青藏高原黄河源区高寒草地土壤营养特征变化及质量评价

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.05.005

生态环境学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (5): 896-908.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.05.005

青藏高原黄河源区高寒草地土壤营养特征变化及质量评价

杨冲¹^,²(), 王春燕⁴, 王文颖¹^,^*(), 毛旭峰², 周华坤³, 陈哲¹, 索南吉¹, 靳磊¹, 马华清¹

1.青海师范大学地理科学学院,青海西宁 810008
2.青海师范大学生命科学学院,青海西宁 810008
3.中国科学院西北高原生物研究所旱区恢复生态学省级重点实验室,青海西宁 810008
4.兰州大学学报（医学版）编辑部,甘肃兰州 730000

收稿日期:2021-11-18 出版日期:2022-05-18 发布日期:2022-07-12
通讯作者: * 王文颖,女,教授,博士,主要研究方向为青藏高原环境与生态。E-mail: wangwy0106@163.com
作者简介:杨冲（1983年生）,男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为青藏高原生态环境保护。E-mail: vvvonion@163.com
基金资助:
第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究项目(2019QZKK0302);青海省2021年度第一批中央引导地方科技发展专项基金项目(2021ZY002);三江源国家公园联合基金项目(LHZX-2020-08);2021年第一批林业草原生态保护恢复资金自然资源监测项目

Soil Nutrient Characteristics and Quality Evaluation of Alpine Grassland in the Source Area of the Yellow River on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau

YANG Chong¹^,²(), WANG Chunyan⁴, WANG Wenying¹^,^*(), MAO Xufeng², ZHOU Huakun³, CHEN Zhe¹, SUONANJi ¹, JIN Lei¹, MA Huaqing¹

1. College of Geography Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, P. R. China
2. College of Life Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, P. R. China
3. Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, P. R. China
4. Editorial Department of Journal of Lanzhou University (Medical Sciences), Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China

Received:2021-11-18 Online:2022-05-18 Published:2022-07-12

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以黄河源区高寒草甸、高寒草原和沼泽草甸生态系统为研究对象,分析草地退化和人工植被恢复措施对土壤营养特征的影响程度,评价黄河源区高寒草地土壤质量的基本状况,以期为黄河源区高寒草地的管理和利用提供理论依据。结果表明,（1）高寒草原植被退化显著降低了土壤含水量（P<0.05）,对土壤碳氮磷钾含量、土壤容重和土壤pH值均没有产生显著影响（P>0.05）;高寒草甸植被退化显著降低了土壤全碳、有机碳、全氮、可溶性有机氮、铵态氮、全磷、速效磷含量和土壤含水量（P<0.05）,显著增加了容重、pH和土壤硝态氮含量（P<0.05）,对土壤全钾和速效钾没有显著影响（P>0.05）。（2）在退化的高寒草原上恢复植被,可显著增加土壤有机碳、全氮、可溶性有机氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、速效钾含量和土壤含水量（P<0.05）,对土壤容重、pH、全碳、全磷、全钾和速效磷含量没有产生显著影响（P>0.05）;在退化高寒草甸上恢复植被,可显著提升土壤含水量、可溶性有机氮、铵态氮、全钾和速效钾含量（P<0.05）,对土壤全碳、有机碳、全氮、硝态氮、全磷、速效磷没有显著影响（P>0.05）。（3）在0—20 cm土层,土壤质量综合评价结果为：沼泽草甸>高寒草甸>人工草地 (5 a)>人工草地 (15 a)>退化高寒草甸>人工草地 (4 a)>高寒草原>退化高寒草原。综上,不同类型高寒草地生态系统土壤营养特征差异极大,高寒草甸的退化对土壤营养特征影响显著,植被恢复措施提高了退化草地的土壤质量。

关键词: 青藏高原, 黄河源区, 高寒草地, 土壤理化性质, 质量评价

Abstract:

Taking the alpine meadow, alpine steppe and swamp meadow ecosystems in the source area of the Yellow River on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as the research objects, this paper tested the impacts of grassland degradation and artificial vegetation restoration on soil nutrient characteristics. The soil quality was evaluated to provide a theoretical basis for the management and utilization of alpine grassland in the source area of the Yellow River. Some interesting and innovative findings were obtained. (i) Vegetation degradation in alpine steppe significantly reduced soil water content, while no obvious effect on soil carbon content, nitrogen content, phosphorus content, potassium content, bulk density and pH were observed. The degradation of alpine meadow vegetation significantly decreased soil total carbon, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, soluble organic nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus and soil water content, but significantly increased soil nitrate nitrogen, bulk density and pH. Vegetation degradation in alpine meadow had no significant effect on soil total potassium and available potassium. (ii) Vegetation restoration in degraded alpine steppe can significantly increase soil total organic carbon, total nitrogen, soluble organic nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, available potassium and soil water content. Vegetation restoration in degraded alpine steppe had no significant effect on soil bulk density, pH, total carbon, total phosphorus, total potassium and available phosphorus. After vegetation restoration of degraded alpine meadow, the contents of soil water content, soluble organic nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, total potassium and available potassium could be significantly increased. Vegetation restoration on degraded alpine meadow showed little no effect on soil total carbon, organic carbon, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus and available phosphorus. (iii) In 0-20 cm depth soil layer, the comprehensive evaluation results of soil quality are as follows: swamp meadow> alpine meadow > artificial grassland (5 years old)>artificial grassland (15 years old)>degraded alpine meadow>artificial grassland (4 years old)>alpine grassland>degraded alpine grassland. In conclusion, soil nutrient showed different characteristics among different types of alpine grassland ecosystems. The degradation of alpine meadow has a significant impact on soil nutritional characteristics. Vegetation restoration improved the soil quality of degraded grassland.

Key words: Qinghai Tibet Plateau, source area of the Yellow River, alpine grassland, physical and chemical properties of soil, quality evaluation

中图分类号:

S153
X144

杨冲, 王春燕, 王文颖, 毛旭峰, 周华坤, 陈哲, 索南吉, 靳磊, 马华清. 青藏高原黄河源区高寒草地土壤营养特征变化及质量评价[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022, 31(5): 896-908.

YANG Chong, WANG Chunyan, WANG Wenying, MAO Xufeng, ZHOU Huakun, CHEN Zhe, SUONANJi , JIN Lei, MA Huaqing. Soil Nutrient Characteristics and Quality Evaluation of Alpine Grassland in the Source Area of the Yellow River on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2022, 31(5): 896-908.

图/表 8

图1 研究区示意图

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the study area

图2 不同类型高寒草地土壤理化性质特征 A为高寒草原;B为高寒草甸;C为沼泽草甸。SOC为有机碳;TC为全碳;SON为可溶性有机氮;NH4+-N为铵氮;NO3--N为硝氮;TN为全氮;AP为速效磷; TP为全磷; AK为速效钾;TK为全钾;小写字母不同代表不同处理之间差异显著（P<0.05）;下同

Figure 2 Characteristics of soil physical and chemical properties in different types of alpine grassland A is alpine steppe; B is alpine meadow. C is swamp meadow. SOC is organic carbon; TC is total carbon. SON is soluble organic nitrogen; NH4+-N is ammonia nitrogen. NO3--N is nitrate nitrogen. TN is total nitrogen; AP is available phosphorus. TP is total phosphorus. AK is available potassium. TK is total potassium. Different lowercase letters represent significant differences between different treatments (P<0.05). The same below

图3 原生和退化高寒草原土壤理化性质特征 A为高寒草原;B为退化高寒草原

Figure 3 Physical and chemical properties of soil in native and degraded alpine grassland A is alpine steppe. B is degraded alpine grassland

图4 原生和退化高寒草甸土壤理化性质特征 A为高寒草甸;B为退化高寒草甸

Figure 4 Physical and chemical properties of native and degraded alpine meadow soil A is alpine meadow. B is degraded alpine meadow

图5 退化高寒草原建植人工草地对土壤质量的影响 A为退化高寒草原;B为人工草地（4 a）

Figure 5 Effects of artificial vegetation on soil quality in degraded alpine steppe A is degraded alpine steppe. B is artificial grassland (4 years old)

图6 退化高寒草甸建植人工草地对土壤质量的影响 A为退化高寒草甸;B为人工草地（5 a）;C为人工草地（15 a）

Figure 6 Effects of artificial vegetation on soil quality in degraded alpine meadow A is degraded alpine meadow. B is artificial grassland (5 years old). C is artificial grassland (15 years old)

表2 方差分解主成分提取分析

Table 2 Extraction analysis of principal components by variance decomposition

成份 Principal component	初始特征值 Initial eigenvalue			提取平方和载入 Extract sums of squared loadings
成份 Principal component	合计 Total	方差百分比 Percentage of variance/%	累积 Accumulate/%	合计 Total	方差百分比 Percentage of variance/%	累积 Accumulate/%
1	10.414	80.105	80.105	10.414	80.105	80.105
2	1.780	13.690	93.795	1.780	13.690	93.795
3	0.575	4.424	98.220
4	0.106	0.813	99.032
5	0.071	0.549	99.581
6	0.049	0.380	99.961
7	0.005	0.039	100.000
8	5.044×10^-16	3.880×10^-15	100.000
9	1.717×10^-16	1.320×10^-15	100.000
10	1.553×10^-16	1.195×10^-15	100.000
11	-1.150×10^-16	-8.847×10^-16	100.000
12	-2.184×10^-16	-1.680×10^-15	100.000
13	-4.145×10^-16	-3.188×10^-15	100.000

表3 不同高寒草地土壤理化成分综合得分及排序

Table 3 Scores and ranking of principal components

草地类型 Grassland types	因子1得分 Factor 1 score	因子2得分 Factor 2 score	主成分1得分 Principal component 1 score	主成分2得分 Principal component 2 score	综合得分 Comprehensive score	排序 Ranking
高寒草原 Native alpine steppe	-0.70772	-1.16499	-2.28381	-1.5541	-2.08845	7
高寒草甸 Native alpine meadow	0.92728	-0.04611	2.99233	-0.06151	2.73636	2
沼泽草甸 Swamp meadow	2.09982	-0.38872	6.77612	-0.51855	6.19646	1
退化高寒草原 Degraded alpine steppe	-0.74861	-1.51653	-2.41576	-2.02305	-2.20911	8
退化高寒草甸 Degraded alpine meadow	-0.40689	0.16214	-1.31303	0.21629	-1.20071	5
退化高寒草原建植人工草地（4 a） Artificial grassland (4 years) in degraded alpine steppe	-0.57132	0.57405	-1.84365	0.76578	-1.68594	6
退化高寒草甸建植人工草地（5 a） Artificial grassland (5 years) in degraded alpine meadow	-0.26386	1.16494	-0.85148	1.55403	-0.77864	3
退化高寒草甸建植人工草地（15 a） Artificial grassland (15 years) in degraded alpine meadow	-0.3287	1.21523	-1.06071	1.62112	-0.96998	4

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青藏高原黄河源区高寒草地土壤营养特征变化及质量评价

Soil Nutrient Characteristics and Quality Evaluation of Alpine Grassland in the Source Area of the Yellow River on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau

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