林龄对马尾松人工林林下植物与土壤种子库多样性的影响

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2021.11.002

生态环境学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (11): 2121-2129.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2021.11.002

所属专题：生物多样性专题汇编

林龄对马尾松人工林林下植物与土壤种子库多样性的影响

张洋洋¹(), 周清慧¹, 许骄阳¹, 魏鸣², 陈继豪¹, 何伟¹, 王鹏程¹, 晏召贵¹^,^*()

1.华中农业大学园艺林学学院,湖北武汉430070
2.武汉市农业科学院,湖北武汉430065

收稿日期:2021-03-24 出版日期:2021-11-18 发布日期:2021-12-29
通讯作者: * 晏召贵（1963年生）,男,特聘教授,博士,主要从事森林生态研究。E-mail: gyan@mail.hzau.edu.cn
作者简介:张洋洋（1993年生）,男,博士研究生,研究方向为森林生态、风景园林学研究。E-mail: 2829487782@qq.com
基金资助:
科技部重点研发项目(2017YFD0600304);华中农业大学自主创新项目(2662020YLPY022)

Effects of Forest Ages on the Diversity of Understory Plants and Soil Seed Bank of Pinus massoniana Plantations

ZHANG Yangyang¹(), ZHOU Qinghui¹, XU Jiaoyang¹, WEI Ming², CHEN Jihao¹, HE Wei¹, WANG Pengcheng¹, YAN Zhaogui¹^,^*()

1. College of Horticulture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
2. Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430065,China

Received:2021-03-24 Online:2021-11-18 Published:2021-12-29

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

马尾松（Pinus massoniana）人工林林下植物多样性是可持续经营的重要组成部分。林龄是林分构造的重要因素,反映着森林群落的抗逆性、完整性及演替进程等状况,土壤种子与地上植被有密切关系,了解林下植物有助于马尾松人工林林下植物多样性恢复和植被结构的改善,有利于生态系统的恢复程度和稳定性。通过典型样地调查与萌发实验相结合的方法,以湖北省太子山石龙林场内4种不同林龄马尾松人工林为研究对象,包括幼龄林（9 a）、中龄林（15 a）、成熟林（30 a）与过熟林（50 a）,比较分析林下植物和土壤种子库多样性,为马尾松人工林实现多目标可持续发展提供科学依据。结果表明,（1）4个龄级马尾松人工林林下草本与灌木植物共有42科61属69种;幼龄林以喜光类植物为主,而其它林龄以耐荫类植物为主。（2）草本、灌木、总的灌草（草本和灌木）Margalef（M）指数变化趋势相同,随林龄增加呈先升高后下降再略微升高趋势,中龄林的M值最大。（3）草本、灌木、总的灌草的Shannon-Wiener（H）、Simpson（D）、Pieolou（J_sw）、Alatalo（A）指数变化幅度不同,但均呈先升高后下降趋势;中龄林草本、总的灌草的H、D、J_sw、A指数均最大,表明此林龄下的林下植物多样性最高;幼龄林的H、D、J_sw、A指数最小,且与其它林龄存在显著差异（P<0.05）;灌木层J_sw和A均匀度指数变化趋势相同,最大值出现在成熟林,过熟林的指数最小,且各林龄之间无明显差异（P>0.05）。（4）土壤种子库M、H、D指数随林龄的增加呈先升高后下降趋势,均在成熟林下达到最大值,与林下植物的丰富度及多样性变化相似;4种不同林龄的灌草与土壤种子库间Jaccard（C_J）、Soresen（C_S）相似性系数表现为：15 a>30 a>50 a>9 a。综上所述,中龄林（15 a）的林下植物较为丰富,能够维持林下植物多样性。

关键词: 马尾松人工林, 林龄, 土壤种子库, 物种组成, α多样性

Abstract:

The diversity of understory plants is important for the sustainable management of Pinus massoniana plantation. Forest age, as an important structure-factor of the forest, reflects the resistance, integrity and succession of the forest community. Seeds in the forest soil are closely related to the above-ground vegetation. Understanding the understory vegetation is important for restoring plant diversity, improving vegetation structure, and maintaining ecosystem stability of the P. massoniana plantation. Through a combination of typical plot surveys and germination experiments, P. massoniana plantations of four different ages in Shilong Forest Farm of Taizishan, Hubei Province were used as the research objects. The four age-class plantations used in the study were young forests (9 a), middle-aged forests (15 a), mature forest (30 a), and over mature forest (50 a). For the better management of the multi-purpose and sustainable development of P. massoniana plantation, we compared and analyzed the species diversity of its understory vegetation and soil seed bank. The results showed that: (1) There were 69 species of undergrowth herbs and shrubs belonging to 61 genera and 42 families in the four age-classes of the plantation; Photophilous plants dominated in the young forest, while shade-tolerant plants dominated forests of the other three classes; (2) The Margalef (M) index of herbage, shrub and total shrub (herbage and shrub) showed similar trend between the four age-classes. As the forest age increased, M index first increased, then decreased, and finally slightly increased. The M value of the middle-aged forest was the highest; (3) The Shannon Wiener (H), Simpson (D), pieolou (J_SW) and Alatalo (A) indexes of herbage, shrub and total shrub showed different extent of variation but similar trend between different age-classes: increased first and then decreased; The H, D, J_SW and A for herbage and for the total shrub were the highest in the middle-aged forest, indicating diversity of understory plants was the highest in the middle-aged forest; The H, D, J_SW and A for the young forest were the lowest, and were significantly lower than that of the other age-class forests (P<0.05); For the shrub layer, J_SW and A evenness indexes showed similar trend across the four age-classes: Highest in the mature forest, lowest in the over mature forest, but the differences between the age-classes were not statistically significant (P>0.05); (4) The M, H and D indexes of soil seed bank first increased and then decreased as forest age increased, and reached the maximum in mature forest. This trend was similar to that of the plant richness and diversity of understory vegetation. The Jaccard (C_J) and Soresen (C_S) similarity coefficients between the total shrub layer and the soil seed bank of the four age-classes were as follows: 15 a>30 a>50 a>9 a. In summary, the understory plants of middle-aged forest (15 a) are relatively rich, which can maintain the diversity of understory plants of the P. massoniana plantation.

Key words: Pinus massoniana plantation, forest ages, soil seed banks, species composition, α diversity

中图分类号:

S718.5
X176

张洋洋, 周清慧, 许骄阳, 魏鸣, 陈继豪, 何伟, 王鹏程, 晏召贵. 林龄对马尾松人工林林下植物与土壤种子库多样性的影响[J]. 生态环境学报, 2021, 30(11): 2121-2129.

ZHANG Yangyang, ZHOU Qinghui, XU Jiaoyang, WEI Ming, CHEN Jihao, HE Wei, WANG Pengcheng, YAN Zhaogui. Effects of Forest Ages on the Diversity of Understory Plants and Soil Seed Bank of Pinus massoniana Plantations[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2021, 30(11): 2121-2129.

图/表 7

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林龄 Forest ages/a	坡向 Aspect	坡度 Slope/(°)	平均胸径 Average DBH/cm	平均树高 Mean height/m	林分密度 Stand density/(ind∙hm^-2）	海拔 Altitude/m	郁闭度 Canopy density
9	北 North	4	12.10±3.05	8.05±2.22	2344	110	0.91
15	北 North	6	24.30±2.78	12.47±1.83	2100	110	0.90
30	东北 Northeast	5	25.80±3.13	16.76±1.74	2474	110	0.81
50	北 North	8	26.40±3.54	18.95±2.06	2640	110	0.78

林龄 Forest ages/a	坡向 Aspect	坡度 Slope/(°)	平均胸径 Average DBH/cm	平均树高 Mean height/m	林分密度 Stand density/(ind∙hm^-2）	海拔 Altitude/m	郁闭度 Canopy density
9	北 North	4	12.10±3.05	8.05±2.22	2344	110	0.91
15	北 North	6	24.30±2.78	12.47±1.83	2100	110	0.90
30	东北 Northeast	5	25.80±3.13	16.76±1.74	2474	110	0.81
50	北 North	8	26.40±3.54	18.95±2.06	2640	110	0.78

林龄 Forest ages/a	灌木层 Shrub layer	草本层 Herb layer
9	算盘子 (Glochidion puberum)、荚蒾 (Viburnum dilatatum)、牡荆 (Vitex negundo var. cannabifolia)、凤尾蕨 (Pteris cretica L. var. nervosa)、鹿藿 (Rhynchosia volubilis)、鸡矢藤、野蔷薇、菝葜、地锦、山鸡椒	海金沙 (Lygodium japonicum)、三脉紫菀 (Aster trinervius subsp. ageratoides)、薹草、茜草、马兜铃、酢浆草
15	小果蔷薇 (Rosa cymosa)、金樱子 (Rosa laevigata)、蛇葡萄 (Ampelopsis glandulosa)、山胡椒 (Lindera glauca)、凤尾蕨 (Pteris cretica L. var. nervosa)、胡枝子 (Lespedeza bicolor)、白马骨 (Serissa serissoides)、兰香草 (Caryopteris incana)、火棘 (Pyracantha fortuneana)、勾儿茶 (Berchemia sinica)、海金沙 (Lygodium japonicum)、野蔷薇、菝葜、算盘子、地锦、鸡矢藤、山鸡椒	求米草 (Oplismenus undulatifolius)、白茅 (Imperata cylindrica)、野燕麦 (Avena fatua)、小蓬草 (Erigeron canadensis)、翻白草 (Potentilla discolor)、地榆 (Sanguisorba officinalis)、三脉紫菀、马兜铃、薹草
30	山莓 (Rubus corchorifolius)、盐肤木 (Rhus chinensis)、茅莓 (Rubus parvifolius)、胡颓子 (Elaeagnus pungens)、野鸦椿 (Euscaphis japonica)、野蔷薇、蛇葡萄、菝葜、鸡矢藤、白马骨、地锦、山胡椒、牡荆、	土丁桂 (Evolvulus alsinoides)、龙葵 (Solanum nigrum)、桔梗 (Platycodon grandiflorus)、野燕麦、薹草、求米草、三脉紫菀、地榆、白茅、酢浆草、马兜铃、小蓬草
50	高粱泡 (Rubus lambertianus)、卫矛 (Euonymus alatus)、木通 (Akebia quinata)、苎麻 (Boehmeria nivea)、野蔷薇、蛇葡萄、菝葜、茅莓、牡荆、山鸡椒、地锦、荚蒾	天门冬 (Asparagus cochinchinensis)、紫花地丁 (Viola philippica)、薹草、求米草、马兜铃、三脉紫菀

林龄 Forest ages/a	灌木层 Shrub layer	草本层 Herb layer
9	算盘子 (Glochidion puberum)、荚蒾 (Viburnum dilatatum)、牡荆 (Vitex negundo var. cannabifolia)、凤尾蕨 (Pteris cretica L. var. nervosa)、鹿藿 (Rhynchosia volubilis)、鸡矢藤、野蔷薇、菝葜、地锦、山鸡椒	海金沙 (Lygodium japonicum)、三脉紫菀 (Aster trinervius subsp. ageratoides)、薹草、茜草、马兜铃、酢浆草
15	小果蔷薇 (Rosa cymosa)、金樱子 (Rosa laevigata)、蛇葡萄 (Ampelopsis glandulosa)、山胡椒 (Lindera glauca)、凤尾蕨 (Pteris cretica L. var. nervosa)、胡枝子 (Lespedeza bicolor)、白马骨 (Serissa serissoides)、兰香草 (Caryopteris incana)、火棘 (Pyracantha fortuneana)、勾儿茶 (Berchemia sinica)、海金沙 (Lygodium japonicum)、野蔷薇、菝葜、算盘子、地锦、鸡矢藤、山鸡椒	求米草 (Oplismenus undulatifolius)、白茅 (Imperata cylindrica)、野燕麦 (Avena fatua)、小蓬草 (Erigeron canadensis)、翻白草 (Potentilla discolor)、地榆 (Sanguisorba officinalis)、三脉紫菀、马兜铃、薹草
30	山莓 (Rubus corchorifolius)、盐肤木 (Rhus chinensis)、茅莓 (Rubus parvifolius)、胡颓子 (Elaeagnus pungens)、野鸦椿 (Euscaphis japonica)、野蔷薇、蛇葡萄、菝葜、鸡矢藤、白马骨、地锦、山胡椒、牡荆、	土丁桂 (Evolvulus alsinoides)、龙葵 (Solanum nigrum)、桔梗 (Platycodon grandiflorus)、野燕麦、薹草、求米草、三脉紫菀、地榆、白茅、酢浆草、马兜铃、小蓬草
50	高粱泡 (Rubus lambertianus)、卫矛 (Euonymus alatus)、木通 (Akebia quinata)、苎麻 (Boehmeria nivea)、野蔷薇、蛇葡萄、菝葜、茅莓、牡荆、山鸡椒、地锦、荚蒾	天门冬 (Asparagus cochinchinensis)、紫花地丁 (Viola philippica)、薹草、求米草、马兜铃、三脉紫菀

林龄 Forest ages/a	Margalef指数 M	Shannon-Wiener指数 H	Simpson指数 D	Pielou指数 J_sw	Alatalo指数 A
9	2.244±0.24B	2.114±0.16B	0.673±0.08B	0.372±0.04C	0.426±0.10B
15	3.672±0.31AB	2.412±0.13AB	0.718±0.11B	0.650±0.09A	0.583±0.11A
30	3.751±0.33A	2.713±0.22A	0.786±0.15A	0.445±0.12B	0.502±0.15A
50	2.633±0.19B	1.829±0.11C	0.601±0.09B	0.256±0.06C	0.323±0.13B

林龄对马尾松人工林林下植物与土壤种子库多样性的影响

Effects of Forest Ages on the Diversity of Understory Plants and Soil Seed Bank of Pinus massoniana Plantations

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林龄 Forest ages/a	共有物种数 Number of common species	Jaccard相似性系数 C_J	Sorensen相似性系数 C_S
9	8	0.14±0.02	0.26±0.06
15	12	0.29±0.05	0.31±0.08
30	11	0.26±0.04	0.29±0.02
50	9	0.23±0.03	0.27±0.04

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