土壤中微塑料复合污染研究进展与展望

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.12.018

生态环境学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (12): 2431-2440.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.12.018

土壤中微塑料复合污染研究进展与展望

谢洁芬¹^,²(), 章家恩¹^,²^,³^,⁴^,^*(), 危晖¹^,²^,³^,⁴, 刘自强², 陈璇²

1.岭南现代农业科学与技术广东省实验室，广东省生态循环农业重点实验室，广东广州 510642
2.华南农业大学资源环境学院，广东广州 510642
3.广东省现代生态农业与循环农业工程技术研究中心，广东广州 510642
4.农业农村部华南热带农业环境重点实验室，广东广州 510642

收稿日期:2022-08-09 出版日期:2022-12-18 发布日期:2023-02-15
通讯作者: *章家恩（1968 年生），男，教授，博士，博士研究生导师，主要从事生态学相关科研与教学工作。E-mail: jeanzh@scau.edu.cn
作者简介:谢洁芬（1980年生），女，讲师，博士研究生，主要研究方向为生态系统生态学。E-mail: jfxie@scau.edu.cn
基金资助:
岭南现代农业科学与技术广东省实验室双聘团队重大科技研究专项(NT2021010);国家自然科学基金项目(U1701236);国家自然科学基金项目(32071641);广东省科技计划项目(2019B030301007)

Microplastic-based Compound Pollution in Soil: An overview

XIE Jiefen¹^,²(), ZHANG Jiaen¹^,²^,³^,⁴^,^*(), WEI Hui¹^,²^,³^,⁴, LIU Ziqiang², CHEN Xuan²

1. Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
2. College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
3. Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
4. Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China

Received:2022-08-09 Online:2022-12-18 Published:2023-02-15

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

微塑料污染作为新型的生态环境问题，是全球共同面临的严峻挑战，其对生态系统的威胁及潜在风险已成为当前环境领域的研究热点。自然界中的微塑料与多种污染物共存所产生的复合污染，比微塑料单一污染造成的后果更严重，因此，对微塑料复合污染的内在机制研究及所采取的防控对策将更加复杂。该文按照土壤环境中与微塑料产生复合污染的污染物的不同来源，将微塑料复合污染划分为两种类型：污染物来自土壤环境中的重金属、持久性有机污染物和抗生素等，称为外源性复合污染；污染物来自微塑料自身所释放的有毒添加剂等，则称为内源性复合污染。综述了土壤中微塑料复合污染的3种主要路径：一是微塑料与土壤环境中常见的主要污染物，如重金属、持久性有机污染物、抗生素等发生吸附作用；二是微塑料与土壤微生物等形成生物膜；三是微塑料与自身释放的有毒添加剂形成共同污染。同时，分析了微塑料与以上不同污染物和自身释放的添加剂共同作用的过程、相关影响因素，以及微塑料复合污染所引发的生态毒性效应。在此基础上，对土壤微塑料复合污染研究一些未来发展方向进行了展望。该文旨在为深入探究土壤中微塑料复合污染的互作机理、风险评估和综合治理提供参考。

关键词: 微塑料, 土壤, 复合污染, 生态风险, 防治

Abstract:

Microplastic pollution, as a new type of ecological and environmental problem, is becoming a big challenge faced by the world. The threat and potential risk of microplastic pollution to ecosystem is becoming a hot research topic in the current environmental field. The microplastic-based compound pollution with various pollutants in the environment is more serious than the microplastics pollution alone, so research on the internal mechanism of microplastic composite pollution and the relevant prevention and control strategies taken are more complex than those for microplastic pollution. In this paper, we divided the microplastic-based compound pollution with other pollutants in soil environment into two categories based on the pollution sources, including endogenous pollution (e.g., toxic additive released from microplastic) and exogenous pollution (e.g., heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, antibiotics). Three main paths of microplastic-based compound pollution in soil were summarized as follows: The first one was microplastics adsorbing common major pollutants, such as heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, and antibiotics in soil environment; the second one was microplastics forming biofilms with soil microorganisms; the third one was microplastics releasing toxic additives and causing joint pollution. We also analyzed the interaction processes of microplastic pollution with the above-mentioned pollutants and itself-released additives and the relevant influencing factors, as well as their combined ecotoxic effects. Finally, some future research development trends in soil microplastic-based compound pollution areas were presented. This paper aims to provide some references for further understanding of microplastic-based compound pollution in soil and exploring its interaction mechanisms, conducting risk assessments and identifying control strategies.

Key words: microplastics, soil, compound, ecological risk, control

中图分类号:

谢洁芬, 章家恩, 危晖, 刘自强, 陈璇. 土壤中微塑料复合污染研究进展与展望[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022, 31(12): 2431-2440.

XIE Jiefen, ZHANG Jiaen, WEI Hui, LIU Ziqiang, CHEN Xuan. Microplastic-based Compound Pollution in Soil: An overview[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2022, 31(12): 2431-2440.

图/表 5

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污染类型 Pollution type	常见污染物 Common pollutant	污染成分 Pollution component	主要微塑料类型 Major types of microplastic	微塑料粒径 Microplastic particle size	复合效应 Composition effect	文献 Reference
外源性污染 Exogenous pollution	重金属 Heavy meta	As	PVC	—	对蚯蚓毒性较低	Wang et al., 2019a
		Cu	PA, PE, PS, PET, PVC, PMMA	70‒350 μm	铜离子的吸附受微塑料类型影响较大	Yang et al., 2019
		Zn	HDPE	<5 mm	增加锌的生物利用性	Hodsonet al., 2017
外源性污染 Exogenous pollution	持久性有机污染物 Persistent organic pollutant	邻苯二甲酸酯类	PVC, PE, PS	<75 μm	吸附呈现高度线性	Liu et al., 2019
		多溴联苯醚	PET	<75 μm	累积负荷多溴联苯醚	Gaylor et al., 2013
		4-(2, 4-二氯苯氧基)丁酸，阿特拉津	PE	250 μm	降低土壤吸附能力	Hüffer et al., 2019
		多环芳烃、多氯联苯	PE, PS	250 μm, 300 μm	多环芳烃和多氯联苯的组织浓度降低	Wang et al., 2019b
外源性污染 Exogenous pollution	抗生素 Antibiotic	磺胺嘧啶、阿莫西林、四环素、环丙沙星、甲氧苄啶	PE, PS, PP, PA, PVC	75‒180 μm	吸附能力因抗生素、微塑料类型和环境条件而异	Li et al., 2018
外源性污染 Exogenous pollution	抗生素 Antibiotic	四环素	PE	<1 m	抑制四环素降解和扩散	Sun et al., 2018
内源性污染 Endogenous pollution	微塑料添加剂 Microplastic additive （增塑剂 plasticizer）	邻苯二甲酸酯类	PVC	—	对生物健康造成威胁	赵一默等, 2021

污染类型 Pollution type	常见污染物 Common pollutant	污染成分 Pollution component	主要微塑料类型 Major types of microplastic	微塑料粒径 Microplastic particle size	复合效应 Composition effect	文献 Reference
外源性污染 Exogenous pollution	重金属 Heavy meta	As	PVC	—	对蚯蚓毒性较低	Wang et al., 2019a
		Cu	PA, PE, PS, PET, PVC, PMMA	70‒350 μm	铜离子的吸附受微塑料类型影响较大	Yang et al., 2019
		Zn	HDPE	<5 mm	增加锌的生物利用性	Hodsonet al., 2017
外源性污染 Exogenous pollution	持久性有机污染物 Persistent organic pollutant	邻苯二甲酸酯类	PVC, PE, PS	<75 μm	吸附呈现高度线性	Liu et al., 2019
		多溴联苯醚	PET	<75 μm	累积负荷多溴联苯醚	Gaylor et al., 2013
		4-(2, 4-二氯苯氧基)丁酸，阿特拉津	PE	250 μm	降低土壤吸附能力	Hüffer et al., 2019
		多环芳烃、多氯联苯	PE, PS	250 μm, 300 μm	多环芳烃和多氯联苯的组织浓度降低	Wang et al., 2019b
外源性污染 Exogenous pollution	抗生素 Antibiotic	磺胺嘧啶、阿莫西林、四环素、环丙沙星、甲氧苄啶	PE, PS, PP, PA, PVC	75‒180 μm	吸附能力因抗生素、微塑料类型和环境条件而异	Li et al., 2018
外源性污染 Exogenous pollution	抗生素 Antibiotic	四环素	PE	<1 m	抑制四环素降解和扩散	Sun et al., 2018
内源性污染 Endogenous pollution	微塑料添加剂 Microplastic additive （增塑剂 plasticizer）	邻苯二甲酸酯类	PVC	—	对生物健康造成威胁	赵一默等, 2021

吸附对象 Adsorption object	主要互作机理 Main interaction mechanism	主要影响因素 Main influencing factors	复合污染效应和风险 Compound pollution effects and risks
重金属 Heavy metal	主要是与金属阳离子通过络合作用 (Zou et al., 2020) 或共沉淀作用 (Yu et al., 2020) 发生直接吸附	1. 微塑料种类及其老化程度等影响吸附的速率 (Massos et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2019c; 任欣伟等, 2018) 2. 土壤环境的异质化如DOC增加，改变重金属的流动性和生物利用度，影响吸附量 (Nizzetto et al., 2016b; Yu et al., 2020)	1. 吸附的重金属成为土壤动物接触重金属的来源，并可能介导重金属进入食物链，增加重金属对土壤动物的生态毒理效应 (Zhou et al., 2020) 2. 增加农田中重金属的解吸量和重金属有效态含量，同时，加大微塑料渗入地下水及被作物吸收的风险 (朱永官等, 2019)；也可能降低土壤中重金属的生物利用率 (Yu et al., 2020)，影响作物产量和质量 (Dhaliwal et al., 2019)
持久性有机污染物 Persistent organic pollutants	主要是受范德华力、比表面积所主导的分配作用和表面吸附 (任欣伟等, 2018)，且与污染物的亲水性 (Wang et al., 2018; Wu et al., 2019; 侯军华等, 2020) 和极性有关 (Seidensticker et al., 2018; 侯军华等, 2020; 徐鹏程等, 2020)	1. 微塑料自身特性如含氧官能团不同，吸附的作用力不同，影响吸附值 (Hüffer et al., 2018; Müller et al., 2018; Xu et al., 2020; Li et al., 2020a; 徐鹏程等, 2020) 2. 土壤环境因子对微塑料吸附有机污染物产生影响 (Hodson et al., 2017; Yin et al., 2021; 林旭萌等, 2021)，如有机质与微塑料竞争吸附有机污染物 (Guo et al., 2012)	1. 影响持久性有机污染物在土壤环境中迁移及分配 (侯军华等, 2020)，或经食物链进入到生物组织内，被富集及放大，危害土壤生态系统健康 2. 增加土壤溶液中的可溶性有机物比例，影响土壤结构或改变土壤中过氧化氢酶等活性 (Liu et al., 2017; Huang et al., 2019)，破坏土壤的生态功能
抗生素 Antibiotic	主要是微塑料的多孔结构和形成氢键 (Li et al., 2018; Shen et al., 2018)	1. 微塑料自身特性如比表面积等影响吸附量 (Shen et al., 2018) 2. 土壤环境因子如土壤中的无机颗粒物与微塑料竞争吸附抗生素 (赵方凯等, 2017)，以及施用含有大量抗生素的有机肥，污染土壤抗生素抗性基因等 (罗凯等, 2014)	1. 抑制土壤中抗生素降解和加速部分抗生素迁移 (Li et al., 2020b)，可能引起耐药菌的不可控传播和耐药致病菌大面积爆发，引发生态灾难 (Sun et al., 2020; 田其凡等, 2020) 2. 影响抗生素的解吸 (Xu et al., 2018)，并可能经食物链的富集作用，威胁人类健康 (Sun et al., 2018)

吸附对象 Adsorption object	主要互作机理 Main interaction mechanism	主要影响因素 Main influencing factors	复合污染效应和风险 Compound pollution effects and risks
重金属 Heavy metal	主要是与金属阳离子通过络合作用 (Zou et al., 2020) 或共沉淀作用 (Yu et al., 2020) 发生直接吸附	1. 微塑料种类及其老化程度等影响吸附的速率 (Massos et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2019c; 任欣伟等, 2018) 2. 土壤环境的异质化如DOC增加，改变重金属的流动性和生物利用度，影响吸附量 (Nizzetto et al., 2016b; Yu et al., 2020)	1. 吸附的重金属成为土壤动物接触重金属的来源，并可能介导重金属进入食物链，增加重金属对土壤动物的生态毒理效应 (Zhou et al., 2020) 2. 增加农田中重金属的解吸量和重金属有效态含量，同时，加大微塑料渗入地下水及被作物吸收的风险 (朱永官等, 2019)；也可能降低土壤中重金属的生物利用率 (Yu et al., 2020)，影响作物产量和质量 (Dhaliwal et al., 2019)
持久性有机污染物 Persistent organic pollutants	主要是受范德华力、比表面积所主导的分配作用和表面吸附 (任欣伟等, 2018)，且与污染物的亲水性 (Wang et al., 2018; Wu et al., 2019; 侯军华等, 2020) 和极性有关 (Seidensticker et al., 2018; 侯军华等, 2020; 徐鹏程等, 2020)	1. 微塑料自身特性如含氧官能团不同，吸附的作用力不同，影响吸附值 (Hüffer et al., 2018; Müller et al., 2018; Xu et al., 2020; Li et al., 2020a; 徐鹏程等, 2020) 2. 土壤环境因子对微塑料吸附有机污染物产生影响 (Hodson et al., 2017; Yin et al., 2021; 林旭萌等, 2021)，如有机质与微塑料竞争吸附有机污染物 (Guo et al., 2012)	1. 影响持久性有机污染物在土壤环境中迁移及分配 (侯军华等, 2020)，或经食物链进入到生物组织内，被富集及放大，危害土壤生态系统健康 2. 增加土壤溶液中的可溶性有机物比例，影响土壤结构或改变土壤中过氧化氢酶等活性 (Liu et al., 2017; Huang et al., 2019)，破坏土壤的生态功能
抗生素 Antibiotic	主要是微塑料的多孔结构和形成氢键 (Li et al., 2018; Shen et al., 2018)	1. 微塑料自身特性如比表面积等影响吸附量 (Shen et al., 2018) 2. 土壤环境因子如土壤中的无机颗粒物与微塑料竞争吸附抗生素 (赵方凯等, 2017)，以及施用含有大量抗生素的有机肥，污染土壤抗生素抗性基因等 (罗凯等, 2014)	1. 抑制土壤中抗生素降解和加速部分抗生素迁移 (Li et al., 2020b)，可能引起耐药菌的不可控传播和耐药致病菌大面积爆发，引发生态灾难 (Sun et al., 2020; 田其凡等, 2020) 2. 影响抗生素的解吸 (Xu et al., 2018)，并可能经食物链的富集作用，威胁人类健康 (Sun et al., 2018)

土壤中微塑料复合污染研究进展与展望

Microplastic-based Compound Pollution in Soil: An overview

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