2000—2021年柴达木盆地地表绿度变化及地形分异研究

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.06.002

生态环境学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (6): 1080-1090.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.06.002

2000—2021年柴达木盆地地表绿度变化及地形分异研究

曹晓云¹^,²(), 祝存兄¹^,², 陈国茜¹^,²^,^*(), 孙树娇¹^,², 赵慧芳¹^,², 朱文彬³, 周秉荣¹^,²

1.青海省气象科学研究所,青海西宁 810001
2.青海省防灾减灾重点实验室,青海西宁 810001
3.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,北京 730099

收稿日期:2022-01-24 出版日期:2022-06-18 发布日期:2022-07-29
通讯作者: *陈国茜（1986年生）,女,高级工程师,硕士,主要从事生态遥感监测研究。E-mail: guoxi_chen@163.com
作者简介:曹晓云（1993年生）,女（藏族）,工程师,硕士,主要从事青藏高原气候与环境研究。E-mail: xaioyun_cao@126.com
基金资助:
青海省科技计划项目(2020-ZJ-715);青海省科技计划项目(2021-ZJ-611);青藏高原第二次科考(2019QZKK0105);国家自然科学基金项目(U21A2021);中国气象局创新发展专项(CXFZ2021Z093)

Surface Greenness Change and Topographic Differentiation over Qaidam Basin from 2000 to 2021

CAO Xiaoyun¹^,²(), ZHU Cunxiong¹^,², CHEN Guoqian¹^,²^,^*(), SUN Shujiao¹^,², ZHAO Huifang¹^,², ZHU Wenbin³, ZHOU Bingrong¹^,²

1. Institute of Qinghai Meteorological Science Research, Xining 810001, P. R. China
2. Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation of Qinghai Province, Xining 810001, P. R. China
3. Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 730099, P. R. China

Received:2022-01-24 Online:2022-06-18 Published:2022-07-29

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

绿度可以反映地表生态环境质量,研究气候变化背景下柴达木盆地地表绿度时空变化特征和地形分异规律,有助于了解近年来柴达木盆地植被变化规律,为柴达木盆地应对气候变化和生态环境建设提供理论依据。基于MODIS NDVI（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index）遥感资料、DEM、气象数据和积雪面积数据,综合利用Sen+M-K趋势分析法、相关性分析法,分析了2000—2021年柴达木盆地地表被绿度的时空演变趋势、地形分异特征、气候因子的影响。结果表明,（1）2000—2021年柴达木盆地NDVI呈边缘高、腹地低的向心环状分布特征,随海拔变化规律性明显。高值区主要集中在盆地外围的山麓及内部绿洲地区,均值普遍大于0.3,而盆地腹地大部地区小于0.1,65.62%的区域NDVI呈波动增加趋势,显著增加区域占比53.04%,平均增加速率为1.8×10^-3 a^-1。（2）2000—2021年柴达木盆地NDVI及其变化趋势存在明显的海拔和坡向分异。整体随海拔上升呈抛物线型变化,其中,4.25—4.75 km的NDVI较高,超过0.30;3.5—4.5 km的NDVI年际增加速率较快,均超过2.75×10^-3 a^-1;NDVI北坡大于南坡、西坡大于东坡,西北坡最大,为0.19,且西北坡的NDVI增加速率最快,超过1.93×10^-3 a^-1。（3）2000—2021年生长季柴达木盆地明显的“暖湿化”气候变化特征是地表绿度改善的主要原因,降水量增多、积雪日数增多、冰川消融速率加快是重要的驱动因素,不同海拔的水热匹配和不同坡向的降水及冰雪融水、太阳辐射的气候差异造成了NDVI分布和变化的差异。

关键词: 柴达木盆地, NDVI, 地表绿度, 气候变化, 海拔, 坡向

Abstract:

Greenness can reflect the quality of surface ecological environment. Studying the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of surface greenness and the law of topographic differentiation in Qaidam Basin under the background of climate change will help understand the law of vegetation change in Qaidam Basin in recent years, and provide a theoretical basis for Qaidam basin to deal with climate change and ecological environment construction. The temporal and spatial evolution trends, topographic differentiation characteristics and the influence of climate factors of surface greenness over Qaidam Basin from 2000 to 2021 were analyzed by using Sen+M-K trend analysis method and correlation analysis method based on MODIS NDVI remote sensing data, DEM, meteorological data and snow area data. The results showed that (1) from 2000 to 2021, NDVI in Qaidam Basin showed the characteristics of centripetal ring distribution with high edge and low hinterland changing regularly with the altitude. High value areas were mainly concentrated in the foothills and internal oases around the basin, with an average value of more than 0.3, while most areas in the hinterland of the basin were less than 0.1, and 65.62% of the regional NDVI showed a fluctuating increasing trend, accounting for 53.04% of the areas that showed significant increases, with an average increasing rate of 1.8×10^-3a^-1. (2) There was an obvious variation trend of NDVI and NDVI in Qaidam Basin from 2021 to 2021. As a whole, it changed in a parabola with the rise of altitude. Among them, the NDVI of 4.25-4.75 km was the highest with more than 0.30 value; The annual increase rate of NDVI between 3.5-4.5 km was fast, all exceeding 2.75×10^-3 a^-1;The north slope of NDVI was greater than the south slope; the west slope was greater than the east slope; the northwest slope was the largest, which was 0.19; and the NDVI increase rate of the northwest slope was the fastest, which was more than 1.93×10^-3 a^-1. (3) The obvious “warm and humid” climate change characteristics of Qaidam Basin in the growing season from 2000 to 2021 were the main reasons for the improvement of surface greenness. The increase of precipitation, the increase of snow days and the acceleration of glacier melting rate were important driving factors. The water and heat matching at different altitudes and the climate differences of precipitation, snow melting water and solar radiation in different slope directions led to the differences in the distribution and change of NDVI.

Key words: Qaidam Basin, NDVI, surface greenness, climate change, altitude, slope direction

中图分类号:

Q948
X17

曹晓云, 祝存兄, 陈国茜, 孙树娇, 赵慧芳, 朱文彬, 周秉荣. 2000—2021年柴达木盆地地表绿度变化及地形分异研究[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022, 31(6): 1080-1090.

CAO Xiaoyun, ZHU Cunxiong, CHEN Guoqian, SUN Shujiao, ZHAO Huifang, ZHU Wenbin, ZHOU Bingrong. Surface Greenness Change and Topographic Differentiation over Qaidam Basin from 2000 to 2021[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2022, 31(6): 1080-1090.

图/表 11

图1 柴达木盆地地理位置（a）和植被类型（b）空间分布

Figure 1 Spatial distribution of geographical location (a) and vegetation types (b) over Qaidam Basin

图2 柴达木盆地海拔（a）与坡向（b）空间分布

Figure 2 Spatial distributions of altitude (a) and slope (b) over Qaidam Basin

图3 2000—2021年柴达木盆地年平均NDVI空间（a）及其统计结果（b）

Figure 3 Spatial distribution (a) and interannual variation (b) of snow days over Qaidam Basin area from 2000 to 2021

图4 2000—2021年柴达木盆地NDVI年际变化趋势

Figure 4 Interannual variation trend of NDVI over Qaidam Basin from 2000 to 2021

图5 2000—2021年柴达木盆地NDVI变化趋势（a）及其显著性检验（b）

Figure 5 Variation trend of NDVI over Qaidam Basin from 2000 to 2021 (a) and its significance test (b)

表1 柴达木盆地NDVI年际变化速率及显著性检验统计

Table 1 Interannual change rate and significance test statistics of NDVI over Qaidam Basin

地理单元 Geographical unit	平均年际变化速率 Average interannual change rate/(10^-4a^-1)	面积百分比 Area percentage/%
地理单元 Geographical unit	平均年际变化速率 Average interannual change rate/(10^-4a^-1)	基本不变 Basically unchanged	轻度减少 Slight reduction	显著减少 Significant reduction	轻度增加 Slight increase	显著增加 Significant increase
兴海县 Xinghai County	33.76	16.87	0.00	3.63	27.08	52.43
玛沁县 Maqin County	32.41	28.86	0.00	1.63	44.31	25.20
玛多县 Maduo County	32.48	10.92	0.00	5.04	31.90	52.14
治多县 Zhiduo County	19.39	31.05	0.00	2.32	15.32	51.31
曲麻莱县 Qumalai County	24.11	8.57	0.00	5.31	33.70	52.42
格尔木市 Golmud City	15.41	32.78	0.00	1.28	10.63	55.30
德令哈市 Delingha City	27.05	8.32	0.00	0.70	19.89	71.09
茫崖市 Mangya City	6.85	62.42	0.00	0.26	1.57	35.74
乌兰县 Wulan County	33.70	7.58	0.00	0.97	10.58	80.87
都兰县 Dulan County	25.03	20.84	0.00	1.57	20.67	56.91
天峻县 Tianjun County	55.39	1.25	0.00	0.65	20.84	77.25
大柴旦 Dachaidan	8.91	47.13	0.00	0.47	7.43	44.97
柴达木盆地 Qaidam Basin	26.21	33.17	0.00	1.21	12.58	53.04

图6 2000—2021年柴达木盆地NDVI（a）及其变化趋势（b）的海拔梯度分异

Figure 6 Altitude gradient differentiation of NDVI (a) and its variation trend (b) over Qaidam Basin from 2000 to 2021

图7 柴达木盆地不同坡向占地面积（a）、NDVI（b）及其变化趋势（c）的坡向分异

Figure 7 Slope direction differentiation of land area (a), NDVI (b) and its change trend (c) in different slope directions over Qaidam Basin

图8 柴达木盆地2000—2021年生长季平均气温（a）、累计降水量（b）及2003—2021年水文年积雪日数（c）变化趋势空间分布

Figure 8 Spatial distribution of variation trend of average temperature (a), cumulative precipitation (b) in growing season from 2000 to 2021 and snow days in hydrological year from 2003 to 2021 (c) over Qaidam Basin

表2 近20年来柴达木盆地生长季平均气温、降水量和积雪日数及其变化趋势的海拔梯度分异

Table 2 Altitude gradient differentiation of average temperature, precipitation and snow cover days and their changing trends during the growing season over Qaidam Basin in the past 20 years

海拔 Altitude/ km	平均气温 Average temperature (year 2000-2021)		降水量 Precipitation (year 2000-2021)		积雪日数 Snow cover days (year 2003-2021)
海拔 Altitude/ km	多年平均值 Multi year average/ ℃	年际变化速率 Interannual change rate/ (℃∙a^-1)	多年平均值 Multi year average/ mm	年际变化速率 Interannual change rate/ (mm∙a^-1)	多年平均值 Multi year average/ d	年际变化速率 Interannual change rate/ (d∙a^-1)
<2.75	15.30	0.07	49.30	-0.52	2.41	0.00
2.75-3.0	14.40	0.07	77.90	0.00	1.94	-0.02
3.0-3.25	12.69	0.06	110.40	0.62	4.89	0.02
3.25-3.5	11.18	0.05	133.27	1.16	7.81	0.03
3.5-3.75	9.63	0.03	166.07	1.73	13.04	0.04
3.75-4.0	8.13	0.02	189.84	2.00	19.16	0.02
4.0-4.25	6.61	0.02	224.11	2.56	27.56	0.32
4.25-4.5	5.18	0.00	247.34	2.66	41.07	0.49
4.5-4.75	4.04	-0.02	252.52	2.69	55.74	0.53
4.75-5.0	2.87	-0.05	249.36	3.18	74.31	0.35
5.0-5.25	1.79	-0.08	252.53	3.72	97.89	-0.11
5.25-5.5	0.46	-0.10	264.42	4.03	163.18	-0.22
5.5-7.0	-1.08	-0.12	279.12	4.80	206.58	-0.11

图9 柴达木盆地2000—2021年生长季累计降水量（a）、（c）及2003—2021年水文年积雪日数（b）、（d）及其变化趋势的坡向分异

Figure 9 Slope direction differentiation of cumulative precipitation during the growing season (a), (c) and snow cover days in the hydrological year (b), (d) and their variation trends over Qaidam Basin from 2000 to 2021

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2000—2021年柴达木盆地地表绿度变化及地形分异研究

Surface Greenness Change and Topographic Differentiation over Qaidam Basin from 2000 to 2021

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