城市水体中微塑料的来源、赋存及其生态风险研究进展

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2023.02.021

生态环境学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (2): 407-420.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2023.02.021

城市水体中微塑料的来源、赋存及其生态风险研究进展

李海燕¹^,²(), 杨小琴², 简美鹏¹^,², 张晓然²^,^*()

1.北京市可持续城市排水系统构建与风险控制工程技术研究中心，北京建筑大学，北京 100044
2.北京建筑大学环境与能源工程学院，北京 100044

收稿日期:2022-09-27 出版日期:2023-02-18 发布日期:2023-05-11
通讯作者: *张晓然（1983年生），女，讲师，博士，主要从事纳米颗粒的环境行为、环境修复新材料、径流污染控制等研究。E-mail: zhangxiaoran@bucea.edu.cn
作者简介:李海燕（1975年生），女，教授，博士，主要从事水污染控制技术、城市雨水利用与径流污染控制等研究。E-mail: lihaiyan@bucea.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(51978032);国家自然科学基金项目(52270086);青年北京学者计划(NO.024);北京市属高校高水平教师队伍建设支持计划青年拔尖人才培育计划项目(CIT&TCD201804051)

LI Haiyan¹^,²(), YANG Xiaoqin², JAN Meipeng¹^,², ZHANG Xiaoran²^,^*()

1. Beijing Research Center of Sustainable Urban Drainage System Construction and Risk Control Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, P. R. China
2. School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, P. R. China

Received:2022-09-27 Online:2023-02-18 Published:2023-05-11

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

微塑料是一种高度多样化的污染物，形态各异、组成复杂且具有生物难降解性，导致的环境污染问题引起了广泛关注。已有的文献主要总结了海洋和淡水系统中微塑料的赋存特征和危害，城市水体是内陆淡水环境的重要组成部分，和人类生产和生活息息相关。目前缺乏对城市水体中微塑料来源、赋存特征和生态风险的系统归纳。该文概括了这几方面的研究，得出如下的若干结果。城市水体中的微塑料可通过污水处理厂排水、地表径流、合流制溢流、塑料设施老化释放、大气沉降等进入水环境。主要赋存类型为PP（聚丙烯）和PE（聚乙烯），其丰度、类型、尺寸和颜色的赋存受叠加的人为因素影响，包括降雨季节变化、土地利用类型和城市化工业化程度。微塑料可对水生生物造成危害，并与众多污染物发生协同效应，最终通过食物链危害人体健康，具有一定的生态风险。目前主要采用生态风险指数法对城市水体中微塑料进行评价，评价结果多为低风险。此外，国内外为减少城市水环境微塑料提出的许多管理措施，在一定程度上缓解了微塑料污染。最后，该文对城市水体中微塑料研究进行了展望，其内容包括建立源解析方法，阐明各污染源对水体微塑料污染的贡献；加强微塑料和其它污染物的协同赋存与污染特征以及纳米塑料检测方法的研究；建立科学系统的方法评价影响城市水体微塑料赋存的因素，如城市土地使用量、下水道网络的扩充、排水系统容量增加等；深入研究微塑料对水生态系统功能的影响，包括碳/氮循环等生物地球化学循环。此外，该文认为，全面评价城市水体中微塑料的生态风险应重视微塑料进入食物链后的放大和累积效应。

关键词: 城市水体, 微塑料, 来源, 赋存, 环境风险

Abstract:

Microplastics are a highly diverse contaminants with various shapes, complex composition and biodegradability, leading to widespread concern about environmental pollution. The existing study mainly summarizes the occurrences, characteristics and hazards of microplastics in marine and freshwater systems, while urban waters are an important part of inland freshwater environment and closely related to human production and life. There is a lack of systematic generalization of microplastic sources, occurrences, characteristics and ecological risks in urban waters. This paper summarizes these aspects of the study and concludes that microplastics in urban waters can enter the water environment through wastewater treatment plant discharge, surface runoff, combined system overflow, plastic facilities aging release, and atmospheric deposition. The main occurrences types are PP and PE, and their abundance, type, size and color occurrences are influenced by superimposed anthropogenic factors, including seasonal changes in rainfall, land use type and degree of urbanization and industrialization. Microplastics can cause harm to aquatic organisms and have a synergistic effect with many pollutants, eventually endangering human health through food chain and posing a certain ecological risk. At present, the ecological risk index method is mainly used to evaluate microplastics in urban waters, and the evaluation results mostly indicated low risks. In addition, many management measures proposed at home and abroad to reduce microplastics in urban water environment are summarized, which alleviate microplastic pollution to some extent. Finally, this paper provides an outlook on the research of microplastics in urban waters: to establish a source analysis method to elucidate the contribution of various pollution sources to microplastic pollution in water bodies; to strengthen the research on the synergistic contribution and pollution characteristics of microplastics and other pollutants as well as the detection methods of nano-plastics; to establish a scientific and systematic method to evaluate factors affecting the contribution of microplastics in urban waters, such as the amount of urban land use, the expansion of sewerage network, and the increase of drainage system capacity; to thoroughly study the impact of microplastics on the function of water ecosystems, including the biogeochemical cycles such as carbon/nitrogen cycle. In addition, the amplification and accumulation effects of microplastics in the food chain are essential for a comprehensive evaluation of ecological risks of microplastics in urban waters.

Key words: urban waters, microplastics, sources, occurrences, environmental risks

中图分类号:

李海燕, 杨小琴, 简美鹏, 张晓然. 城市水体中微塑料的来源、赋存及其生态风险研究进展[J]. 生态环境学报, 2023, 32(2): 407-420.

LI Haiyan, YANG Xiaoqin, JAN Meipeng, ZHANG Xiaoran. [J]. Ecology and Environment, 2023, 32(2): 407-420.

图/表 8

图1 城市水体中微塑料的来源

Figure 1 Sources of microplastics in urban waters

表1 国内外污水处理厂中微塑料的分布及去除特征

Table 1 Distribution and removal characteristics of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants at home and abroad

污水处理厂 (WWTPs)	处理量/ (10⁴m³·d^-1)	处理方式	进水丰度/ (particles·L^-1)	出水丰度/ (particles·L^-1)	去除率/ %	排放量/ (particles·d^-1)	形状	尺寸/ μm	类型	颜色	参考文献
意大利佛罗伦萨	20	二级处理	—	5	—	10×10⁸	碎片、纤维、薄膜	38-1000	PP、PE、PET、尼龙	白色、蓝色、红色、棕色或黑色	Becucci et al., 2022
西班牙	4.5	二级处理	171±42	10.7	94	4.8×10⁸	碎片、纤维	25-104	PE、PP	透明、彩色	Edo et al., 2020
意大利北部	40	三级处理	2.5±0.3	0.4±0.1	84	1.6×10⁸	纤维、薄膜、碎片	100-500	PET、PA	—	Magni et al., 2019
韩国天安	3.6	A₂O, DeNiPho法	3.52	1.65	49.4	5.9×10⁷	—	—	PET、PE、PP	—	Yano et al., 2021
北京	100	A₂O	12.03±1.29	0.59±0.22	95.2	5.9±2.2×10⁸	纤维、球形、颗粒、碎片、薄膜	50-5000	PET、PES、PP	—	Yang et al., 2019
桂林	10､4､4.5	一级处理, A/O	0.70-8.72	0.39-4.77	89.2-93.6	1.6×10⁷-4.8×10⁸	碎片、纤维	500-5000	PP、PE	—	Zhang et al., 2021
哈尔滨	60	二级处理	126.0±14.0	30.6±7.8	75.7	1.8×10⁸	纤维、碎片	20-5000	PES、PA、PET、PE、PP、PS	透明、灰色、彩色	Jiang et al., 2020
宁波	3	序批式活性污泥法	100.0±3.9	4.3±3.4	95.7	1.3×10⁸	纤维、碎片、薄膜、泡沫、颗粒	500-2000	PET、PE、PU、PP、PS、CSM	黑色、红色、透明、白色、蓝色、绿色	Jiang et al., 2022
宁波	10	循环活性污泥技术	105.0±5.3	3.5±2.6	96.7	3.5×10⁸	纤维、碎片、薄膜、泡沫、颗粒	500-2000	PET、PE、PU、PP、PS、CSM	黑色、红色、透明、白色、蓝色、绿色	Jiang et al., 2022
宁波	8	氧化沟工艺	65.0±4.3	3.0±1.6	95.4	2.4×10⁸	纤维、碎片、薄膜、泡沫、颗粒	500-2000	PET、PE、PU、PP、PS、CSM	黑色、红色、透明、白色、蓝色、绿色	Jiang et al., 2022
西班牙加的斯市	5.2	二级处理	645.03±182.24	16.40±7.85	97.46	1.49-1.94×10⁹	纤维、碎片、薄膜	100-335	PVC、PE、PA、PS	—	Franco et al., 2021
土耳其伊斯坦布尔	40	二级处理	137.0	9.6-21.0	84.7-93.0	2.9×10⁸	纤维、碎片、颗粒	500-1000	PC、PUR、PET	黑色、蓝色、红色、棕色、绿色、透明	Vardar et al., 2021

表1 国内外污水处理厂中微塑料的分布及去除特征

Table 1 Distribution and removal characteristics of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants at home and abroad

污水处理厂 (WWTPs)	处理量/ (10⁴m³·d^-1)	处理方式	进水丰度/ (particles·L^-1)	出水丰度/ (particles·L^-1)	去除率/ %	排放量/ (particles·d^-1)	形状	尺寸/ μm	类型	颜色	参考文献
意大利佛罗伦萨	20	二级处理	—	5	—	10×10⁸	碎片、纤维、薄膜	38-1000	PP、PE、PET、尼龙	白色、蓝色、红色、棕色或黑色	Becucci et al., 2022
西班牙	4.5	二级处理	171±42	10.7	94	4.8×10⁸	碎片、纤维	25-104	PE、PP	透明、彩色	Edo et al., 2020
意大利北部	40	三级处理	2.5±0.3	0.4±0.1	84	1.6×10⁸	纤维、薄膜、碎片	100-500	PET、PA	—	Magni et al., 2019
韩国天安	3.6	A₂O, DeNiPho法	3.52	1.65	49.4	5.9×10⁷	—	—	PET、PE、PP	—	Yano et al., 2021
北京	100	A₂O	12.03±1.29	0.59±0.22	95.2	5.9±2.2×10⁸	纤维、球形、颗粒、碎片、薄膜	50-5000	PET、PES、PP	—	Yang et al., 2019
桂林	10､4､4.5	一级处理, A/O	0.70-8.72	0.39-4.77	89.2-93.6	1.6×10⁷-4.8×10⁸	碎片、纤维	500-5000	PP、PE	—	Zhang et al., 2021
哈尔滨	60	二级处理	126.0±14.0	30.6±7.8	75.7	1.8×10⁸	纤维、碎片	20-5000	PES、PA、PET、PE、PP、PS	透明、灰色、彩色	Jiang et al., 2020
宁波	3	序批式活性污泥法	100.0±3.9	4.3±3.4	95.7	1.3×10⁸	纤维、碎片、薄膜、泡沫、颗粒	500-2000	PET、PE、PU、PP、PS、CSM	黑色、红色、透明、白色、蓝色、绿色	Jiang et al., 2022
宁波	10	循环活性污泥技术	105.0±5.3	3.5±2.6	96.7	3.5×10⁸	纤维、碎片、薄膜、泡沫、颗粒	500-2000	PET、PE、PU、PP、PS、CSM	黑色、红色、透明、白色、蓝色、绿色	Jiang et al., 2022
宁波	8	氧化沟工艺	65.0±4.3	3.0±1.6	95.4	2.4×10⁸	纤维、碎片、薄膜、泡沫、颗粒	500-2000	PET、PE、PU、PP、PS、CSM	黑色、红色、透明、白色、蓝色、绿色	Jiang et al., 2022
西班牙加的斯市	5.2	二级处理	645.03±182.24	16.40±7.85	97.46	1.49-1.94×10⁹	纤维、碎片、薄膜	100-335	PVC、PE、PA、PS	—	Franco et al., 2021
土耳其伊斯坦布尔	40	二级处理	137.0	9.6-21.0	84.7-93.0	2.9×10⁸	纤维、碎片、颗粒	500-1000	PC、PUR、PET	黑色、蓝色、红色、棕色、绿色、透明	Vardar et al., 2021

图2 城市水体中微塑料的赋存特征

Figure 2 The occurrence characteristics of microplastics in urban waters

表2 城市水体中微塑料的赋予特征

Table 2 Occurrences characteristics of microplastics in urban waters

城市水体	丰度/(particles·L^-1)	主要尺寸/μm	形状	类型	颜色	参考文献
上海黄浦江	26.2±9.60	80-500	纤维、薄膜、球形	PET、PE、PP	—	Chen et al., 2020a
上海苏州河	14.4±5.10	80-500	纤维、薄膜、球形	PET、PE、PP、PA	—	Chen et al., 2020a
天津海河	0.69-75	100-1000	纤维、碎片、薄膜、泡沫、颗粒	PE、EPC、PA、PP、PS、PU、PET	白色、透明、黑色、棕色/灰色、蓝色/绿色、红色	Liu et al., 2020a
日本Tsurumi河	0.30-1.24	64-131	纤维	PE、PP、PVC、 PS、PMMA	—	Kameda et al., 2021
波兰Vistula河	1.60-2.55	—	纤维、微珠、碎片	—	黑色、蓝色、粉红色、灰色、绿色	Sekudewicz et al., 2021
韩国Nakdong河	293-4.76×10³	50-150	碎片、纤维、碎片、薄膜	PP、PES、PE、PA	—	Eo et al., 2019
北京沙河	0.526-4.53	10-300	纤维、碎片、薄膜、球形	PET、PP、PS、 PE、PVC	透明、白色、灰色、棕色、蓝色	Zhang et al., 2022b
南京秦淮河	1.47-2.06	100-500	纤维、碎片、泡沫、颗粒、薄膜	PP、PE	透明、蓝色、红色、黑色、白色	Yan et al., 2021
桂林辉县湿地	16.5-89.0	50-500	纤维、薄膜、碎片	PE、PP、PVC、PA、PS	—	Xia et al., 2022
合肥大方营水库	8.80-32.1	—	纤维、碎片、薄膜、微珠、颗粒	—	黑色、透明、蓝色、黄色、红色、绿色	Wu et al., 2021
西安公园	2.90-6.97	<500	纤维、颗粒、碎片、薄膜	PP、PE、PS、	—	Xu et al., 2020
丹麦雨水蓄水池	0.12-8.90	10-500	碎片、薄膜、纤维、颗粒	PP、PS、PES、 PE、PU、PVC	—	Liu et al., 2019b

图3 全球塑料产量1950—2019 图源于（Ali et al.，2021）

Figure 3 Global plastic production 1950-2019

图4 城市水体中微塑料的生态危害及风险评价

Figure 4 Ecological hazard and risk evaluation of microplastics in urban waters

表3 微塑料生态风险评价方法

Table 3 Ecological risk evaluation methods of microplastic

评价方法	评价内容	评价公式	参考文献
聚合物危害指数	根据不同微塑料的化学毒性来评价其生态危害	H=ΣP_n×S_n	Lithner et al., 2011; Ranjani et al., 2021
污染负荷指数	根据微塑料的丰度来评价微塑料的污染程度	$L = C i C o i$	Tomlinson et al., 1980; Ranjani et al., 2021
潜在生态风险指数	根据微塑料的丰度和化学毒性来评价微塑料的污染程度	C_f ⁱ=Cⁱ/C_nⁱ $T r i = ∑ n = 1 n P n C i × S n$ E_rⁱ=T_rⁱ×C_f ⁱ $T r i = ∑ n = 1 n P n C i × S n$ $T r i = ∑ n = 1 n P n C i × S n$	Peng et al., 2018; Ranjani et al., 2021
污染风险指数	根据转换的微塑料丰度和化学毒性来评价其生态危害	$H i = ∑ j = 1 m {(P j i / C i) × S j}$ $H i = ∑ j = 1 m {(P j i / C i) × S j}$ R_i=H_i×L_i $H i = ∑ j = 1 m {(P j i / C i) × S j}$	Kabir et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2022c

表3 微塑料生态风险评价方法

Table 3 Ecological risk evaluation methods of microplastic

评价方法	评价内容	评价公式	参考文献
聚合物危害指数	根据不同微塑料的化学毒性来评价其生态危害	H=ΣP_n×S_n	Lithner et al., 2011; Ranjani et al., 2021
污染负荷指数	根据微塑料的丰度来评价微塑料的污染程度	$L = C i C o i$	Tomlinson et al., 1980; Ranjani et al., 2021
潜在生态风险指数	根据微塑料的丰度和化学毒性来评价微塑料的污染程度	C_f ⁱ=Cⁱ/C_nⁱ $T r i = ∑ n = 1 n P n C i × S n$ E_rⁱ=T_rⁱ×C_f ⁱ $T r i = ∑ n = 1 n P n C i × S n$ $T r i = ∑ n = 1 n P n C i × S n$	Peng et al., 2018; Ranjani et al., 2021
污染风险指数	根据转换的微塑料丰度和化学毒性来评价其生态危害	$H i = ∑ j = 1 m {(P j i / C i) × S j}$ $H i = ∑ j = 1 m {(P j i / C i) × S j}$ R_i=H_i×L_i $H i = ∑ j = 1 m {(P j i / C i) × S j}$	Kabir et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2022c

表4 微塑料的风险分数Sn

Table 4 Risk scores of microplastics Sn

微塑料类型	单体	密度/(g·cm^-3)	主要风险声明	危险等级	分数
聚乙烯 (PE)	乙烯	0.91-0.97	极易燃气体	1	11
聚乙烯 (PE)	乙烯	0.91-0.97	可能引起嗜睡或头晕	2	11
聚丙烯 (PP)	丙烯	0.89-0.92	极易燃气体	1	1
聚苯乙烯 (PS)	苯乙烯	0.28-1.04	易燃液体和蒸汽	0	30
聚苯乙烯 (PS)	苯乙烯	0.28-1.04	吸入有害	2	30
聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯 (PET)	乙二醇	1.37-1.38	吞食有害	2	4
聚酰胺 (PA)	己二胺	1.14-1.15	与皮肤接触有害	2	47
			吞食有害	2
			可能引起呼吸刺激	2
			造成严重的皮肤烧伤和眼睛损伤	3

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城市水体中微塑料的来源、赋存及其生态风险研究进展

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