东江湖水质时空变化规律及其与流域土地利用的关系

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2023.04.010

生态环境学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (4): 722-732.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2023.04.010

东江湖水质时空变化规律及其与流域土地利用的关系

王铁铮(), 瞿心悦, 刘春香, 李有志()

湖南农业大学环境与生态学院，湖南长沙 410128

收稿日期:2023-02-17 出版日期:2023-04-18 发布日期:2023-07-12
通讯作者: *李有志（1981年生），男，教授，博士，博士研究生导师，主要从事湿地生态与环境研究。E-mail: liyouzhi2004@163.com
作者简介:王铁铮（1994年生），男，硕士，主要从事湿地生态研究。E-mail: 1210279394@qq.com
基金资助:
湖南省重点研发计划(2019SK2336);国家可持续发展议程创新示范区建设专项(2019sfq21);湖南省水利科技项目(XSKJ2022068-31)

Spatial and Temporal Changes in Water Quality in the Dongjiang Lake and Their Relationships with Land Use in the Watershed

WANG Tiezheng(), QU Xinyue, LIU Chunxiang, LI Youzhi()

College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, P. R. China

Received:2023-02-17 Online:2023-04-18 Published:2023-07-12

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

东江湖是长江中下游重要的人工湖泊之一，也是湖南省最大的饮用水源地，探究水质变化规律及其与流域土地利用关系，可为东江湖生态保护提供科学依据。基于2011－2022年东江湖2个国控断面及2021－2022年6条主要入湖河口水质监测数据，运用统计分析和Spearman秩相关系数法，阐明了东江湖水质时空变化规律及其与土地利用变化的关系。结果表明，（1）在近12年期间，东江湖水环境污染综合指数呈上升趋势，水质由地表Ⅰ类水下降到地表Ⅲ类水。东江湖主要入湖河口水质介于地表Ⅲ－Ⅳ类水之间，水环境污染综合指数呈现出枯水期高于丰水期特点。（2）东江湖流域各土地利用类型的面积呈现出林地>耕地>水域>建设用地>草地的特点，其中建设用地、耕地和草地面积随着时间的增加而增高，林地面积随着时间的增加而减少，水域面积呈现小幅减少。（3）东江湖国控断面的化学需氧量、高锰酸盐指数、电导率及水环境污染综合指数与流域内耕地和建设用地面积呈极显著正相关，而与林地面积呈显著负相关；然而，东江湖入湖河口水体的溶解氧与子流域内水域面积呈显著正相关。可见，在2011－2022年间，东江湖水质呈下降趋势，而流域内耕地、建设用地面积的增加和林地面积的减少是水质降低的主要原因。建议减少全流域化肥施用，推进城镇污水处理设施全覆盖，实施退耕还林还草，加强河湖消落带生态修复等措施，以减少入湖污染物，确保东江湖水质良好。

关键词: 总氮, 总磷, 水环境污染综合指数, 土地利用类型, 林地

Abstract:

Dongjiang Lake is one of the important artificial lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the largest drinking water source in Hunan Province. Exploring the changes of water quality and their relationships with land use in the watershed can provide scientific basis for ecological protection of the Dongjiang Lake. Based on the water quality monitoring data in two state-controlled sections from 2011 to 2022 and six major estuaries from 2021 to 2022, using statistical analysis and Spearman rank correlation coefficient method, the spatio-temporal changes of water quality in Dongjiang Lake and their relationships with land use change were illustrated.The results showed that (1) during the recent 12 years, the comprehensive index of water environmental pollution in Dongjiang Lake showed an increasing trend and the water quality has decreased from surface Ⅰ to surface Ⅲ over time. The surface water quality in the major estuaries of Dongjiang Lake was between level Ⅲ and Ⅳ and the comprehensive index of water environmental pollution in the estuaries was higher in dry season than in wet season. (2) The area of each land use type in Dongjiang Lake basin followed the order of forest land>cultivated land>water area>construction land>grassland. During the period from 2011?2022, the area of construction land, cultivated land, and grassland increased with the increase in time and the area of forest land and water decreased with the increase in time. (3) The COD, COD_Mn, EC, and water pollution index in state-controlled sections in Dongjiang Lake were positively correlated with the area of cultivated land and construction land and negatively correlated with the area of forest land. However, the DO in the six estuaries was positively correlated with the water area in sub-watersheds in Dongting lake. It can be concluded that the water quality in Dongjiang Lake decreased during the period from 2011 to 2022 and the increase in cultivated land and construction land area and the decrease in woodland area in the basin were the key reasons for the decrease in water quality. Therefore, reducing in use of chemical fertilizer in the whole watershed, facilitating full coverage of urban sewage treatment facilities, continuous implementation of returning farmland to forests or grassland and the ecological restoration in water fluctuation zone of river and lake are recommended to reduce pollutants into the lake and ensure clean water in the Dongjiang Lake.

Key words: total nitrogen, total phosphorus, comprehensive index of water environmental pollution, land use type, woodland

中图分类号:

X52
X144

王铁铮, 瞿心悦, 刘春香, 李有志. 东江湖水质时空变化规律及其与流域土地利用的关系[J]. 生态环境学报, 2023, 32(4): 722-732.

WANG Tiezheng, QU Xinyue, LIU Chunxiang, LI Youzhi. Spatial and Temporal Changes in Water Quality in the Dongjiang Lake and Their Relationships with Land Use in the Watershed[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2023, 32(4): 722-732.

图/表 11

图1 东江湖流域国控断面和入湖河口水质监测点位及子流域划分

Figure1 Monitoring position of water quality in national control sections and in estuaries and the sub-watersheds in the Dongjiang Lake basin

图2 2011－2022年东江湖头山和白廊两个国控断面水质参数变化

Figure 2 Variation in water quality parameters in the Toushan and Bailang sections in the Dongjiang Lake from 2011 to 2022

图3 2011－2022年东江湖头山和白廊两个国控断面水环境污染综合指数（P）变化

Figure 3 Variation in comprehensive index of water environmental pollution (P) in the Toushan and Bailang sections in the Dongjiang Lake from 2011 to 2022

图4 2011－2021年东江湖流域各土地利用类型面积变化

Figure 4 Variation in area of land use types in Dongjiang Lake Basin from 2011-2021

表1 东江湖头山和白廊国控断面水质参数与流域内土地利用面积相关性

Table 1 Correlation between parameters of water quality in Toushan and Bailang national controlled section in the Dongjiang Lake and the area of land use in the watershed

类型	TN	TP	NH₃-N	COD	pH	COD_Mn	BOD₅	As	电导率	Pb	P
耕地	0.645	0.653	−0.536	0.763**	0.609	0.870**	−0.618	−0.082	0.827**	−0.114	0.709*
林地	−0.645	0.653	0.536	−0.763**	−0.609	−0.870**	0.618	0.082	−0.827**	0.114	−0.709*
草地	0.518	−0.410	−0.536	0.629	−0.738**	0.705*	−0.445	−0.082	0.673	0.041	0.545
水域	−0.364	0.222	0.620	−0.798**	−0.679	−0.709*	0.241	0.323	−0.633	−0.046	−0.346
建设用地	0.655	−0.630	−0.527	0.744**	0.582	0.860**	−0.609	−0.127	0.836**	−0.169	0.718*

表2 东江湖入湖河口水质参数与子流域内土地利用面积相关性

Table 2 Correlation between parameters of water quality in estuaries and the area of land use in sub-watershed in Dongjiang Lake

类型	DO	电导率	pH	TN	NH₃-N	NO₃-N	TP	PO₄^3--P	P
耕地	0.543	0.486	0.314	−0.086	0.029	0.020	0.657	−0.371	−0.086
林地	0.771	0.086	0.600	−0.314	−0.319	−0.413	0.257	−0.600	−0.429
草地	0.714	0.600	0.257	0.086	−0.058	0.314	0.543	−0.429	−0.200
水域	0.886*	0.371	0.371	0.200	0.319	0.371	0.600	0.029	0.200
建设用地	0.543	0.486	0.314	−0.086	0.029	0.200	0.657	−0.371	−0.086

图5 东江湖主要河流入湖口水质参数（平均值±标准误）一周年变化

Figure 5 Annual variation of water quality parameters (means ± standard error) in the main river estuaries in Dongjiang Lake

续图5 东江湖主要河流入湖口水质参数（平均值±标准误）一周年变化

Continued Figure 5 Annual variation of water quality parameters (means ± standard error) in the main river estuaries in Dongjiang Lake

图6 东江湖主要河流入湖口水环境污染综合指数（P，平均值±标准误）一周年变化

Figure 6 Annual variation of comprehensive index of water environmental pollution (P, means±standard error) in the main river estuaries in Dongjiang Lake

图7 2021年东江湖各子流域土地利用类型分布特征

Figure 7 Distribution characteristics of land use types in sub-watershed in Dongjiang Lake in 2021

表3 2021年东江湖各子流域土地利用类型面积

Table 3 The area of land use types in sub-watershed in Dongjiang Lake in 2021 102 km2

子流域	耕地	林地	草地	水域	建设用地
兴宁河W1	0.0873	0.143	0	0	0
石盈河W2	0.0686	0.445	0	0	0
杭溪W3	0.0278	0.421	0	0	0
浙水W4	1.57	6.12	0.0174	0.0149	0.145
沤江W5	1.27	15.3	0.0252	0.0244	0.0532
滁水W6	0.691	3.77	0.0119	0.0276	0.0282

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东江湖水质时空变化规律及其与流域土地利用的关系

Spatial and Temporal Changes in Water Quality in the Dongjiang Lake and Their Relationships with Land Use in the Watershed

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