M+B处理使细菌群落组成朝更有利于增加耐受盐碱、干旱、抗菌和寡营养能力的放线菌门方向发展，显著减少了潜在病原真菌群落丰度，降低了土传真菌性病害风险，改善了土壤微环境。冗余分析表明，AK、OM、TP、TK和TN、TK、CEC、AN是影响土壤细菌和真菌群落结构和功能类群的主要环境驱动因子。PICRUSt功能分析表明，施肥能提高与盐碱、干旱等抗逆相关的细菌代谢功能；FUNGuild功能预测表明，NPK+M+B处理显著降低了土壤病理营养型真菌比例。由此可以看出，有机肥和生物炭改变了盐碱沙化土壤理化性质，有助于优化土壤有益微生物组、抑制有害真菌数量，从而使土壤微生态系统朝稳定健康方向发展。

关键词: 施肥措施, 盐碱化沙土, 细菌, 真菌, 高通量测序

Abstract:

Organic fertilizer and biochar play an important role in improving soil quality and soil fertility in medium and low yield fields. Five treatments (CK: no fertilization, NPK: chemical fertilizer only, NPK+M: chemical fertilizer+sheep manure, NPK+B: chemical fertilizer+corn straw biochar, and NPK+M+B: combined application of sheep manure and corn straw biochar) were applied to a corn field once at the first crop growing season in a 5-year field experiment. High-throughput sequencing was used for exploring the impact of adding sheep manure and corn straw biochar on soil microorganism community diversity and function in saline-alkali sandy soil of Xinjiang. The results showed that sheep manure and corn straw biochar could improve the physical and chemical properties of saline-alkali sandy soil, reduce soil pH, and increase the cation exchange capacity and nutrient content. NPK+M+B treatment had stronger effects on the organic matter, available phosphorus and available potassium, which were significantly increased by 87.80%, 125.15% and 59.52%, respectively. Fertilization increased soil EC, but NPK+B treatment and NPK+M+B treatment could alleviate the increase. The analysis of microorganism α diversity showed that fertilization increased Shannon diversity index and Chao and Ace abundance index of the bacterial community in saline-alkali sandy soil. NPK+M+B treatment had the best effect, which led to increases by 6.31%, 57.98% and 57.25%, respectively. The application of chemical fertilizer increased the soil fungal diversity, but sheep manure and corn straw biochar decreased the diversity. NPK+M+B treatment could increase the abundance of Actinomycetes which tolerated saline-alkali, drought, antibacterial and oligotrophic, and reduce the community composition and abundance of potential pathogenic fungi significantly. So, NPK+M+B treatment alleviated the risk of soil-borne fungal diseases and improved the microenvironment of saline-alkali sandy soil. A redundancy analysis identified AK, OM, TP, TK and TN, TK, CEC, AN as the major factors that affected the bacterial and fungal community structure and functional groups. PICRUSt functional analysis showed that fertilization could improve the bacterial metabolic function related to stress resistance, such as salt alkali and drought, etc. FUNGuild function prediction showed that NPK+M+B treatment significantly reduced the proportion of pathotroph fungi. Overall, sheep manure and corn straw biochar changes soil physiochemical properties, optimizes the niches of beneficial soil microbiome and suppresses the number of harmful fungi, and thus helps create a stable and healthy soil microecosystem.

Key words: fertilization measures, saline-alkali sandy soil, bacteria, fungi, high-throughput sequencing

中图分类号:

顾美英, 唐光木, 张云舒, 黄建, 张志东, 张丽娟, 朱静, 唐琦勇, 楚敏, 徐万里. 有机肥与生物炭对新疆盐碱沙化土壤微生物群落特征的影响[J]. 生态环境学报, 2023, 32(8): 1392-1404.

GU Meiying, TANG Guangmu, ZHANG Yunshu, HUANG Jian, ZHANG Zhidong, ZHANG Lijuan, ZHU Jing, TANG Qiyong, CHU Min, XU Wanli. Effects of Organic Fertilizers and Biochar on Microorganism Community Characteristics in Saline-alkali Sandy Soil of Xinjiang[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2023, 32(8): 1392-1404.

图/表 9

表1 增施有机肥和生物炭对盐碱沙化土壤理化性质的影响

Table 1 Impacts of organic fertilizer and biochar application on physical and chemical properties of saline-alkali sandy soil

处理	pH	阳离子交换量/ (cmol∙kg^-1)	电导率/ (μS∙cm^-1)	w_(全氮)/ (g∙kg^-1)	w_(全磷)/ (g∙kg^-1)	w_(全钾)/ (g∙kg^-1)	w_(有机质)/ (g∙kg^-1)	w_(速效氮)/ (mg∙kg^-1)	w_(速效磷)/ (mg∙kg^-1)	w_(速效钾)/ (mg∙kg^-1)
CK	9.21± 0.04a	2.750± 0.185c	95.00± 0.10c	0.160± 0.062b	0.233± 0.051b	15.399± 1.037bc	0.246± 0.007c	17.678± 2.668c	3.339± 0.293d	42.000± 2.000c
NPK	9.10± 0.07a	2.848± 0.173b	117.03± 12.82b	0.133± 0.030c	0.284± 0.093a	14.980± 1.541c	0.316± 0.030b	17.456± 4.441c	5.559± 0.246c	48.333± 5.507b
NPK+M	9.01± 0.03a	2.899± 0.120b	145.97± 15.96a	0.175± 0.012a	0.270± 0.050a	15.743± 0.029bc	0.431± 0.060a	22.125± 1.388a	10.455± 3.571a	65.000± 12.166a
NPK+B	9.11± 0.02a	3.029± 0.174a	113.20± 16.18bc	0.138± 0.042c	0.275± 0.055a	16.782± 0.441b	0.418± 0.059a	16.344± 4.669c	5.657± 0.761c	49.000± 10.440b
NPK+M+B	9.16± 0.09a	2.841± 0.239b	109.20± 13.05bc	0.149± 0.017b	0.257± 0.073a	18.320± 0.734a	0.462± 0.090a	19.235± 5.094b	7.517± 1.329b	67.000± 10.440a

表2 增施有机肥和生物炭对盐碱沙化土壤细菌和真菌群落多样性的影响

Table 2 Impacts of organic fertilizer and biochar application on bacteria and fungi community diversities in saline-alkali sandy soil

处理	有效序列数		OTU数量		Shannon指数		Simpson指数		Chao指数		Ace指数
处理	细菌 (×10⁴)	真菌 (×10⁴)	细菌 (×10³)	真菌 (×10²)	细菌	真菌	细菌	真菌	细菌 (×10³)	真菌 (×10²)	细菌(×10³)	真菌(×10²)
CK	4.042d	7.039c	2.746b	5.39a	9.190b	4.338b	0.995a	0.898a	2.742c	5.285a	2.791c	5.441a
NPK	4.953c	7.599b	3.015b	5.63a	9.236b	5.145a	0.995a	0.936a	3.203 b	5.598a	3.216b	5.790a
NPK+M	5.603b	7.708b	3.804a	4.74b	9.792a	4.283b	0.996a	0.887a	4.142 a	4.694b	4.192a	4.970b
NPK+B	3.943d	8.664a	2.849b	5.20ab	9.223b	4.305b	0.994a	0.881a	2.767 c	5.303a	2.812b	5.466a
NPK+M+B	6.254a	5.667d	3.824a	2.67c	9.774ab	1.296c	0.996a	0.272b	4.332 a	2.429c	4.390a	2.595c

图1 增施有机肥和生物炭对盐碱沙化土壤细菌（a）和真菌（b）门水平丰度的影响

Figure 1 Impacts of organic fertilizer and biochar application on relative abundance of bacterial (a) and fungi (b) at phylum level in saline-alkali sandy soil

图2 盐碱沙化土壤增施有机肥和生物炭细菌属水平群落组成热图 1. 鞘氨醇单胞菌属；2. 黄杆菌属；3. 节杆菌属；4. 砂单胞菌属；5. 类诺卡氏菌属；6. 假单胞菌属；7. 纤维弧菌属；8. 土生单胞菌；9. 嗜甲基菌属；10. 芽孢杆菌属；11. 马赛菌属；12. 微枝形杆菌；13. 斯科曼氏球菌属；14. 中华单胞菌；15. 类似芽球菌属；16. 浮霉状菌属；17. 黄色土源菌属；18. Flavitalea；19. 链霉菌属；20. 未鉴定的红螺菌科；21. 氢噬胞菌属；22. 剑菌属；23. 赭黄嗜盐囊菌属；24. 德沃斯氏菌属；25. 苍黄杆菌属；26. 分枝杆菌属；27. 土地杆菌属；28. 小梨形菌属；29. Pir4FF0004-lineage；30. 未鉴定的硝化螺旋菌科；31. 博斯氏菌属；32. 拟绿胶蓝细菌属；33. 不动杆菌属；34. 类固醇杆菌属；35. 大理石雕菌属

Figure 2 Clustering heatmap of bacterial community at genus level in saline-alkali sandy soil with organic fertilizer and biochar application

图3 盐碱沙化土壤增施有机肥和生物炭真菌属水平群落组成热图 1. 地衣小荷叶属；2. 赤霉属；3. 曲霉属；4. 根霉属；5. 被孢霉属；6. 弯孢霉属；7. 链格孢霉属；8. 金孢子霉属；9. 芽枝霉属；10. 枝顶孢霉属；11. 端梗霉属；12. 镰刀霉属；13. 毛霉属；14. 绿僵菌；15. 漆斑菌属；16. 普通橙色地衣；17. 毛壳菌属；18. 柯达酵母属；19. 锥盖伞属；20. 梭孢壳属；21. 淡紫拟青霉属；22. 青霉属；23. 多孔菌属；24. 小核衣属；25. 组织胞浆菌属；26. 假喇叭菌；27. 赛多孢菌；28. 棉革菌属；29. 帚枝霉；30. 嗜热丝孢霉；31. 沃德霉属；32. 蒜孢属；33. 篮状菌属；34.明梭孢属；35. 丝壳菌属

Figure 3 Clustering heatmap of fungi community at genus level in saline-alkali sandy soil with organic fertilizer and biochar application

图4 盐碱沙化土壤增施有机肥和生物炭细菌群落功能预测

Figure 4 Function prediction of bacterial community in saline-alkali sandy soil with organic fertilizer and biochar application

图5 盐碱沙化土壤增施有机肥和生物炭真菌群落功能预测

Figure 5 Function prediction of fungi community in saline-alkali sandy soil with organic fertilizer and biochar application

图6 细菌多样性指数、门组成与土壤理化性质的冗余分析

Figure 6 Redundancy analysis of diversity indices, phylum composition of bacteria with soil physical and chemical properties

图7 真菌多样性指数、门组成与土壤理化性质的冗余分析

Figure 7 Redundancy analysis of diversity indices, phylum composition of fungi with soil physical and chemical properties

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有机肥与生物炭对新疆盐碱沙化土壤微生物群落特征的影响

Effects of Organic Fertilizers and Biochar on Microorganism Community Characteristics in Saline-alkali Sandy Soil of Xinjiang

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