全(多)氟烷基化合物生态风险及其管控政策研究

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2024.06.015

生态环境学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (6): 980-996.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2024.06.015

• 综述 • 上一篇

全(多)氟烷基化合物生态风险及其管控政策研究

李程¹(), 程志鹏², 刘育金¹, 姚义鸣², 李春雷¹^,^*()

1.中国人民公安大学犯罪学学院/食品药品与环境犯罪研究中心，北京 100038
2.南开大学环境科学与工程学院/环境污染过程与基准教育部重点实验室，天津 300071

收稿日期:2023-11-29 出版日期:2024-06-18 发布日期:2024-07-30
通讯作者: * 李春雷。E-mail: ipr426@126.com
作者简介:李程（1997年生），男，博士研究生，主要研究方向为生态安全、环境犯罪、新污染物检测、新污染物管理。E-mail: lichengppsuc@126.com
基金资助:
中国人民公安大学拔尖创新人才培养经费支持研究生科研创新重点项目(2024yjsky003);“十三五”国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC1602700);最高人民检察院检察理论2021年度部级项目(GJ2021D15)

Research on Ecological Risks and Its Control Policies of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances

LI Cheng¹(), CHENG Zhipeng², LIU Yujin¹, YAO Yiming², LI Chunlei¹^,^*()

1. College of Criminology, People’s Public Security University of China, Beijing 100038, P. R. China
2. MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China

Received:2023-11-29 Online:2024-06-18 Published:2024-07-30

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

全（多）氟烷基化合物（Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances，PFASs）作为一类典型的持久性有机污染物，在环境及生物介质中广泛存在，其潜在的毒性严重威胁着生态安全，因而近年来备受关注，已成为需要重点管控的新污染物。为完善中国PFAS管控体系，及时应对PFAS环境危害事件，维护国家的生态安全，以新安全格局保障新发展格局，首先论述了PFASs的种类、化合物特性，结合国内外的研究综述了PFAS在工业区、非工业区和两极地区大气、地表水、自来水、饮用水、场地土和农田土等环境介质中的污染现状以及在人体组织、哺乳动物等生物介质中的存在情况，并利用风险商值法（risk quotients，RQs），依据国内部分地区水环境与土壤环境中PFASs的污染现状对其进行生态风险评估。评估发现部分水域以及氟化工业园区周边环境中PFASs的生态风险较高，这给国家的生态安全带来巨大威胁；其次，综合文献总结了PFASs毒性，它主要体现为神经毒性、免疫毒性、生殖毒性、肝肾毒性、肺毒性和内分泌干扰等，毒性机制包括细胞钙稳态变化、细胞信号通路调节以及PFASs与核受体相互作用等；最后总结了近年来美国、欧盟和日本管控PFASs的政策以及部分政策的实施效果，分析其政策制定与实施的经验，并与中国现有政策进行对比，从科技、经济和政策等三方面分析PFASs管控与治理机制，为今后对关于PFASs等新污染物治理的研究提供了意见与建议。总体上，该文梳理了PFASs的物质特性、相关毒性、生态风险和管控政策，强调了管控PFASs的重要性，为今后对关于PFASs等新污染物治理和管控提供新的思路和理论依据。

关键词: 新污染物, 全（多）氟烷基化合物, 生态风险, 标准, 管控政策, 影响因素

Abstract:

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a typical group of persistent organic pollutants widely distributed in environmental and biological media. Their potential toxicity poses a serious threat to the ecological and environmental safety of the country. In recent years, these chemicals have attracted significant attention and have been included on the list of emerging pollutants in China. To improve the chemical management system and promptly respond to the environmental hazards of PFASs, maintain China’s ecological security, and protect the new development pattern with a new safety system, this study summarized the types and physicochemical properties of PFASs and the pollution status of these pollutants in environmental media such as ambient air in industrial, non-industrial, and polar regions, surface water, tap water, drinking water, site soil, farmland soil, and biological media such as human tissues and mammals. In addition, a risk quotient (RQs) approach was used to assess the ecological risk of PFASs based on the pollution status of PFASs in the water and soil environments in some regions of China. A higher ecological risk from PFASs has been found in some water bodies and around industrial fluoride parks, which could pose a significant threat to the country’s ecological safety. Second, PFASs toxicity mainly manifests as neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, hepatorenal toxicity, pulmonary toxicity, and endocrine disruption. Toxicity mechanisms include imbalanced intracellular calcium homeostasis, regulation of cellular signaling pathways, and interaction with nuclear receptors. Finally, recent policy measures to control PFASs and the effects of the implementation of some measures in the United States, the European Union, and Japan were introduced, the formulation and implementation experience was summarized, and the control and governance mechanisms of PFASs were analyzed from the aspects of science and technology, economy, and politics compared with China's national conditions, leading to opinions and suggestions for future research on the control of emerging pollutants, such as PFASs. This study provides an overview of material properties, associated toxicities, ecological risks, and control measures for PFASs. It emphasizes the importance of controlling PFASs, and provides new ideas and foundations for the treatment and control of emerging pollutants such as PFASs in the future.

Key words: emerging pollutants, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, ecological risks, standards, policy, influencing factors

中图分类号:

李程, 程志鹏, 刘育金, 姚义鸣, 李春雷. 全(多)氟烷基化合物生态风险及其管控政策研究[J]. 生态环境学报, 2024, 33(6): 980-996.

LI Cheng, CHENG Zhipeng, LIU Yujin, YAO Yiming, LI Chunlei. Research on Ecological Risks and Its Control Policies of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2024, 33(6): 980-996.

图/表 12

参考文献 124

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中文名称	英文名称	英文缩写	分子式	饱和蒸汽压	溶解度/ (mg∙L⁻¹)	亨利常数	Log K_OW	Log K_OA	Log K_OC	BAF	BCF	96 h LC₅₀/ (mg∙L⁻¹)	48 h LC₅₀/ (mg∙L⁻¹)
全氟丁烷羧酸	Perfluorobutanoic acid	PFBA	C₃F₇COOH	63.7	1.37×10³	1.19×10⁻⁴	2.14	4.45	1.34	14.9	14.9	370	235
四氟-2-(七氟丙氧基)丙酸	Perfluoro-2-propoxypropanoic acid	HFPO-DA (GENX)	C₃F₇OCF(CF₃)COOH	6.91×10⁻¹	27.2	2.05×10⁴	3.36	5.44	1.92	224	223	95.2	61.3
全氟丁烷磺酰氟	Perfluorobutane sulfonyl fluoride	PBSF	C₄F₉SO₂F	168	4.69×10⁻¹	8.91×10⁻²	5.16	4.6	3.94	3.93×10³	2.71×10³	41.4	35.4
全氟丁烷磺酸	Perfluorobutane sulfonic acid	PFBS	C₄F₉SO₃H	5.18×10⁻²	344	1.44×10⁻⁵	1.82	5.05	1.93	7.32	7.32	40.1	75.9
全氟已烷羧酸	Perfluorohexanoic acid	PFHxA	C₅F₁₁COOH	1.98	27.1	3.29×10⁻³	3.48	4.35	2.08	282	280	85.6	62.5
全氟庚烷羧酸	Perfluoroheptanoic acid	PFHpA	C₆F₁₃COOH	0.128	3.65	1.73×10⁻²	4.15	4.3	2.45	1.23×10³	1.12×10³	36.9	77.8
全氟已烷磺酸	Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid	PFHxS	C₆F₁₃SO₃H	4.28×10⁻³	6.17	3.97×10⁻⁴	3.16	4.95	2.67	129	129	16.9	56.2
6:2氟调碘	6:2 Fluorotelomer iodide	6:2 FTI	C₆F₁₃CH₂CH₂I	2.9	4.13×10⁻⁴	3.06×10²	6.63	2.53	5.75	1.14×10⁵	1.1×10⁴	109	4.65
6:2氟调醇	6:2 Fluorotelomer alcohol	6:2 FTOH	C₆F₁₃CH₂CH₂OH	0.959	2.19	1.50×10⁻¹	4.41	3.75	3.02	1.61×10³	1.51×10³	49.9	30.6
6:2氟调磺酸	6:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid	6:2 FTSA	C₆F₁₃CH₂CH₂SO₃H	8.62×10⁻⁴	11	7×10⁻⁴	2.66	4.2	2.39	45.1	45.1	13.9	30.9
全氟辛烷羧酸	Perfluorooctanoic acid	PFOA	C₇F₁₅COOH	0.525	0.476	9.08×10⁻²	4.81	4.24	2.82	7.67×10³	3.75×10³	32.5	34.8
全氟庚烷磺酸	Perfluoroheptane sulfonic acid	PFHpS	C₇F₁₅SO₃H	8.99×10⁻³	0.806	2.09×10⁻³	3.82	4.89	4.20	508	511	14.7	N\A
全氟壬烷羧酸	Perfluorononanoic acid	PFNA	C₈F₁₇COOH	0.1	6.26×10⁻²	0.446	5.48	4.19	3.19	1.12×10⁵	9.13×10³	14	N\A
全氟辛烷磺酸	Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid	PFOS	C₈F₁₇SO₃H	6.4×10⁻³	0.1	1.10×10⁻²	4.49	4.84	3.41	1.9×10³	1.72×10³	18.6	N\A
8:2氟调醇	8:2 Fluorotelomer alcohol	8:2 FTOH	C₈F₁₇CH₂CH₂OH	9.72×10⁻²	6.74×10⁻²	41.4	5.75	3.35	3.60	3.97×10⁴	6.12×10³	18.4	N\A
N-乙基全氟辛烷磺酰胺	N- ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamides	N-EtFOSA	C₈F₁₇SO₂N(C₂H₅)H	4.28×10⁻⁷	8.09×10⁻⁴	53.7	6.72	2.34	4.8	6.24×10⁶	7.37×10³	10.5	N\A
全氟辛烷磺酰氟	Perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride	POSF	C₈F₁₇SO₂F	5.75	1.14×10⁻⁴	67.9	7.84	4.40	5.42	4.72×10⁶	2.32×10³	11.4	N\A
全氟辛烷磺酰胺	Perfluorooctane sulfonamide	FOSA	C₈F₁₇SO₂NH₂	0.307	8.05×10⁻⁴	18.4	5.80	3.92	4.30	6.06×10⁴	6.16×10³	16.4	N\A
全氟辛烷碘	Perfluorooctyl iodide	PFOI	C₈F₁₇I	3.22	7.07×10⁻⁵	3.81×10⁴	6.99	0.80	6.07	8.58×10⁵	3.92×10³	15.8	N\A
8:2氟调碘	8:2 Fluorotelomer iodide	8:2 FTI	C₈F₁₇CH₂CH₂I	0.58	6.73×10⁻⁶	8.44×10³	7.97	2.43	6.92	1.56×10⁶	1.12×10³	2.13	N\A
8:2氟调磺酸	8:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid	8:2 FTSA	C₈F₁₇CH₂CH₂SO₃H	4.5×10⁻⁴	0.179	1.93×10⁻²	4.00	4.10	3.14	754	741	17.2	N\A
全氟癸烷羧酸	Perfluorodecanoic acid	PFDA	C₉F₁₉COOH	2.96×10⁻²	8.04×10⁻³	25.1	6.15	4.14	3.56	1.24×10⁶	1.37×10⁴	0.369	N/A
全氟壬烷磺酸	Perfluorononane sulfonic acid	PFNS	C₉F₁₉SO₃H	4.56×10⁻³	1.33×10⁻²	5.77×10⁻²	5.16	4.79	3.78	1.21×10⁵	4.6×10³	N/A	N/A
全氟癸烷磺酸	Perfluorodecane sulfonic acid	PFDS	C₁₀F₂₁SO₃H	3.25×10⁻³	1.68×10⁻³	0.298	5.83	4.73	4.15	1.79×10⁵	8.88×10³	N/A	N/A

中文名称	英文名称	英文缩写	分子式	饱和蒸汽压	溶解度/ (mg∙L⁻¹)	亨利常数	Log K_OW	Log K_OA	Log K_OC	BAF	BCF	96 h LC₅₀/ (mg∙L⁻¹)	48 h LC₅₀/ (mg∙L⁻¹)
全氟丁烷羧酸	Perfluorobutanoic acid	PFBA	C₃F₇COOH	63.7	1.37×10³	1.19×10⁻⁴	2.14	4.45	1.34	14.9	14.9	370	235
四氟-2-(七氟丙氧基)丙酸	Perfluoro-2-propoxypropanoic acid	HFPO-DA (GENX)	C₃F₇OCF(CF₃)COOH	6.91×10⁻¹	27.2	2.05×10⁴	3.36	5.44	1.92	224	223	95.2	61.3
全氟丁烷磺酰氟	Perfluorobutane sulfonyl fluoride	PBSF	C₄F₉SO₂F	168	4.69×10⁻¹	8.91×10⁻²	5.16	4.6	3.94	3.93×10³	2.71×10³	41.4	35.4
全氟丁烷磺酸	Perfluorobutane sulfonic acid	PFBS	C₄F₉SO₃H	5.18×10⁻²	344	1.44×10⁻⁵	1.82	5.05	1.93	7.32	7.32	40.1	75.9
全氟已烷羧酸	Perfluorohexanoic acid	PFHxA	C₅F₁₁COOH	1.98	27.1	3.29×10⁻³	3.48	4.35	2.08	282	280	85.6	62.5
全氟庚烷羧酸	Perfluoroheptanoic acid	PFHpA	C₆F₁₃COOH	0.128	3.65	1.73×10⁻²	4.15	4.3	2.45	1.23×10³	1.12×10³	36.9	77.8
全氟已烷磺酸	Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid	PFHxS	C₆F₁₃SO₃H	4.28×10⁻³	6.17	3.97×10⁻⁴	3.16	4.95	2.67	129	129	16.9	56.2
6:2氟调碘	6:2 Fluorotelomer iodide	6:2 FTI	C₆F₁₃CH₂CH₂I	2.9	4.13×10⁻⁴	3.06×10²	6.63	2.53	5.75	1.14×10⁵	1.1×10⁴	109	4.65
6:2氟调醇	6:2 Fluorotelomer alcohol	6:2 FTOH	C₆F₁₃CH₂CH₂OH	0.959	2.19	1.50×10⁻¹	4.41	3.75	3.02	1.61×10³	1.51×10³	49.9	30.6
6:2氟调磺酸	6:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid	6:2 FTSA	C₆F₁₃CH₂CH₂SO₃H	8.62×10⁻⁴	11	7×10⁻⁴	2.66	4.2	2.39	45.1	45.1	13.9	30.9
全氟辛烷羧酸	Perfluorooctanoic acid	PFOA	C₇F₁₅COOH	0.525	0.476	9.08×10⁻²	4.81	4.24	2.82	7.67×10³	3.75×10³	32.5	34.8
全氟庚烷磺酸	Perfluoroheptane sulfonic acid	PFHpS	C₇F₁₅SO₃H	8.99×10⁻³	0.806	2.09×10⁻³	3.82	4.89	4.20	508	511	14.7	N\A
全氟壬烷羧酸	Perfluorononanoic acid	PFNA	C₈F₁₇COOH	0.1	6.26×10⁻²	0.446	5.48	4.19	3.19	1.12×10⁵	9.13×10³	14	N\A
全氟辛烷磺酸	Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid	PFOS	C₈F₁₇SO₃H	6.4×10⁻³	0.1	1.10×10⁻²	4.49	4.84	3.41	1.9×10³	1.72×10³	18.6	N\A
8:2氟调醇	8:2 Fluorotelomer alcohol	8:2 FTOH	C₈F₁₇CH₂CH₂OH	9.72×10⁻²	6.74×10⁻²	41.4	5.75	3.35	3.60	3.97×10⁴	6.12×10³	18.4	N\A
N-乙基全氟辛烷磺酰胺	N- ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamides	N-EtFOSA	C₈F₁₇SO₂N(C₂H₅)H	4.28×10⁻⁷	8.09×10⁻⁴	53.7	6.72	2.34	4.8	6.24×10⁶	7.37×10³	10.5	N\A
全氟辛烷磺酰氟	Perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride	POSF	C₈F₁₇SO₂F	5.75	1.14×10⁻⁴	67.9	7.84	4.40	5.42	4.72×10⁶	2.32×10³	11.4	N\A
全氟辛烷磺酰胺	Perfluorooctane sulfonamide	FOSA	C₈F₁₇SO₂NH₂	0.307	8.05×10⁻⁴	18.4	5.80	3.92	4.30	6.06×10⁴	6.16×10³	16.4	N\A
全氟辛烷碘	Perfluorooctyl iodide	PFOI	C₈F₁₇I	3.22	7.07×10⁻⁵	3.81×10⁴	6.99	0.80	6.07	8.58×10⁵	3.92×10³	15.8	N\A
8:2氟调碘	8:2 Fluorotelomer iodide	8:2 FTI	C₈F₁₇CH₂CH₂I	0.58	6.73×10⁻⁶	8.44×10³	7.97	2.43	6.92	1.56×10⁶	1.12×10³	2.13	N\A
8:2氟调磺酸	8:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid	8:2 FTSA	C₈F₁₇CH₂CH₂SO₃H	4.5×10⁻⁴	0.179	1.93×10⁻²	4.00	4.10	3.14	754	741	17.2	N\A
全氟癸烷羧酸	Perfluorodecanoic acid	PFDA	C₉F₁₉COOH	2.96×10⁻²	8.04×10⁻³	25.1	6.15	4.14	3.56	1.24×10⁶	1.37×10⁴	0.369	N/A
全氟壬烷磺酸	Perfluorononane sulfonic acid	PFNS	C₉F₁₉SO₃H	4.56×10⁻³	1.33×10⁻²	5.77×10⁻²	5.16	4.79	3.78	1.21×10⁵	4.6×10³	N/A	N/A
全氟癸烷磺酸	Perfluorodecane sulfonic acid	PFDS	C₁₀F₂₁SO₃H	3.25×10⁻³	1.68×10⁻³	0.298	5.83	4.73	4.15	1.79×10⁵	8.88×10³	N/A	N/A

年份	地区	环境介质	PFASs种类	参考文献
2016	中国阜新	工业区大气	TFA, PFPrA, PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnA, GenX, PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, 8:2 FTUCA, 6:2 FTOH, 8:2 FTOH, 10:2 FTOH, 6:2 FTI, 8:2 FTI, 10:2 FTI, N-MeFOSA, N-EtFOSA, N-MeFOSE, N-EtFOSE	Chen et al., 2018
2023	中国天津	工业区大气	14种中性型PFASs, 26种可电离型PFASs	Qiao et al., 2023
2007	美国纽约	人口聚集区大气	PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFHxS, PFOS, PFDS, PFOSA, FTOHs	Kim et al., 2007
2011	日本、印度、中国	人口聚集区大气	FTAs, FTOH, FOSAs, FOSEs	Li et al., 2019
2015	中国天津	人口聚集区大气	FTOHs, L-PFCAs, S-PFCAs, PFSAs, FOSE/As, diPAPs	Yao et al., 2018
2018	中国上海	人口聚集区大气	PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFOS	Guo et al., 2018
2019	中国成都	人口聚集区大气	PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFOS, PFDS	Fang et al., 2019
2005‒2006	北极	极端地区大气	6:2 FTOH, 8:2 FTOH, 10:2 FTOH, MeFOSE, MeFOSE/A, EtFOSE	Shoeib et al., 2007
2011‒2013	中国青藏高原	极端地区大气	8:2 FTOs, 4:2 FTOH, 6:2 FTOH, 8:2 FTOH, 10:2 FTOH, 12:2 FTOH, MeFBSA, N-MeFOSA, N-EtFOSA, N-MeFBSE, N-MeFOSE, N-EtFOSE	Wang et al., 2018
2006‒2008	美国	地表水	PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFBS, PFHxS, PFHxS, PFOS, PFOS, PFECHS, PFMeCHS	De Silva et al., 2011
2011	中国浙江	地表水	PFBS, PFHxS, PFHpS, PFOS, PFBA, PFPA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, FOSA	Lu et al., 2015
2016	中国珠江中国巢湖	地表水	PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, 4:2 Cl-PFESA, 6:2 Cl-PFESA, 8:2 Cl-PFESA, 6:2 H-PFESA, 4:2 FTSA, 6:2 FTSA, 8:2 FTSA	Pan et al., 2018
2018	美国	饮用水处理厂饮用水	PFBS, PFBA, PFDA, PFDoDA, PFHpA, PFHxS, PFHxA, PFOS, PFOA, PFPeA, PFTeDA, PFUnDA	Liu et al., 2019
2023	中国广州	饮用水处理厂饮用水	PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFBS, PFOS, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA	Wang et al., 2022
2017	中国31个省级行政区	自来水	PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFBS, PFHpA, PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA, PFDA, PFOS, PFUdA, PFDoA, PFDS, PFTrDA, PFTeDA, PFHxDA, PFODA	Li et al., 2019
2023	中国阜新中国淄博中国苏州	地下水地表水	OBS, 8:2 FTUCA, 6:2 FTUCA, 5:3 FTCA, 7:3 FTCA, 6:2 FTCA, 8:2 FTCA, FHxSA, FHSA, FOSA, 6:2 diPAP, PFECHS, HFPO-DA, 6:2 Cl-PFESA, 8:2 Cl-PFESA, N-EtFOSAA, N-MeFOSAA, 6:2 FTS, 8:2 FTS, 4:2 FTS, PFDS, PFOS, PFHpS, PFHxS, PFPeS, PFBS, PFTeDA, PFTrDA, PFDoA, PFUdA, PFDA, PFNA, PFOA, PFHpA, PFHxA, PFPeA, PFBA	Song et al., 2023
2020	中国上海	消防站、工业区、机场、垃圾填埋场和农业区土壤	PFHpA, PFHxA, PFPeA, PFBA, PFOA, PFPrA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUdA, PFDoA, PFTrDA, PFTeDA, PFHxDA, PFOdA, PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, HFPO-DA	Zhu et al., 2022
2014	中国山东	工业区土壤	PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS	Liu et al., 2017
2014	中国江苏	工业区土壤	PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFTrDA, PFTeDA, PFHxDA, PFOcDA, PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, PFDS	陈舒等, 2015
2016	中国辽宁	工业区土壤	TFA, PFPrA, PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnA, PFDoDA, PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS,8:2FTUCA	Chen et al., 2018
2014	中国山东	工业区周边农田土壤	PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS	Liu et al., 2019
2018	中国四川	工业区周边农田土壤	PFOS, PFBS, PFTeDA, PFUdA, PFDA, PFOA, PFNA, PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA	Gan et al., 2022
2020	比利时	木虱、蜗牛	PFBA, PFPeA, PFOA, PFDA, PFBS, PFOS	Groffen et al., 2023
2018	中国渤海	无脊椎动物、鱼类、海鸟和哺乳动物	6:2 Cl-PFESA	Chen et al., 2018
2012‒2013	格陵兰岛	北极熊、海豹和海豚肝脏	F-53B, PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, PFDS, FOSA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFTrDA, PFTeDA, PFPeDA	Gebbink et al., 2016
2003	北极	大型藻类、鱼类、海鸟和白鲸	PFCA, PFSA, PFOSA,GenX, PFDA, PFUnA, PFOA, PFNA	Kelly et al., 2009
2015	中国山东	鱼类、人体肝脏	C8 Cl-PFESA, C10 Cl-PFESA	Shi et al., 2016

年份	地区	环境介质	PFASs种类	参考文献
2016	中国阜新	工业区大气	TFA, PFPrA, PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnA, GenX, PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, 8:2 FTUCA, 6:2 FTOH, 8:2 FTOH, 10:2 FTOH, 6:2 FTI, 8:2 FTI, 10:2 FTI, N-MeFOSA, N-EtFOSA, N-MeFOSE, N-EtFOSE	Chen et al., 2018
2023	中国天津	工业区大气	14种中性型PFASs, 26种可电离型PFASs	Qiao et al., 2023
2007	美国纽约	人口聚集区大气	PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFHxS, PFOS, PFDS, PFOSA, FTOHs	Kim et al., 2007
2011	日本、印度、中国	人口聚集区大气	FTAs, FTOH, FOSAs, FOSEs	Li et al., 2019
2015	中国天津	人口聚集区大气	FTOHs, L-PFCAs, S-PFCAs, PFSAs, FOSE/As, diPAPs	Yao et al., 2018
2018	中国上海	人口聚集区大气	PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFOS	Guo et al., 2018
2019	中国成都	人口聚集区大气	PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFOS, PFDS	Fang et al., 2019
2005‒2006	北极	极端地区大气	6:2 FTOH, 8:2 FTOH, 10:2 FTOH, MeFOSE, MeFOSE/A, EtFOSE	Shoeib et al., 2007
2011‒2013	中国青藏高原	极端地区大气	8:2 FTOs, 4:2 FTOH, 6:2 FTOH, 8:2 FTOH, 10:2 FTOH, 12:2 FTOH, MeFBSA, N-MeFOSA, N-EtFOSA, N-MeFBSE, N-MeFOSE, N-EtFOSE	Wang et al., 2018
2006‒2008	美国	地表水	PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFBS, PFHxS, PFHxS, PFOS, PFOS, PFECHS, PFMeCHS	De Silva et al., 2011
2011	中国浙江	地表水	PFBS, PFHxS, PFHpS, PFOS, PFBA, PFPA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, FOSA	Lu et al., 2015
2016	中国珠江中国巢湖	地表水	PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, 4:2 Cl-PFESA, 6:2 Cl-PFESA, 8:2 Cl-PFESA, 6:2 H-PFESA, 4:2 FTSA, 6:2 FTSA, 8:2 FTSA	Pan et al., 2018
2018	美国	饮用水处理厂饮用水	PFBS, PFBA, PFDA, PFDoDA, PFHpA, PFHxS, PFHxA, PFOS, PFOA, PFPeA, PFTeDA, PFUnDA	Liu et al., 2019
2023	中国广州	饮用水处理厂饮用水	PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFBS, PFOS, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA	Wang et al., 2022
2017	中国31个省级行政区	自来水	PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFBS, PFHpA, PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA, PFDA, PFOS, PFUdA, PFDoA, PFDS, PFTrDA, PFTeDA, PFHxDA, PFODA	Li et al., 2019
2023	中国阜新中国淄博中国苏州	地下水地表水	OBS, 8:2 FTUCA, 6:2 FTUCA, 5:3 FTCA, 7:3 FTCA, 6:2 FTCA, 8:2 FTCA, FHxSA, FHSA, FOSA, 6:2 diPAP, PFECHS, HFPO-DA, 6:2 Cl-PFESA, 8:2 Cl-PFESA, N-EtFOSAA, N-MeFOSAA, 6:2 FTS, 8:2 FTS, 4:2 FTS, PFDS, PFOS, PFHpS, PFHxS, PFPeS, PFBS, PFTeDA, PFTrDA, PFDoA, PFUdA, PFDA, PFNA, PFOA, PFHpA, PFHxA, PFPeA, PFBA	Song et al., 2023
2020	中国上海	消防站、工业区、机场、垃圾填埋场和农业区土壤	PFHpA, PFHxA, PFPeA, PFBA, PFOA, PFPrA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUdA, PFDoA, PFTrDA, PFTeDA, PFHxDA, PFOdA, PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, HFPO-DA	Zhu et al., 2022
2014	中国山东	工业区土壤	PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS	Liu et al., 2017
2014	中国江苏	工业区土壤	PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFTrDA, PFTeDA, PFHxDA, PFOcDA, PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, PFDS	陈舒等, 2015
2016	中国辽宁	工业区土壤	TFA, PFPrA, PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnA, PFDoDA, PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS,8:2FTUCA	Chen et al., 2018
2014	中国山东	工业区周边农田土壤	PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS	Liu et al., 2019
2018	中国四川	工业区周边农田土壤	PFOS, PFBS, PFTeDA, PFUdA, PFDA, PFOA, PFNA, PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA	Gan et al., 2022
2020	比利时	木虱、蜗牛	PFBA, PFPeA, PFOA, PFDA, PFBS, PFOS	Groffen et al., 2023
2018	中国渤海	无脊椎动物、鱼类、海鸟和哺乳动物	6:2 Cl-PFESA	Chen et al., 2018
2012‒2013	格陵兰岛	北极熊、海豹和海豚肝脏	F-53B, PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, PFDS, FOSA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFTrDA, PFTeDA, PFPeDA	Gebbink et al., 2016
2003	北极	大型藻类、鱼类、海鸟和白鲸	PFCA, PFSA, PFOSA,GenX, PFDA, PFUnA, PFOA, PFNA	Kelly et al., 2009
2015	中国山东	鱼类、人体肝脏	C8 Cl-PFESA, C10 Cl-PFESA	Shi et al., 2016

水域	PFOA	PFOS	PFBA	PFNA	PFDA	PFBS	参考文献
长江	36.5	12.1	9.61	1.2	1.59	4.68	Pan et al., 2018
珠江	8.7	11	N/A	3.1	0.67	3.4	Pan et al., 2018
黄河	4.92	4.4	3.52	0.39	0.06	0.99	Pan et al., 2018
辽河	12.3	5.66	7.52	0.9	0.36	0.94	Pan et al., 2018
淮河	9.06	3.72	22.8	1.35	0.36	1.59	Pan et al., 2018
巢湖	10.5	29.7	11.7	1.65	2.02	81.5	Pan et al., 2018
太湖	44.5	15.2	12.9	5.73	5.75	4.85	Pan et al., 2018
绍兴	200	5	2.7	2.4	11	14	Lu et al., 2015
上海	182	9.7	5	2.9	2.6	12	Lu et al., 2015
阜新	705	104	4.25×10³	4	1.60	1.19×10³	Song et al., 2023
淄博	7.06×10⁵	1.84×10³	9.08×10³	1.08×10³	101	485	Song et al., 2023
苏州	2.46×10⁴	159	1.2×10³	128	81.3	70	Song et al., 2023

全(多)氟烷基化合物生态风险及其管控政策研究

Research on Ecological Risks and Its Control Policies of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances

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Metrics

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城市	工业区			城市	农业区
城市	PFOA	PFOS	参考文献	城市	PFOA	PFOS	参考文献
遂宁	13.3	117	Zhao et al., 2023	德阳	0.12	0.15	Gan et al., 2022
淄博	608	35.5	Liu et al., 2017	淄博	181	0.14	Liu et al., 2019
阜新	120	3.50	Chen et al., 2018	无锡	16.0	1.00	陈舒等, 2015
上海	96.7	8.60	钱佳浩, 2023	上海	6.03	0.7	钱佳浩, 2023
宁波	12	7.85	Tang et al., 2021	宁波	11.2	4.85	Tang et al., 2021
武汉	186	1.2×10³	高燕等, 2014	天津	0.37	1.58	Ma et al., 2022
苏州	62.5	N/A	Lu et al., 2018	苏州	3.9	N/A	Lu et al., 2018

地区/水域	大型溞 Daphnia magna						斑马鱼 Danio rerio
地区/水域	PFOA	PFOS	PFBA	PFNA	PFDA	PFBS	PFOA	PFOS	PFBA	PFNA	PFDA	PFBS
长江	7.66	9.05	0.184	0.792	0.975	0.216	36.5	121	4.37	14.3	159	10.4
珠江	1.83	8.21	0	2.05	0.411	0.157	8.7	110	0	36.9	67	7.56
黄河	1.03	3.28	6.74×10⁻³	0.257	3.68×10⁻³	4.56×10⁻³	4.92	44	1.6	4.64	6	2.2
辽河	2.58	4.23	0.144	0.594	0.221	0.0433	12.3	56.6	3.42	10.7	36	2.09
淮河	1.9	2.78	0.437	0.891	0.221	0.0733	9.06	37.2	10.3	16.1	36	3.53
巢湖	2.2	22.2	0.224	1.09	1.24	3.76	10.5	297	5.32	19.6	202	181
太湖	9.34	11.4	0.247	3.78	3.53	0.224	44.5	152	5.86	68.2	575	10.8
绍兴	41.9	3.73	0.05	1.58	6.75	0.65	200	50	1.23	28.6	1.1×10⁴	31.1
上海	38.2	7.24	0.1	1.91	1.6	0.55	182	97	2.27	34.5	260	26.7
阜新	148	77.7	81.4	2.64	0.98	54.8	705	1.04×10³	1.93×10³	47.6	160	2.64×10³
淄博	1.48×10⁶	1.37×10⁴	174	711	62	22.4	7.06×10⁵	1.84×10³	4.13×10³	1.28×10⁴	1.08×10³	1.08×10³
苏州	5.17×10⁴	119	23	84.5	49.9	3.23	2.46×10⁴	1.59×10³	545	1.52×10³	8.13×10³	156

地区/ 水域	工业区		地区/ 水域	农业区
地区/ 水域	PFOA	PFOS	地区/ 水域	PFOA	PFOS
遂宁	0.07	43.3	德阳	6.05×10⁻⁴	5.56×10⁻²
淄博	3.2	13.1	淄博	0.951	5.18×10⁻²
阜新	0.631	1.3	无锡	8.42×10⁻³	0.37
上海	0.508	3.19	上海	3.17×10⁻³	0.259
宁波	6.28×10⁻³	2.91	宁波	5.91×10⁻²	1.79
武汉	0.978	444	天津	0	0.556
苏州	0.328	0	苏州	2.05×10⁻²	0

国家	政策(年份)	PFOS	PFOA	GenX	PFBS	PFASs Group
美国	PFASs联邦清理计划地下水指南 (2019)	40^{* 1)}, 70^{** 2)}	40^, 70^*
美国	临时健康建议值 (2022)	0.02	0.004	10	2000
美国	2023最大浓度水平(MCL) (2023)	4	4
丹麦	饮用水中12种PFASs总限值 (2015)					100
瑞士	设置饮用水总值 (2017)					90
德国	公共卫生部门发布指南 (2018)	100	100			300
欧盟	食物链中PFOS和PFOA限值 (2018)	6.5	3
日本	水环境指导值 (2020)	50	50
日本	水质管理目标项目 (2020)					50
中国	GB 5749—2022生活饮用水卫生标准	40	80

地区	出台年份	名称	类别	内容
美国	2017	《国防授权法案》	法案	授权美国疾病控制与预防中心 (CDC) 和ATSDR研究PFASs对人类健康的影响, 并在 “之前和现在已知在饮用水、地下水、任何其他水源和相关暴露途径中存在PFASs污染的军事地区” 附近的社区进行暴露评估
	2018	《综合环境响应、赔偿和责任法》	法案	授权美国毒物和疾病登记署 (ATSDR) 和EPA创建一份危险物质清单, 并确定每种物质的环境健康风险
	2019	《2019 PFASs行动计划》	战略报告	概述了该机构为解决PFASs问题和保护公众健康而采取的具体措施
	2019	《PFASs联邦清理计划地下水指南》	规章	1) 以40 ng∙L⁻¹的筛查水平来确定某一地点是否存在PFOA和PFOS, 可能需要进一步关注; 2) 对于当前或潜在的饮用水源的地下水, 超过70 ng∙L⁻¹被认定为受污染地下水
	2019	《2019年PFASs行动方案》	战略报告	1) 要求环保局监管PFASs; 2) 某些PFASs指定为危险物质，这需要对其释放到环境中进行补救; 3) 要求环保局在五年内确定剩余的PFASs是否也应被指定为危险物质; 4) 要求环保局制定一项赠款计划; 5) 该法案要求环保局在两年内公布某些PFASs的人类健康用水标准
欧盟	2006	欧盟法规EC No. 1907/2006	法案	PFOS被确定为高度关注物质 (SVHC), 并被列入REACH候选清单, 对PFOA也进行了限制
	2010	欧盟法规EC No. 757/2010	法案	禁止、限制PFOS的使用、生产、进口和出口
	2014	德国与挪威合作提案	公众咨询	限制PFOA的使用、生产、进口和出口
	2017	德国与瑞典合作提案	公众咨询	PFHxS列入REACH候选名单, 同时限制PFNA等6种PFASs的制造和市场投入
	2021	欧盟法规EC No. 2021/1297	法案	增加了对PFCAs (C9—C14) 及其盐和相关化合物的使用禁令, 2023年2月25日实施
	2023	《地表水和地下水优先物质清单》	法案	加入24种PFASs
日本	2010	《化学物质审查及制造管理法》	法案	指定PFOS为I类特定化学物质, 除特定用途外, 禁止PFOS的制造和进口, 2018年PFOS被全面禁止
	2020	水质检测指标	指标	日本环保省对自来水的水质检测指标中加入了PFOS和PFOA, 并暂定限值为50 ng∙L⁻¹, PFHxS也被加入, 但未设限值
	2020	《PFOS和PFOA的应对指南》	战略报告	将PFOS和PFOA定位为保护人类健康的监测指标
	2021	《化学物质审查及制造管理法》	法案	指定PFOA为I类特定化学物质
	2022	《含PFOS和PFOA废弃物处置的注意事项》	规章	宣传对含有PFOS和PFOA废弃物采取适合环境的处理措施
	2023	《水污染控制法》	法案	列入PFOS和PFOA
中国	2014	《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》新增列9种POPs的《关于附件A、附件B和附件C修正案》	法规	禁止PFOS及其盐类和相关化合物生产、流通、使用和进出口, 特定豁免和可接受用途外的应抓紧研发替代品代替
	2016	“十三五” 生态环境保护规划	规章	提出削减淘汰PFOS, 并计划于2020年基本淘汰PFOS以及其相关化合物
	2019	《中国严格限制的有毒化学品名录》	规章	将PFOS等物质列入《中国严格限制的有毒化学品名录》(2020年)
	2022	《国务院办公厅关于印发新污染物治理行动方案的通知》	规章	完善法规制度, 建立健全新污染物治理体系; 开展调查监测，评估新污染物环境风险状况; 严格源头管控, 防范新污染物产生; 强化过程控制, 减少新污染物排放; 深化末端治理, 降低新污染物环境风险; 加强能力建设, 夯实新污染物治理基础
	2022	重点管控新污染物清单 (2023年版)	规章	主要包括国际公约管控的持久性有机污染物、内分泌干扰物、抗生素等

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