基于MCR模型与蚁群算法的洮河流域生态安全格局构建

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2023.03.006

生态环境学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (3): 481-491.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2023.03.006

基于MCR模型与蚁群算法的洮河流域生态安全格局构建

张平江(), 党国锋^*()

西北师范大学地理与环境科学学院，甘肃兰州 730070

收稿日期:2022-11-17 出版日期:2023-03-18 发布日期:2023-06-02
通讯作者: *党国锋（1979年生），男，副教授，硕士，研究方向为空间分析与应用。E-mial: nwdgf@163.com
作者简介:张平江（1998年生）男，硕士研究生，研究方向为生态系统服务。E-mail: 2424589936@qq.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41971268)

Construction of Ecological Security Pattern of Tao River Basin Based on MCR Model and ant Colony Algorithm

ZHANG Pingjiang(), DANG Guofeng^*()

School of Geography and Environment, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China

Received:2022-11-17 Online:2023-03-18 Published:2023-06-02

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生态安全格局的构建是保障地区生态安全的根本措施，是促进地区经济可持续发展的关键。洮河流域作为黄河上游重要的生态功能区，具有涵养水源、保持水土和生态安全屏障等重要生态功能，对黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展意义重大。受自然和人为因素双重影响，其生态环境脆弱敏感。关于该区域生态环境保护与修复的研究还不够全面，故选择洮河流域为研究区。基于洮河流域的生态特征，将生态系统服务重要性、生态敏感性和景观连通性的评价结果叠加分析，进行生态源地识别；采用最小累积阻力模型与蚁群算法并结合核密度分析方法，识别生态廊道空间范围；采用水文分析法识别生态节点，构建洮河流域生态安全格局。结果表明，（1）洮河流域的生态系统服务重要与极重要区域面积之和约为3.124×10⁴ km²，约占研究区面积的69.02%，说明洮河流域生态系统服务价值较高；洮河流域生态敏感性主要以一般敏感和中等敏感为主，总面积约为2.753×10⁴ km²，约占研究区总面积的60.81%。（2）景观连通性极重要与重要区域面积为2.022×10⁴ km²，约占研究区总面积比例高达44.67%，表明区域景观连通性整体水平较高，但空间分布上不均衡。（3）构建出面积2.174×10⁴ km²的37个生态源地；长度2.649×10³ km、面积6.671×10³ km²的49条生态廊道；38个生态节点的点线面网状结构的生态安全格局。研究结果以期为洮河流域生态环境治理与恢复以及区域可持续发展规划提供相关依据。

关键词: 生态安全格局, 生态系统服务重要性, InVEST模型, MCR模型, 蚁群算法, 生态敏感性

Abstract:

Construction of ecological security pattern is the key measure of ensuring regional ecological security and promoting the local social and economic sustainable development. As the most significant ecological functional region in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, the Taohe River Basin provides the substantial ecological service functions, e.g. water source protection, soil and water conservation, and ecological sheltering function, which have a tremendous contribution for ecological conservation and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. However, there is a lack of understanding of the ecological security pattern in the Taohe River Basin, which was extremely fragile and sensitive under the double stresses of climate change and human activities. Therefore, the ecological source area was identified through overlay analyses of ecosystem services importance, ecological sensitivity, and landscape connectivity; meanwhile, the spatial range of ecological corridor was withdrawn by the Minimum Cumulative Resistance (MCR) model and ant colony algorithm in combination with kernel density estimation. In addition, ecological nodes were identified by the hydrological analysis method. The results showed that (1) important and extremely important regions of ecological services in the Taohe River basin covered 3.124×10⁴ km², accounting for 69.02% of the total area, suggesting high ecological service value; and the ecological sensitivity was dominated by the average and medium levels, covering 2.753×10⁴ km² which accounted for 60.81%. (2) the area of important and extremely important regions of landscape connectivity was 2.022×10⁴ km² accounting for 44.67%, suggesting high landscape connectivity but low evenness in a spatial pattern. (3) The 37 ecological source regions with an area of 2.174×10⁴ km², 49 ecological corridors with a length of 2.649×10³ km and an area of 6.671×10³ km², and 38 ecological nodes were identified. The region-corridor-node structure constructed an ecological security pattern in the Taohe River Basin. The results will provide the basis for ecological governance and restoration, and local sustainable development of the Taohe River Basin.

Key words: ecological security pattern, ecosystem services importance, InVEST model, MCR model, ant colony algorithm, ecological sensitivity

中图分类号:

X171.4

张平江, 党国锋. 基于MCR模型与蚁群算法的洮河流域生态安全格局构建[J]. 生态环境学报, 2023, 32(3): 481-491.

ZHANG Pingjiang, DANG Guofeng. Construction of Ecological Security Pattern of Tao River Basin Based on MCR Model and ant Colony Algorithm[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2023, 32(3): 481-491.

图/表 13

图1 洮河流域区位图

Figure 1 Location map of the Tao River Basin

表1 生态扩张阻力因子

Table 1 Ecological expansion resistance factor

阻力因子	权重
高程	0.09
坡度	0.16
坡向	0.13
植被覆盖度	0.13
土地利用类型	0.21
距水域距离	0.18
距建成区距离	0.05
距道路距离	0.05

表2 生态系统服务重要性评价结果

Table 2 Results of the evaluation of the importance of ecosystem service

生态系统服务重要性	生物多样性保护		土壤保持		水源涵养		固碳释氧
生态系统服务重要性	面积/km²	比例/%	面积/km²	比例/%	面积/km²	比例/%	面积/km²	比例/%
不重要	9742	21.52	37931.25	83.79	6662.53	14.72	472.5	1.04
一般重要	13584.75	30.01	6184.75	13.66	7426.33	16.40	474.75	1.05
中等重要	1323.5	2.92	827.5	1.83	10720.11	23.68	64.18	0.14
重要	20136	44.48	231.25	0.51	14064.97	31.07	30674.5	67.76
极重要	484.43	1.07	95.63	0.21	6396.75	14.13	13584.75	30.01

图2 生态系统服务重要性评价结果

Figure 2 Results of the evaluation of the importance of ecosystem service

表3 生态敏感性评价结果

Table 3 Results of ecological sensitivity evaluation

生态敏感性	水土流失敏感性		地质灾害敏感性
生态敏感性	面积/km²	比例/%	面积/km²	比例/%
不敏感	1874.76	4.14	7097.17	15.68
一般敏感	11926.95	26.35	16114.75	35.60
中等敏感	13835.62	30.56	11606.34	25.64
敏感	11705.42	25.86	8885.04	19.63
极敏感	5927.94	13.09	1567.38	3.46

图3 生态敏感性评价结果

Figure 3 Results of ecological sensitivity evaluation

表4 景观连通评价结果

Table 4 Results of landscape connectivity evaluation

景观连通性评价	面积/km²	百分比/%
不重要	21412.87	47.30
一般重要	503.53	1.11
中等重要	2784.06	6.15
重要	490.17	1.08
极重要	20080.05	44.36

图4 景观连通性评价结果

Figure 4 Results of landscape connectivity evaluation

图5 生态源地斑块最小面积阈值设定的影响

Figure 5 Impact of the minimum size threshold of ecological source patches

图6 生态源地选取结果

Figure 6 Results of ecological source area selection

图7 生态扩张综合阻力面

Figure 7 Eco-expansion integrated resistance surface

图8 生态廊道识别

Figure 8 Ecological Corridor Identification

图9 生态安全格局构建

Figure 9 Ecological security pattern construction

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基于MCR模型与蚁群算法的洮河流域生态安全格局构建

Construction of Ecological Security Pattern of Tao River Basin Based on MCR Model and ant Colony Algorithm

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