阔叶红松林物种多样性与土壤理化特征研究

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.04.005

生态环境学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (4): 679-687.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.04.005

阔叶红松林物种多样性与土壤理化特征研究

陈瑶¹^,²(), 李云红¹^,³, 邵英男¹^,³, 刘玉龙¹^,², 刘延坤¹^,³^,^*()

1.黑龙江省生态研究所,黑龙江哈尔滨 150081
2.黑龙江牡丹江森林生态系统国家定位观测研究站,黑龙江牡丹江 157500
3.黑龙江省森林生态与林业生态工程重点实验室,黑龙江哈尔滨 150081

收稿日期:2022-02-11 出版日期:2022-04-18 发布日期:2022-06-22
通讯作者: *刘延坤（1979年生）,女,副研究员,博士,研究方向为森林生态。E-mail: liuyankun1979@126.com
作者简介:陈瑶（1983年生）,女,助理研究员,硕士,研究方向为森林生态。E-mail: chenyao198305@126.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41475123);黑龙江省重点研发计划项目(GA21C030);黑龙江省省属科研院所科研业务费项目(CZKYF2021-2-C006);黑龙江省省属科研院所科研业务费项目(CZKYF2020C010)

Study on Species Diversity and Soil Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis Forest

CHEN Yao¹^,²(), LI Yunhong¹^,³, SHAO Yingnan¹^,³, LIU Yulong¹^,², LIU Yankun¹^,³^,^*()

1. Heilongjiang Institute of Ecology, Harbin 150081, P. R. China
2. Mudanjiang Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Mudanjiang 157500, P. R. China
3. Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Forestry Ecological Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150081, P. R. China

Received:2022-02-11 Online:2022-04-18 Published:2022-06-22

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以湿生、中生、旱生的云杉Picea spp.-冷杉Abies spp.-红松Pinus koraiensis林（PLP）、椴树Tilia spp.-红松林（TPi）和蒙古栎Quercus mongolica-红松林（QP）为研究对象,分析3种林型之间植被物种多样性与土壤理化特征的差异,采用冗余分析的方法,探讨土壤理化特征对物种多样性的影响机制,以期为阔叶红松林的生物多样性保护和森林的可持续经营提供理论基础。结果表明,（1）研究区云杉-冷杉-红松林有40种,隶属于31科36属,椴树-红松林有49种,隶属于37科46属,蒙古栎-红松林有37种,隶属于21科25属,其中,椴树-红松林的物种结构组成丰富,蒙古栎-红松林物种组成结构最贫乏。（2）3种林型乔木层的丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener 指数、Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数之间差异显著,均以椴树-红松林的最高,显著高于其他两个林型。灌木层的丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指、Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数之间差异不显著;草本层丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数之间差异显著,均呈现椴树-红松林最高,蒙古栎-红松林最低的分布。（3）3种林型土壤容重、含水量、全磷和全氮之间差异显著,土壤pH差异不显著。（4）冗余分析表明,土壤容重、全磷和含水量是显著影响乔木层、灌木层和草本层物种多样性的主要环境因子。小兴安岭阔叶红松林物种多样性与土壤理化特征具有相关性,调节土壤含水量、改善土壤通气性、补充土壤营养成分可促进林下植被生长发育,从而提高物种多样性。在生产经营中可以补充磷肥和抚育间伐等管理,保持良好的土壤性能,为更多物种的生存和发育提供良好的条件。

关键词: 阔叶红松林, 物种组成, 物种多样性, 土壤理化特征, 冗余分析

Abstract:

In this study, wet, medium and dry Picea spp.-Abies spp.-Pinus koraiensis forests (PLP), Tilia spp.-Pinus koraiensis forests (TPi), and Quercus mongolica-Pinus koraiensis forests (QP) were used as the research objects to analyze the vegetation species diversity among the three forest types. In order to provide a theoretical basis for biodiversity conservation and sustainable management of broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest, redundancy analysis was used to explore the impact mechanism of soil physical and chemical characteristics on species diversity. The results show that (1) there were 40 species in the PLP in the study area, belonging to 31 families and 36 genera, 49 species in the TPi, belonging to 37 families and 46 genera, and 37 species in the QP, belonging to 21 families and 25 genera. Among them, the species structure of TPi was rich, and the species composition of QP was poor. (2) There were significant differences in the tree layer richness index, Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson dominance index, and Pielou evenness index among the three forest types. All of them showed the highest values in TPi, significantly higher than those of the other two forest types. The richness index, Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson dominance index, and Pielou evenness index of shrub layer were not significantly different; the herb layer richness index, Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson dominance index, and Pielou evenness index varied significantly, showing the highest distribution in TPi and the lowest distribution in QP. (3) There were significant differences in soil bulk density, water content, total phosphorus content, and total nitrogen content among the three forest types, but their differences in soil pH were not significant. (4) Redundancy analysis showed that soil bulk density, total phosphorus content, and water content were the main environmental factors that significantly affected species diversity in the tree layer, shrub layer, and herb layer. In conclusion, there is a correlation between species diversity and soil physical and chemical characteristics of broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest in Xiaoxing’an Mountains. Adjusting soil water content, improving soil aeration, and supplementing soil nutrients can promote the growth and development of understory vegetation, thereby increasing species diversity. Management can be supplemented with phosphate fertilizer and tending and thinning to maintain soil performance and provide suitable conditions for the survival and development of more species.

Key words: Broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest, species diversity, soil physical and chemical characteristics, redundancy analysis

中图分类号:

陈瑶, 李云红, 邵英男, 刘玉龙, 刘延坤. 阔叶红松林物种多样性与土壤理化特征研究[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022, 31(4): 679-687.

CHEN Yao, LI Yunhong, SHAO Yingnan, LIU Yulong, LIU Yankun. Study on Species Diversity and Soil Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis Forest[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2022, 31(4): 679-687.

图/表 6

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林型 Forest type	海拔 Altitude/m	坡度 Slope/(°)	坡位 Slope Position	坡向 Aspect	地形 Topography	林分密度 Stand density/(plant∙hm^-2)	平均胸径DBH/cm	生境 Habitat preference
PLP	348±27	13±2	中坡	西南	山地	660	32.86±6.09	湿生
TPi	384±36	12±3	中坡	南	山地	500	33.71±1.74	中生
QP	478±2	20±2	上坡	南	山地	560	30.05±3.28	旱生

林型 Forest type	海拔 Altitude/m	坡度 Slope/(°)	坡位 Slope Position	坡向 Aspect	地形 Topography	林分密度 Stand density/(plant∙hm^-2)	平均胸径DBH/cm	生境 Habitat preference
PLP	348±27	13±2	中坡	西南	山地	660	32.86±6.09	湿生
TPi	384±36	12±3	中坡	南	山地	500	33.71±1.74	中生
QP	478±2	20±2	上坡	南	山地	560	30.05±3.28	旱生

层次 Layer	林型 Forest type	科 Family	属 Genus	种 Species	主要物种及其重要值 Main species and their important values	和值 Sum values
乔木层 Arbors layer	PLP	4	5	6	红松 (0.4005)+冷杉 (0.2171)+云杉 (0.0890)+椴树 (0.0683) Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.+Abies nephrolepis (Trautv.) Maxim.+Picea spp.+Tilia spp.	0.7704
	TPi	7	8	11	红松 (0.6426)+椴树 (0.2068)+冷杉 (0.0623)+云杉 (0.0525) Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.+Tilia spp.+Abies nephrolepis (Trautv.) Maxim.+Picea spp.	0.9642
	QP	5	6	8	红松 (0.5708)+蒙古栎 (0.2900)+白桦 (0.0624)+枫桦 (0.0509) Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.+Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb.+Betula platyphylla Suk.+Betula costata Trautv	0.9741
灌木层 Shurb layer	PLP	9	10	12	毛榛 (0.1429)+珍珠梅 (0.1029)+刺五加 (0.0952)+山刺玫 (0.0752) Corylus mandshurica Maxim.+Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. Br+Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. Maxim.) Harms+Rosa davurica Pall.	0.4162
	TPi	8	9	9	瘤枝卫矛 (0.1538)+珍珠梅 (0.1338)+山梅花 (0.0769)+刺五加 (0.0679) Euonymus verrucosus Scop.+Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. Br+Philadelphus incanus Koehne+Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. Maxim.) Harms	0.4324
	QP	8	9	10	瘤枝卫矛 (0.2105)+胡枝子 (0.2005)+兴安杜鹃 (0.1579)+溲疏 (0.1053) Euonymus verrucosus Scop.+Lespedeza bicolor Turcz.+Rhododendron dauricum L.+Deutzia scabra Thunb.	0.6742
草本层 Herb layer	PLP	18	21	22	金腰子 (0.1439)+新蹄盖蕨 (0.1364)+羊胡子苔草 (0.1136)+大穗苔草 (0.0716) Chrysosplenium serreanum H and.- Mazz.+Neoathyrium crenulatoserrulatum (Makino) Ching et Z. R. Wang+Eriophorum russeolum+Carex rhynchophysa C. A. Mey.	0.4655
	TPi	22	29	29	羊胡子苔草 (0.1377)+新蹄盖蕨 (0.1005)+宽叶山蒿 (0.0713)+金腰子 (0.0611) Carex callitrichos V. Krccz.in kom. FI+Neoathyrium crenulatoserrulatum (Makino) Ching et Z. R. Wang+Artemisia stolonifera (Maxim.) Komar.+Chrysosplenium serreanum H and.-Mazz.	0.3706
	QP	8	10	19	羊胡子苔草 (0.4393)+舞鹤草 (0.0998)+东方草莓 (0.0967)+宽叶山蒿 (0.0764) Carex callitrichos V. Krccz.in kom. FI+Maianthemum bifolium (Linn.) F. W. Schmid+Fragaria orientalis Losinsk+Artemisia stolonifera (Maxim.) Komar	0.7122

层次 Layer	林型 Forest type	科 Family	属 Genus	种 Species	主要物种及其重要值 Main species and their important values	和值 Sum values
乔木层 Arbors layer	PLP	4	5	6	红松 (0.4005)+冷杉 (0.2171)+云杉 (0.0890)+椴树 (0.0683) Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.+Abies nephrolepis (Trautv.) Maxim.+Picea spp.+Tilia spp.	0.7704
	TPi	7	8	11	红松 (0.6426)+椴树 (0.2068)+冷杉 (0.0623)+云杉 (0.0525) Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.+Tilia spp.+Abies nephrolepis (Trautv.) Maxim.+Picea spp.	0.9642
	QP	5	6	8	红松 (0.5708)+蒙古栎 (0.2900)+白桦 (0.0624)+枫桦 (0.0509) Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.+Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb.+Betula platyphylla Suk.+Betula costata Trautv	0.9741
灌木层 Shurb layer	PLP	9	10	12	毛榛 (0.1429)+珍珠梅 (0.1029)+刺五加 (0.0952)+山刺玫 (0.0752) Corylus mandshurica Maxim.+Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. Br+Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. Maxim.) Harms+Rosa davurica Pall.	0.4162
	TPi	8	9	9	瘤枝卫矛 (0.1538)+珍珠梅 (0.1338)+山梅花 (0.0769)+刺五加 (0.0679) Euonymus verrucosus Scop.+Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. Br+Philadelphus incanus Koehne+Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. Maxim.) Harms	0.4324
	QP	8	9	10	瘤枝卫矛 (0.2105)+胡枝子 (0.2005)+兴安杜鹃 (0.1579)+溲疏 (0.1053) Euonymus verrucosus Scop.+Lespedeza bicolor Turcz.+Rhododendron dauricum L.+Deutzia scabra Thunb.	0.6742
草本层 Herb layer	PLP	18	21	22	金腰子 (0.1439)+新蹄盖蕨 (0.1364)+羊胡子苔草 (0.1136)+大穗苔草 (0.0716) Chrysosplenium serreanum H and.- Mazz.+Neoathyrium crenulatoserrulatum (Makino) Ching et Z. R. Wang+Eriophorum russeolum+Carex rhynchophysa C. A. Mey.	0.4655
	TPi	22	29	29	羊胡子苔草 (0.1377)+新蹄盖蕨 (0.1005)+宽叶山蒿 (0.0713)+金腰子 (0.0611) Carex callitrichos V. Krccz.in kom. FI+Neoathyrium crenulatoserrulatum (Makino) Ching et Z. R. Wang+Artemisia stolonifera (Maxim.) Komar.+Chrysosplenium serreanum H and.-Mazz.	0.3706
	QP	8	10	19	羊胡子苔草 (0.4393)+舞鹤草 (0.0998)+东方草莓 (0.0967)+宽叶山蒿 (0.0764) Carex callitrichos V. Krccz.in kom. FI+Maianthemum bifolium (Linn.) F. W. Schmid+Fragaria orientalis Losinsk+Artemisia stolonifera (Maxim.) Komar	0.7122

土壤因子 Soil factors	土层深度Soil depth/ cm	林型Forest type
土壤因子 Soil factors	土层深度Soil depth/ cm	PLP	TPi	QP
SBD/ (g∙cm^-3)	0‒10	0.85±0.05ABc	0.62±0.05Bb	1.10±0.06Aa
	10‒20	1.08±0.07Ab	0.95±0.07Bab	1.09±0.05Ba
	20‒30	1.28±0.10Aa	1.19±0.03Ba	1.31±0.08Ba
w_(SWC)/ %	0‒10	84.86±18.62Aa	83.23±12.67Aa	64.13±5.71Ba
	10‒20	69.37±19.88Aa	40.50±2.66ABb	24.54±2.69Ba
	20‒30	33.47±5.38Ab	34.04±2.96Ab	18.84±2.64Aa
pH	0‒10	5.34±0.19Aa	6.54±0.19Aa	5.12±0.06Aa
	10‒20	5.29±0.09Aa	6.52±0.22Aa	5.16±0.05Aa
	20‒30	5.74±0.13Aa	6.62±0.19Aa	5.47±0.08Aa
w_(TN)/ (g∙kg^-1)	0‒10	5.29±0.04Aa	7.36±0.06Aa	6.12±0.07Ba
	10‒20	2.91±0.06Ab	3.52±0.02Ab	3.36±0.03Bb
	20‒30	1.47±0.04Ac	2.46±0.03Ab	1.89±0.03Ac
w_(TP)/ (g∙kg^-1)	0‒10	0.57±0.06Aa	1.10±0.08Ba	0.79±0.07Ab
	10‒20	0.54±0.06Ba	0.73±4.00Aa	0.71±0.06Bb
	20‒30	0.53±0.06Ba	0.62±0.08Aa	0.66±0.03Aa
w_(OM)/ (g∙kg^-1)	0‒10	176.10±29.23Aa	197.77±9.15Aa	184.86±18.61Aa
	10‒20	84.26±13.95Ab	102.02±8.90Ab	83.36±6.09Ab
	20‒30	46.89±6.19Ac	72.22±8.09Ab	62.6±8.84Ab

阔叶红松林物种多样性与土壤理化特征研究

Study on Species Diversity and Soil Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis Forest

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环境 Environmental	乔木层 Arbors layer				灌木层 Shurb layer				草本层 Herb layer
环境 Environmental	RDA1	RDA2	F	P	RDA1	RDA2	F	P	RDA1	RDA2	F	P
SBD	0.5335	0.2166	3.4	0.042	-0.3084	-0.0680	0.8	0.335	-0.1746	0.0117	0.2	0.662
SWC	-0.1023	-0.2363	0.5	0.654	0.4816	-0.0064	2.1	0.186	-0.7414	0.0112	8.6	0.021
PH	-0.3233	-0.1117	0.9	0.459	0.2206	0.0247	0.4	0.561	-0.4682	0.011	2.0	0.203
TN	0.4904	0.0240	2.2	0.141	-0.0611	-0.0545	<0.1	0.875	-0.6123	-0.0464	4.2	0.076
TP	-0.1039	-0.4331	1.7	0.221	0.6107	-0.0332	4.2	0.045	-0.5226	-0.0025	2.6	0.138
OM	-0.1932	0.1294	0.4	0.675	-0.4566	-0.0418	1.9	0.214	0.6057	-0.0194	4.1	0.096
特征值 Eigenvalues		0.4525	0.2861		0.6241	0.0297			0.8827	0.0077
累计解释变异 Explained variation		45.25	73.86		62.41	65.39			88.27	89.04

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