贵州省典型覆膜耕地残膜赋存特征及影响因素

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.11.010

生态环境学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (11): 2189-2197.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.11.010

贵州省典型覆膜耕地残膜赋存特征及影响因素

李亮亮¹(), 代良羽², 高维常³, 张淑怡¹^,³, 刘涛泽¹^,^*()

1.贵州民族大学生态环境工程学院，贵州贵阳 550025
2.贵州省农业生态与资源保护站，贵州贵阳 550001
3.贵州省烟草科学研究院烟草行业山地烤烟品质与生态重点实验室，贵州贵阳 550081

收稿日期:2022-05-25 出版日期:2022-11-18 发布日期:2022-12-22
通讯作者: *刘涛泽（1981年生），男，副研究员，博士，研究方向为生物环境地球化学。E-mail: liutaoze@foxmail.com
作者简介:李亮亮（1994年生），男，硕士研究生，从事农业生态研究。E-mail: 791904591@qq.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(42167067);贵州省农田地膜残留监测项目(GZGC-2021-C16)

The Occurrence Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Residual Mulching Film of Typical Farmland with Plastic Film in Guizhou Province

LI Liangliang¹(), DAI Liangyu², GAO Weichang³, ZHANG Shuyi¹^,³, LIU Taoze¹^,^*()

1. College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
2. Guizhou Ecological Agriculture and Resource Protection Station, Guiyang 550001, P. R. China
3. Upland Flue-cured Tobacco Quality & Ecology Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, P. R. China

Received:2022-05-25 Online:2022-11-18 Published:2022-12-22

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

地膜作为重要的农业生产资料被广泛应用于农作物种植，而且覆膜种植面积正迅速增加。地膜是一种人工合成的高分子聚合物，在自然条件下短期内很难降解，不合理的应用和不健全的回收体系导致中国农田生态环境出现严重的白色污染问题。地膜在土壤中的残留不仅改变了农田土壤的理化性状，而且对农作物的生长、农耕操作和生态环境都会产生不利的影响。贵州地处长江和珠江上游，是中国重要的生态屏障之一。当前地膜残留的增加正带来流域内严重的塑料污染，而针对该区域地膜残留现状和赋存特征方面的研究尚且有限。通过问卷调查与取样监测相结合的方法对贵州省主要覆膜作物（烤烟、蔬菜和辣椒）的地膜使用和残留情况等进行调查和采样分析，并探讨区域内土壤残膜赋存特征及影响因素。对不同覆膜年限（1-20 a）的29个农田样地的分析结果表明，土壤中残膜含量分布在8.18-235.39 kg·hm^-2，平均值为70.84 kg·hm^-2。随着覆膜年限增加，地膜平均残留含量和数量整体表现为先增加后减少的趋势。与覆膜1-5 a相比，6-10 a和11-15 a平均残膜含量增加了87.69%和146.59%，平均残膜数量增加了69.30%和235.10%；而当覆膜16-20 a，平均残膜含量和数量均低于11-15 a。残膜破碎度值也随覆膜年限增加呈现逐年减小趋势，表明覆膜时间越久，残膜破碎程度越大。另外，土壤质地和覆膜作物种类也是影响地膜残留量的重要因素。不同土壤类型平均残膜含量表现为壤土>黏土>砂土；在相同覆膜年限的情况下，蔬菜种植区平均残膜量最大，其次是烤烟，辣椒平均残膜量最小。该研究将为加强地膜残留污染监管和防控提供科学的依据和技术支持。

关键词: 贵州省, 耕地, 土壤, 地膜残留量, 覆膜年限, 赋存特征, 影响因素

Abstract:

As an important agricultural production material, plastic mulch film is widely used in crop planting, and the use area of mulch film is increasing rapidly. Plastic mulch film is a class of synthetic polymer, which is difficult to degrade under natural conditions in a short period of time. Its unreasonable application and unsound recovery system have brought serious white pollution to China’s ecological environment. The residue of plastic mulch film in soil not only changes the physicochemical properties of farmland soil, but also adversely affects the growth of crops, plowing operations and ecological environment. Guizhou, located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the Pearl River, is one of the important ecological barriers in China. Currently, the increase of plastic film residue is bringing about serious plastic pollution in the watershed. However, researches on the distribution and occurrence characteristics of plastic film residue in Guizhou Province are limited. In this paper, the use and residue of plastic film of main plastic film mulching crops (flue-cured tobacco, vegetables and pepper) in Guizhou province were investigated and analyzed based on questionnaires and sampling monitoring. The occurrence characteristics and influencing factors of soil residual film in the region were studied as well. According to the research results on twenty-nine farmland plots with different film mulching years (1-20 years), the content of residual film in soil was 8.18-235.39 kg·hm^-2 with an average of 70.84 kg·hm^-2. With the increase of the film mulching year, the average residual amount and quantity of plastic film increased firstly and then decreased. Compared with that covering 1-5 years, the average amount of residual film in 6-10 years and 11-15 years increased by 87.69% and 146.59%, and the average amount of residual film increased by 69.30% and 235.10%, respectively. When the film was covered for 16-20 years, the average content and quantity of residual film were lower than those of 11-15 years. The fragmentation value of the residual film showed a decrease trend with the increase of film mulching year, indicating that the fragmentation degree of the residual film enhanced with the increase of the film mulching time. In addition, soil texture and the type of crop were important factors affecting the residual amount of plastic film. The average content of residual film in different soil types showed that loam > clay > sandy soil. In the case of the same plastic film mulching time, vegetable planting area showed the highest average amount of residual film, followed by flue cured tobacco and pepper. This study would provide a scientific basis and technical support for strengthening the supervision and control of plastic film residual pollution.

Key words: Guizhou Province, cultivated land, soil, residual plastic film content, film mulching years, distribution characteristics, Influencing factors

中图分类号:

李亮亮, 代良羽, 高维常, 张淑怡, 刘涛泽. 贵州省典型覆膜耕地残膜赋存特征及影响因素[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022, 31(11): 2189-2197.

LI Liangliang, DAI Liangyu, GAO Weichang, ZHANG Shuyi, LIU Taoze. The Occurrence Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Residual Mulching Film of Typical Farmland with Plastic Film in Guizhou Province[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2022, 31(11): 2189-2197.

图/表 13

参考文献 34

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地区 Regions	样地 Sampling sites	覆膜年限 Years of film mulching/a	作物种类 Corp type	地膜厚度 Film thickness/ mm	地膜宽度 Film width/ mm	覆膜量 Input of plastic film/ (kg·hm^-2)	土壤类型 Soil texture	回收方式 Recovery style
开阳县 Kaiyang County	S1	6-10	烤烟	0.01	1000	75	壤土	人工捡拾
	S2	1-5	烤烟	0.01	1000	75	壤土	人工捡拾
	S3	6-10	辣椒	0.01	1000	75	壤土	人工捡拾
播州区 Bozhou County	S4	6-10	辣椒	0.01	1000	75	壤土	人工捡拾
播州区 Bozhou County	S5	6-10	烤烟	0.01	1000	75	粘土	人工捡拾
盘州市 Panzhou County	S6	1-5	蔬菜	0.01	1200	76	壤土	人工捡拾
	S7	16-20	蔬菜	0.01	900	73	粘土	人工捡拾
	S8	6-10	烤烟	0.01	1000	75	粘土	人工捡拾
平坝县 Pingba County	S9	11-15	蔬菜	0.01	1000	75	粘土	人工捡拾
平坝县 Pingba County	S10	11-15	蔬菜	0.01	1000	75	粘土	人工捡拾
石阡县 Shiqian County	S11	6-10	烤烟	0.01	1000	75	壤土	人工捡拾
石阡县 Shiqian County	S12	1-5	烤烟	0.01	1000	75	砂土	人工捡拾
威宁县 Weining county	S13	16-20	蔬菜	0.01	2000	78	壤土	人工捡拾
	S14	6-10	蔬菜	0.01	2000	78	壤土	人工捡拾
	S15	11-15	烤烟	0.01	900	73	壤土	人工捡拾
	S16	11-15	烤烟	0.01	900	73	壤土	人工捡拾
七星关区 Qixing guan County	S17	6-10	烤烟	0.01	2000	78	壤土	人工捡拾
	S18	1-5	烤烟	0.01	2000	78	粘土	人工捡拾
	S19	1-5	蔬菜	0.01	2000	78	壤土	人工捡拾
黄平县 Huangping County	S20	1-5	蔬菜	0.01	1000	75	壤土	人工捡拾
	S21	6-10	烤烟	0.01	1000	75	壤土	人工捡拾
	S22	6-10	烤烟	0.01	1000	75	壤土	人工捡拾
贵定县 Guiding County	S23	1-5	辣椒	0.01	1000	75	壤土	人工捡拾
	S24	6-10	辣椒	0.01	1000	75	壤土	人工捡拾
	S25	6-10	辣椒	0.01	1000	75	砂土	人工捡拾
兴义市 Xingyi County	S26	16-20	烤烟	0.01	1000	75	壤土	人工捡拾
	S27	16-20	烤烟	0.01	1000	75	壤土	人工捡拾
	S28	11-15	蔬菜	0.01	1200	76	壤土	人工捡拾
	S29	11-15	蔬菜	0.01	1200	76	砂土	人工捡拾

地区 Regions	样地 Sampling sites	覆膜年限 Years of film mulching/a	作物种类 Corp type	地膜厚度 Film thickness/ mm	地膜宽度 Film width/ mm	覆膜量 Input of plastic film/ (kg·hm^-2)	土壤类型 Soil texture	回收方式 Recovery style
开阳县 Kaiyang County	S1	6-10	烤烟	0.01	1000	75	壤土	人工捡拾
	S2	1-5	烤烟	0.01	1000	75	壤土	人工捡拾
	S3	6-10	辣椒	0.01	1000	75	壤土	人工捡拾
播州区 Bozhou County	S4	6-10	辣椒	0.01	1000	75	壤土	人工捡拾
播州区 Bozhou County	S5	6-10	烤烟	0.01	1000	75	粘土	人工捡拾
盘州市 Panzhou County	S6	1-5	蔬菜	0.01	1200	76	壤土	人工捡拾
	S7	16-20	蔬菜	0.01	900	73	粘土	人工捡拾
	S8	6-10	烤烟	0.01	1000	75	粘土	人工捡拾
平坝县 Pingba County	S9	11-15	蔬菜	0.01	1000	75	粘土	人工捡拾
平坝县 Pingba County	S10	11-15	蔬菜	0.01	1000	75	粘土	人工捡拾
石阡县 Shiqian County	S11	6-10	烤烟	0.01	1000	75	壤土	人工捡拾
石阡县 Shiqian County	S12	1-5	烤烟	0.01	1000	75	砂土	人工捡拾
威宁县 Weining county	S13	16-20	蔬菜	0.01	2000	78	壤土	人工捡拾
	S14	6-10	蔬菜	0.01	2000	78	壤土	人工捡拾
	S15	11-15	烤烟	0.01	900	73	壤土	人工捡拾
	S16	11-15	烤烟	0.01	900	73	壤土	人工捡拾
七星关区 Qixing guan County	S17	6-10	烤烟	0.01	2000	78	壤土	人工捡拾
	S18	1-5	烤烟	0.01	2000	78	粘土	人工捡拾
	S19	1-5	蔬菜	0.01	2000	78	壤土	人工捡拾
黄平县 Huangping County	S20	1-5	蔬菜	0.01	1000	75	壤土	人工捡拾
	S21	6-10	烤烟	0.01	1000	75	壤土	人工捡拾
	S22	6-10	烤烟	0.01	1000	75	壤土	人工捡拾
贵定县 Guiding County	S23	1-5	辣椒	0.01	1000	75	壤土	人工捡拾
	S24	6-10	辣椒	0.01	1000	75	壤土	人工捡拾
	S25	6-10	辣椒	0.01	1000	75	砂土	人工捡拾
兴义市 Xingyi County	S26	16-20	烤烟	0.01	1000	75	壤土	人工捡拾
	S27	16-20	烤烟	0.01	1000	75	壤土	人工捡拾
	S28	11-15	蔬菜	0.01	1200	76	壤土	人工捡拾
	S29	11-15	蔬菜	0.01	1200	76	砂土	人工捡拾

项目 Items	地膜残留量 Residue film amount/ (kg·hm^-2)	残膜数量 Quantity of residual film/ (10⁴ piece·hm^-2)	残膜破碎度 Fragmentation index of residual film/(mg·piece^-1)
最大值 Maximum value	235.39	582.00	165.24
最小值 Minimum value	8.18	10.00	16.22
平均数 Average	70.84	164.52	66.84
变异系数 Coefficient of variation	84.53%	101.93%	59.90%

项目 Items	地膜残留量 Residue film amount/ (kg·hm^-2)	残膜数量 Quantity of residual film/ (10⁴ piece·hm^-2)	残膜破碎度 Fragmentation index of residual film/(mg·piece^-1)
最大值 Maximum value	235.39	582.00	165.24
最小值 Minimum value	8.18	10.00	16.22
平均数 Average	70.84	164.52	66.84
变异系数 Coefficient of variation	84.53%	101.93%	59.90%

残膜大小 Film length/ cm	覆膜年限 Years of film mulching/a
	1-5		6-10		11-15		16-20
	残膜数量 Quantity of residual film/ (10⁴ piece·hm^-2)	比例Percentage/ %	残膜数量 Quantity of residual film/(10⁴ piece·hm^-2)	比例Percentage/ %	残膜数量 Quantity of residual film/(10⁴ piece·hm^-2)	比例Percentage/ %	残膜数量 Quantity of residual film/ (10⁴ piece·hm^-2)	比例Percentage/ %
<5	27.61±7.39a	34.99	50.87±7.58a	36.14	114.73±19.14a	43.20	115.35±24.01a	45.12
5-10	28.05±6.64a	35.55	50.72±6.03a	36.03	100.13±17.21a	37.71	100.65±21.34a	39.37
10-15	11.85±2.95a	15.02	22.25±3.20b	14.87	33.20±5.16b	12.50	23.25±3.60b	9.09
>15	11.40±3.02a	14.44	18.24±2.75b	12.96	17.50±2.32b	6.59	16.41±2.14b	6.42

贵州省典型覆膜耕地残膜赋存特征及影响因素

The Occurrence Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Residual Mulching Film of Typical Farmland with Plastic Film in Guizhou Province

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参考文献 34

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样地所在地区 The regions of Sampling sites	样地个数 Number of plots	覆膜年限 Years of film mulching/a	作物种类 Crop species	地膜残留量分布范围 Distribution range of residual film/(kg·hm^-2)	平均残留量 Average residual film/(kg·hm^-2)	参考文献 References
贵州省 Guizhou Province	29	1-20	蔬菜、烤烟、辣椒	8.18-235.39	70.84	本研究
南方平原 South our country plain area	67	1-35	草莓、花生、棉花、蔬菜	1.79-72.15	14.28	2013
四川攀西 Pan xi Area, Sichuan Province	12	1-15以上	烟草、玉米、蔬菜	5.61-30.44	16.27	2012
河南省 Henan Province	15	1-20以上	花生、棉花	6.80-37.30	20.4	2016
山东省 Shandong Province	10	1-18	花生、棉花	5.33-46.99	23.91	2018
青岛市 Qingdao	27	8-32	马铃薯、花生、大蒜、生姜、西红柿	10.7-69.3	32.3	2017
内蒙古 Inner Mongolia	125	1-30以上	玉米、向日葵	18.20-418.60	130.42	2022
新疆 Xinjiang	20	15以上	棉花	116.64-179.88	134.09	2016

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