额尔齐斯河流域典型尾矿库区周边土壤重金属污染评价

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.05.017

生态环境学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (5): 1015-1023.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.05.017

额尔齐斯河流域典型尾矿库区周边土壤重金属污染评价

施建飞¹^,²(), 靳正忠², 周智彬²^,^*(), 王鑫¹^,²

1.中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所/国家荒漠-绿洲生态建设工程技术研究中心，新疆乌鲁木齐 830054
2.中国科学院大学，北京 100049

收稿日期:2021-12-21 出版日期:2022-05-18 发布日期:2022-07-12
通讯作者: * 周智彬,E-mail: zhouzb2008@yahoo.com.cn
作者简介:施建飞（1998年生）,男,硕士研究生,主要从事土壤重金属污染评价及修复研究。E-mail: shijianfei201@mails.ucas.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC1802903)

Evaluation of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Soil Around A Typical Tailing Reservoir in Irtysh River Basin

SHI Jianfei¹^,²(), JIN Zhengzhong², ZHOU Zhibin²^,^*(), WANG Xin¹^,²

1. Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Science/National Desert-Oasis Ecology Construction Engineering Technology Research Center, Urumqi 830054, P. R. China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, P. R. China

Received:2021-12-21 Online:2022-05-18 Published:2022-07-12

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了解额尔齐斯河流域典型尾矿库区周边土壤中8种重金属元素（Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Mn、As）的富集特征,采用调查分析方法,以额尔齐斯河流域土壤背景值和国家土壤环境Ⅱ级标准作为参比值,利用单因子污染指数（Contamination Factor,CF）、污染负荷指数（Pollution Load Index,PLI）、潜在生态风险指数（Potential Ecological Risk Index,RI）和生态风险预警指数（Ecological Risk Warning Index,I_ER）对尾矿库区周边土壤重金属污染程度以及生态风险进行评价,旨在保护尾矿库区周边土壤环境安全,为土壤环境污染治理提供科学依据。结果表明,（1）尾矿库区周边土壤中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Mn和As的含量平均值分别超出该区域土壤背景值的7.53、36.08、31.45、0.68、35.32、1.76、0.76和0.65倍。其中,Cd、Ni、Cu和Cr属于重度污染,Pb、Mn、Zn和As属于轻度污染。（2）尾矿库区周边土壤中重金属元素Ni、Cu和Zn主要来自于尾矿库区,Cr、Cd和Pb与交通运输以及矿业生产活动有关,As和Mn主要受土壤地球化学作用的控制。（3）以额尔齐斯河流域土壤背景作为参比值,研究区土壤PLI平均值为4.04,呈现重度污染,土壤RI平均值为1511.40,呈现很强生态风险态势;土壤I_ER平均值为115.02,属于重度预警水平。（4）基于国家土壤环境Ⅱ级标准,研究区内调查样点处于强度生态风险和很强生态风险的占比分别为18.52%、81.48%,处于重度预警水平的样点占比为100%。因此,从污染程度和恢复时间的角度来看,尾矿堆存都造成了巨大的环境足迹,急需针对尾矿库周边的土壤重金属污染采取修复措施。

关键词: 土壤, 重金属, 污染评价, 铜镍矿, 尾矿库, 源解析, 生态风险评价

Abstract:

This study investigated the rich characteristics of eight heavy metal elements (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Mn, As) in the soil surrounding the typical tailings reservoir of the Irtysh River Basin. The soil background value of the Irtysh River Basin and the national soil environment standard (GradeⅡ) were used as reference values. To provide scientific basis for controlling the soil environmental pollution surrounding the tailings reservoir, the level of heavy metal pollution in the soil around the tailings reservoir and ecological risks were evaluated by the contamination factor (CF), the pollution load index (PLI), the potential ecological risk index (RI), and the ecological risk warning index (IER). The main results showed that (1) the average contents of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Mn and As in the soil around the tailings reservoir exceeded the soil background by 7.53, 36.08, 31.45, 0.68, 35.32, 1.76, 0.76 and 0.65 times, respectively. Among them, Cd, Ni, Cu and Cr belonged to high pollution, and Pb, Mn, Zn and As belonged to light pollution. (2) The heavy metal elements of Ni, Cu and Zn in the soil around the tailings reservoir area mainly came from the tailings reservoir area. Cr, Cd and Pb were related to transportation and mining production activities. As and Mn were mainly controlled by soil geochemistry. (3) Taking the soil background of the Irtysh River basin as the reference value, the average soil PLI in the study area was 4.04, showing high pollution; the average soil RI was 1511.40, showing strong ecological risks; and the average soil I_ER was 115.02, a severe warning level. (4) Based on the national soil environment standard (GradeⅡ), the proportions of survey sites in the study area that were of high ecological risks and serious ecological risks were 18.52% and 81.48%, respectively, and the proportion of the sites at the severe warning level was 100%. Therefore, based on the pollution degree and recovery time, tailings stockpiling had caused a huge environmental threat, so it is urgent to take remediation measures to control the soil heavy metal pollution around the tailings pond.

Key words: soil, heavy metals, pollution evaluation, copper-nickel mine, mine tailings pond, source analysis, ecological risk assessment

中图分类号:

施建飞, 靳正忠, 周智彬, 王鑫. 额尔齐斯河流域典型尾矿库区周边土壤重金属污染评价[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022, 31(5): 1015-1023.

SHI Jianfei, JIN Zhengzhong, ZHOU Zhibin, WANG Xin. Evaluation of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Soil Around A Typical Tailing Reservoir in Irtysh River Basin[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2022, 31(5): 1015-1023.

图/表 8

参考文献 41

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项目Item	重金属 Heavy metal
项目Item	w_(Cr)/(mg∙kg^-1)	w_(Ni)/(mg∙kg^-1)	w_(Cu)/(mg∙kg^-1)	w_(Zn)/(mg∙kg^-1)	w_(Cd)/(mg∙kg^-1)	w_(Pb)/(mg∙kg^-1)	w_(Mn)/(mg∙kg^-1)	w_(As)/(mg∙kg^-1)
平均值 Mean	593.8	1358.3	1139.1	120.7	6.9	47.74	1609.0	14.6
最小值 Minimum	238.7	395.4	248.3	94.8	3.6	18.5	1050.0	5.7
最大值 Maximum	1260.1	6523.5	5424.5	181.9	15.6	99.3	2893.0	35.4
变异系数 Coefficient of variance/%	45.45	97.17	112.71	15.66	47.83	52.79	21.45	43.84
流域土壤背景值 Watershed soil background value	69.64	36.63	35.10	71.75	0.19	17.27	913.31	8.84
国家土壤环境Ⅱ级标准 National soil environment quality standard (GradeⅡ) (pH<6.5)	150	40	50	200	0.3	250	—	40

项目Item	重金属 Heavy metal
项目Item	w_(Cr)/(mg∙kg^-1)	w_(Ni)/(mg∙kg^-1)	w_(Cu)/(mg∙kg^-1)	w_(Zn)/(mg∙kg^-1)	w_(Cd)/(mg∙kg^-1)	w_(Pb)/(mg∙kg^-1)	w_(Mn)/(mg∙kg^-1)	w_(As)/(mg∙kg^-1)
平均值 Mean	593.8	1358.3	1139.1	120.7	6.9	47.74	1609.0	14.6
最小值 Minimum	238.7	395.4	248.3	94.8	3.6	18.5	1050.0	5.7
最大值 Maximum	1260.1	6523.5	5424.5	181.9	15.6	99.3	2893.0	35.4
变异系数 Coefficient of variance/%	45.45	97.17	112.71	15.66	47.83	52.79	21.45	43.84
流域土壤背景值 Watershed soil background value	69.64	36.63	35.10	71.75	0.19	17.27	913.31	8.84
国家土壤环境Ⅱ级标准 National soil environment quality standard (GradeⅡ) (pH<6.5)	150	40	50	200	0.3	250	—	40

项目 Item	Cr	Ni	Cu	Zn	Cd	Pb	Mn
Ni	0.25
Cu	0.36	0.86^**
Zn	0.16	0.67^**	0.72^**
Cd	0.81^**	0.30	0.42^*	0.34
Pb	0.78^**	0.55^*	0.71^**	0.42^*	0.82^**
Mn	-0.38^*	0.05	-0.15	-0.04	-0.21	-0.23
As	-0.11	0.02	-0.19	-0.31	-0.15	-0.13	0.35

项目 Item	Cr	Ni	Cu	Zn	Cd	Pb	Mn
Ni	0.25
Cu	0.36	0.86^**
Zn	0.16	0.67^**	0.72^**
Cd	0.81^**	0.30	0.42^*	0.34
Pb	0.78^**	0.55^*	0.71^**	0.42^*	0.82^**
Mn	-0.38^*	0.05	-0.15	-0.04	-0.21	-0.23
As	-0.11	0.02	-0.19	-0.31	-0.15	-0.13	0.35

主成分 Principal Component	Cr	Mn	Ni	Cu	Zn	As	Cd	Pb	特征值 Eigenvalues	累积方差贡献率 Cumulative variance contribution rate/%
PC₁	0.08	0.12	0.90	0.89	0.87	-0.19	0.21	0.45	2.66	33
PC₂	0.93	-0.34	0.21	0.32	0.08	0.05	0.88	0.85	2.63	66
PC₃	-0.15	0.73	0.16	-0.09	-0.20	0.87	-0.09	-0.06	1.40	84

额尔齐斯河流域典型尾矿库区周边土壤重金属污染评价

Evaluation of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Soil Around A Typical Tailing Reservoir in Irtysh River Basin

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污染级别 Pollution level	单因子污染指数 Contamination factor								污染负荷指数 Pollution load index
污染级别 Pollution level	Cr	Ni	Cu	Zn	Cd	Pb	Mn	As
无污染 No pollution	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	14.81	0
轻度污染 Light pollution	0	0	0	100	0	62.96	96.30	81.48	0
中度污染 Moderate pollution	33.33	0	0	0	0	37.04	3.70	3.71	0
重度污染 High pollution	66.67	100	100	0	100	0	0	0	100

生态风险级别 Potential ecological risks	Cr	Ni	Cu	Zn	Cd	Pb	Mn	As
轻微生态风险 Light ecological risk	100	0	7.41	100	0	100	100	96.30
中等生态风险 Moderate ecological risk	0	25.93	33.33	0	0	0	0	3.70
较强生态风险 Highly ecological risk	0	33.33	33.33	0	0	0	0	0
很强生态风险 High ecological risk	0	25.93	18.52	0	0	0	0	0
极强生态风险 Serious ecological risk	0	14.81	7.41	0	100	0	0	0

生态风险级别 Potential ecological risks	Cr	Ni	Cu	Zn	Cd	Pb	As
轻微生态风险 Light ecological risk	100	0	18.52	100	0	100	100
中等生态风险 Moderate ecological risk	0	25.93	33.33	0	0	0	0
较强生态风险 Highly ecological risk	0	37.03	25.93	0	0	0	0
很强生态风险 High ecological risk	0	25.93	14.81	0	0	0	0
极强生态风险 Serious ecological risk	0	11.11	7.41	0	100	0	0

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