生物炭协同化肥减量对重金属污染土壤甜玉米安全生产的长期效应

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2025.12.013

生态环境学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (12): 1962-1973.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2025.12.013

• 研究论文【环境科学】 • 上一篇下一篇

生物炭协同化肥减量对重金属污染土壤甜玉米安全生产的长期效应

王永梅¹(), 袁雨珍¹, 王梓成¹^,², 李志丰¹, 高双全¹, 刘传平¹, 杜衍红¹^,^*()

1.广东省科学院生态环境与土壤研究所/华南土壤污染控制与修复国家地方联合工程研究中心/广东省农业环境综合治理重点实验室，广东广州 510650
2.桂林理工大学环境科学与工程学院，广西桂林 541004

收稿日期:2025-10-18 出版日期:2025-12-18 发布日期:2025-12-10
通讯作者: *E-mail：yhdu@soil.gd.cn
作者简介:王永梅（1982年生），女，中级工程师，硕士，研究方向为土地利用规划与耕地质量分类、土壤改良培肥。E-mail: 68641669@qq.com
基金资助:
广东省重点领域研发计划项目(2023B0202010027);国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD1901302);国家自然科学基金项目(42377398)

Long-term Effects of Biochar Coupled with Chemical Fertilizer Reduction on the Safe Production of Sweet Corn in Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soils

WANG Yongmei¹(), YUAN Yuzhen¹, WANG Zicheng¹^,², LI Zhifeng¹, GAO Shuangquan¹, LIU Chuanping¹, DU Yanhong¹^,^*()

1. Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences/National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment Integrated Control, Guangzhou 510650, P. R. China
2. Guilin University of Technology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin 541004 P. R. China

Received:2025-10-18 Online:2025-12-18 Published:2025-12-10

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 选择镉铅复合污染旱地，开展大田小区试验研究增施生物炭协同化肥减量模式对甜玉米产量品质及重金属吸收转运的长期影响，设置常规施肥组（CK）、生物炭+常规施肥组（CF0）、生物炭+80%常规施肥组（CF1）、生物炭+60%常规施肥组（CF2）4个处理，连续开展4季种植。结果表明：一次性添加15000 kg·hm⁻²生物炭配合40%的氮肥减量措施，土壤pH显著提升，增幅在0.7－0.9个单位；同步伴随土壤有效态Cd、As、Pb含量显著降低，钝化效果具有一定的长效性和稳定性；作物重金属吸收方面，四季甜玉米籽粒Cd、As、Pb含量均显著下降，其四季平均下降率均达到50.0%以上，且伴随化肥用量降低，由甜玉米根部向籽粒转运的Cd、As、Pb系数不断下降，当化肥减量20%时，Cd由根向籽粒转运系数较CK降低了4.21%－21.0%，As由根向籽粒转运系数下降了10.7%－53.4%，Pb由根向籽粒转运系数下降9.47%－30.0%；增施生物炭在化肥减量条件下可保障产量，CF1、CF2处理甜玉米产量较CK分别增加8.2%、3.0%，且可溶性糖、Vc含量显著提升，实现“重金属阻控－产量保障－品质提升”协同。综上，增施生物炭协同化肥减量通过强化生物炭重金属钝化作用协同农艺调控措施降低作物重金属积累，同时保障玉米增产，为旱作甜玉米重金属污染防控提供理论依据与技术支撑。

关键词: 生物炭, 化肥减量, 甜玉米, 重金属, 产量, 转运系数

Abstract:

A field experiment in upland soils co-contaminated with Cd and Pb was conducted to explore the effects of biochar application combined with chemical fertilizer reduction on sweet corn yield and heavy metal uptake. Four treatments were set up: conventional fertilization (CK), biochar+conventional fertilization (CF0), biochar +80% conventional fertilization (CF1), and biochar +60% conventional fertilization (CF2). The experiment was carried out continuously for four growing seasons. Results showed that a single application of 15000 kg·hm⁻² biochar combined with a 40% reduction in chemical fertilizer significantly increased soil pH by 0.7-0.9 units. Simultaneously, the contents of bioavailable Cd, As, and Pb in the soil decreased significantly, and the immobilization effect showed a certain degree of long-term stability. In terms of heavy metal uptake by crops, the contents of Cd, As, and Pb in the grains of four-season sweet corn decreased significantly, with the average reduction rate across the four seasons reaching more than 50.0%. Along with the reduction in fertilizer application, the transfer coefficients of Cd, As, and Pb from roots to the grains continuously decreased. When fertilizer application was reduced by 20%, the Cd transfer coefficient from root to grain decreased by 4.21%−20.97% compared with the control (CK), the As transfer coefficient decreased by 10.72%−53.43%, and the Pb transfer coefficient decreased by 9.47%−29.98%. Regarding yield and quality, biochar application maintained yield under reduced fertilizer conditions. The sweet corn yields in treatments CF1 and CF2 increased by 8.2% and 3.0%, respectively, compared with CK. In addition, the contents of soluble sugars and vitamin C increased significantly, achieving a “heavy metal control-yield maintenance-quality improvement” synergy. In conclusion, biochar application combined with chemical fertilizer reduction can reduce crop heavy metal accumulation by enhancing biochar’s immobilization effect and integrating agronomic regulation measures, while also ensuring increased corn yield. This provides a theoretical basis and technical support for heavy metal pollution prevention and control in dryland sweet corn production.

Key words: biochar, chemical fertilizer reduction, sweet corn, heavy metals, production, transfer factor

中图分类号:

X53
S156.92

王永梅, 袁雨珍, 王梓成, 李志丰, 高双全, 刘传平, 杜衍红. 生物炭协同化肥减量对重金属污染土壤甜玉米安全生产的长期效应[J]. 生态环境学报, 2025, 34(12): 1962-1973.

WANG Yongmei, YUAN Yuzhen, WANG Zicheng, LI Zhifeng, GAO Shuangquan, LIU Chuanping, DU Yanhong. Long-term Effects of Biochar Coupled with Chemical Fertilizer Reduction on the Safe Production of Sweet Corn in Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soils[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2025, 34(12): 1962-1973.

图/表 12

参考文献 24

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种植周期	养分指标	w_(CK)/(mg·kg⁻¹)	w_(CF0)/(mg·kg⁻¹)	增加率/%	w_(CF1)/(mg·kg⁻¹)	增加率/%	w_(CF2)/(mg·kg⁻¹)	增加率/%
第一季	可溶性糖	1.32×10⁵±0.42×10⁴	1.49×10⁵±0.38×10⁴	12.95	1.52×10⁵±0.56×10⁴	15.08	1.51×10⁵±0.44×10⁴	13.71
第一季	Vc	53.6±1.5	63.2±1.9	17.91	63.8±3.3	19.03	61.3±2.2	14.37
第二季	可溶性糖	1.43×10⁵±0.52×10⁴	1.60×10⁵±0.56×10⁴	11.67	1.61×10⁵±0.61×10⁴	12.72	1.59×10⁵±0.56×10⁴	10.90
第二季	Vc	51.1±1.2	58.5±2.5	14.48	59.2±3.0	15.85	57.6±3.9	12.72
第三季	可溶性糖	1.24×10⁵±0.56×10⁴	1.34×10⁵±0.51×10⁴	8.57	1.36×10⁵±0.55×10⁴	10.02	1.35×10⁵±0.40×10⁴	8.89
第三季	Vc	48.6±1.7	53.8±2.6	10.70	53.7±2.4	10.49	53.6±3.4	10.29
第四季	可溶性糖	1.16×10⁵±0.49×10⁴	1.24×10⁵±0.32×10⁴	6.88	1.26×10⁵±0.37×10⁴	8.18	1.24×10⁵±0.59×10⁴	6.97
第四季	Vc	47.5±1.1	51.2±2.4	7.79	51.5±1.8	8.42	51.3±4.1	8.00

种植周期	养分指标	w_(CK)/(mg·kg⁻¹)	w_(CF0)/(mg·kg⁻¹)	增加率/%	w_(CF1)/(mg·kg⁻¹)	增加率/%	w_(CF2)/(mg·kg⁻¹)	增加率/%
第一季	可溶性糖	1.32×10⁵±0.42×10⁴	1.49×10⁵±0.38×10⁴	12.95	1.52×10⁵±0.56×10⁴	15.08	1.51×10⁵±0.44×10⁴	13.71
第一季	Vc	53.6±1.5	63.2±1.9	17.91	63.8±3.3	19.03	61.3±2.2	14.37
第二季	可溶性糖	1.43×10⁵±0.52×10⁴	1.60×10⁵±0.56×10⁴	11.67	1.61×10⁵±0.61×10⁴	12.72	1.59×10⁵±0.56×10⁴	10.90
第二季	Vc	51.1±1.2	58.5±2.5	14.48	59.2±3.0	15.85	57.6±3.9	12.72
第三季	可溶性糖	1.24×10⁵±0.56×10⁴	1.34×10⁵±0.51×10⁴	8.57	1.36×10⁵±0.55×10⁴	10.02	1.35×10⁵±0.40×10⁴	8.89
第三季	Vc	48.6±1.7	53.8±2.6	10.70	53.7±2.4	10.49	53.6±3.4	10.29
第四季	可溶性糖	1.16×10⁵±0.49×10⁴	1.24×10⁵±0.32×10⁴	6.88	1.26×10⁵±0.37×10⁴	8.18	1.24×10⁵±0.59×10⁴	6.97
第四季	Vc	47.5±1.1	51.2±2.4	7.79	51.5±1.8	8.42	51.3±4.1	8.00

处理	重金属阻控效率/%	产量增幅/%	投入产出比	综合得分	适用农田类型
CF0	32.5	11.5	1꞉4.21	16.5	轻微重金属污染且肥力偏低农田，主要用于土壤培肥，促进长效增产
CF1	52.0	8.2	1꞉4.09	23.3	中轻度重金属污染农田（w_(Cd)≤0.4 mg·kg⁻¹、w_(Pd)≤80 mg·kg⁻¹），兼顾安全生产与产量收益
CF2	62.6	3	1꞉3.83	26.0	重度重金属污染农田（w_(Cd)>0.4 mg·kg⁻¹、w_(Pd)>80 mg·kg⁻¹），优先保障农产品重金属不超标
CK	0	0	1꞉13.61	0.02	无重金属污染或污染极轻农田

处理	重金属阻控效率/%	产量增幅/%	投入产出比	综合得分	适用农田类型
CF0	32.5	11.5	1꞉4.21	16.5	轻微重金属污染且肥力偏低农田，主要用于土壤培肥，促进长效增产
CF1	52.0	8.2	1꞉4.09	23.3	中轻度重金属污染农田（w_(Cd)≤0.4 mg·kg⁻¹、w_(Pd)≤80 mg·kg⁻¹），兼顾安全生产与产量收益
CF2	62.6	3	1꞉3.83	26.0	重度重金属污染农田（w_(Cd)>0.4 mg·kg⁻¹、w_(Pd)>80 mg·kg⁻¹），优先保障农产品重金属不超标
CK	0	0	1꞉13.61	0.02	无重金属污染或污染极轻农田

不同处理	单季生物炭成本/ (10⁴yuan∙hm⁻²)		单季化肥成本/ (10⁴yuan∙hm⁻²)	产量增收/(万元·hm^-2)				单季品质溢价/ (10⁴yuan∙hm⁻²)	总增收(产量增收+溢价增收)/(10⁴yuan∙hm⁻²)				总成本/ (10⁴yuan∙hm⁻²)	总收益/ (10⁴yuan∙hm⁻²)	投入产出比
不同处理	单季生物炭成本/ (10⁴yuan∙hm⁻²)		单季化肥成本/ (10⁴yuan∙hm⁻²)	第一季	第二季	第三季	第四季	单季品质溢价/ (10⁴yuan∙hm⁻²)	第一季	第二季	第三季	第四季	总成本/ (10⁴yuan∙hm⁻²)	总收益/ (10⁴yuan∙hm⁻²)	投入产出比
CK	0.00	0.31		0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.24	17.10	1:13.6
CF0	5.25	0.31		0.46	0.43	0.53	0.52	1.59	2.05	2.02	2.12	2.11	6.49	27.33	1:4.21
CF1	5.25	0.28		0.38	0.28	0.37	0.37	1.54	1.92	1.82	1.91	1.91	6.38	26.06	1:4.09
CF2	5.25	0.25		0.10	0.09	0.11	0.20	1.47	1.57	1.56	1.58	1.67	6.26	23.96	1:3.83

生物炭协同化肥减量对重金属污染土壤甜玉米安全生产的长期效应

Long-term Effects of Biochar Coupled with Chemical Fertilizer Reduction on the Safe Production of Sweet Corn in Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soils

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处理名称	编号	施炭量/ (kg·hm⁻²)	施尿素量/ (kg·hm⁻²)	氮肥递减率/ %
常规施肥	CK	0	600	0
生物炭+常规施肥	CF0	15000	600	0
生物炭+80%常规施肥	CF1	15000	480	20
生物炭+60%常规施肥	CF2	15000	360	40

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