北部湾海洋鱼类微塑料污染特征及其风险评估

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2023.11.002

生态环境学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (11): 1913-1921.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2023.11.002

北部湾海洋鱼类微塑料污染特征及其风险评估

李文菁¹^,²^,³(), 黄月群¹^,²^,³^,^*(), 黄亮亮¹^,²^,³, 李向通¹^,²^,³, 苏琼源¹^,²^,³, 孙扬言¹^,²^,³

1.广西环境污染控制理论与技术重点实验室，广西桂林 541004
2.桂林理工大学喀斯特区域水污染控制和水安全合作创新中心，广西桂林 541004
3.桂林理工大学环境科学与工程学院，广西桂林 541004

收稿日期:2023-03-28 出版日期:2023-11-18 发布日期:2024-01-17
通讯作者: * 黄月群。E-mail: 66295574@qq.com
作者简介:李文菁（1998年生），女，硕士研究生，主要从事生态毒理学的研究。E-mail: 1006579647@qq.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(U20A2087);广西重点研发计划(桂科AB22035050);广西重点实验室研究基金主任项目(桂科能2101Z013);桂林理工大学科研启动基金(GUQDJJ2001012)

Distribution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Microplastics in Beibu Gulf Marine Fish

LI Wenjing¹^,²^,³(), HUANG Yuequn¹^,²^,³^,^*(), HUANG Liangliang¹^,²^,³, LI Xiangtong¹^,²^,³, SU Qiongyuan¹^,²^,³, SUN Yangyan¹^,²^,³

1. Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology,Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
2. Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
3. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin 541004, P. R. China

Received:2023-03-28 Online:2023-11-18 Published:2024-01-17

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

微塑料（microplastics，MPs）在海洋鱼类组织中普遍存在，鱼体内的MPs及其相关污染物的积累可以反映其海洋环境中MPs的分布特征、污染物来源及其生态风险效应。为了解北部湾海洋鱼体内MPs的污染特征及其风险效应，对北部湾6个区域共144尾海洋鱼类进行MPs取样分析。通过10%氢氧化钾消解和真空抽滤方法提取鱼体内MPs，结合激光拉曼光谱和原位红外光谱仪分析MPs化学成分，利用风险指数（risk index，H）和污染负荷指数（pollution load index，P_LI）方法评估研究区域MPs污染水平。结果表明，胃肠道（gastrointestinal tract，GIT）MPs的平均丰度大于鳃的平均丰度，有46%的鱼样提取出MPs，共检测出70个MPs，平均每条鱼摄入0.490个MPs，其中GIT检出率为36%，平均丰度为0.417 items∙ind⁻¹；鳃检出率为13%，平均丰度为0.069 items∙ind⁻¹，检测到MPs以50－500 μm的红色聚碳酸酯和聚丙烯纤维为主；丰度、尺寸和形状与栖息地、食性无相关性，而胃肠道MPs丰度与鱼类全长相关性较强，呈负相关；胃肠道MPs丰度与鱼类体质量相关性弱；鳃中MPs丰度与鱼类全长和体质量无相关性；研究区域内的鱼类MPs整体风险类别为Ⅱ类，属于轻度污染，其中白马井（S5）风险类别为Ш类，说明白马井区域微塑料污染程度更严重，表现为该区域有更多种类的有害塑料聚合物。鱼类胃肠道和鳃会在烹饪过程中去除，但一些体型较小的鱼类和软体生物可直接食用，故不能排除MPs对人类的健康风险。

关键词: 微塑料, 分布特征, 风险评估, 相关性分析, 海洋鱼类, 北部湾

Abstract:

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous in marine fish tissues. The accumulation of MPs and their associated pollutants in fish can reflect the distribution characteristics, pollutant sources, and ecological risk effects of MPs in marine environments. This study aimed to investigate the pollution characteristics and risk effects of MPs in fish from the Beibu Gulf aquatic environment. A total of 144 marine fish specimens from six regions were analyzed for MPs. The extraction of MPs was performed using a 10% potassium hydroxide digestion and vacuum filtration method, and their chemical composition was determined through laser Raman spectroscopy and in situ infrared spectroscopy. The contamination level of MPs in the study area was assessed using the risk index (H) and the pollution load index (P_LI) methods. The results showed that the mean abundance of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) MPs was more significant than that of the gill tissue. MPs were extracted from 46% of the fish samples, with a total of 70 MPs detected. The average ingestion of MPs per fish was 0.490, with a GIT detection rate of 36% and an average abundance of 0.417 items∙ind⁻¹, a gill detection rate of 13% and an average abundance of 0.069 items∙ind⁻¹. The detected MPs were mainly composed of red polycarbonate and polypropylene fibers ranging from 50 to 500 μm. Pearson tests showed no correlation between abundance，size and shape with habitat or diet (abundance: t=0.157, P=0.244; t=0.083, P=0.537 size: t=0.171, P=0.204; t= −0.04, P=0.767 shape: t=0.075, P=0.581; t= −0.053, P=0.696). The abundance of GIT MPs showed a strong negative correlation with fish length (r²=0.946, a= −0.013). The abundance of GIT MPs showed a weak correlation with fish weight (r²=0.365, a= −0.604). There was no correlation between the abundance of gill MPs and the fish length or weight (length: r²=0.040, a= −0.002; weight: r²=0.073, a= −0.270). The overall risk category of fish MPs in the Beibu Gulf study area was classified as level II, indicating a mild pollution level. The risk category of the Bai Majing area (S5) was classified as level Ш, indicating a higher degree of microplastic pollution in this area, with a greater variety of harmful plastic polymers. Although the gastrointestinal tract and gills of fish are removed during cooking, some smaller fish and shellfish can be consumed directly, so the health risks of MPs to humans cannot be excluded.

Key words: microplastics, distribution characteristics, risk assessment, correlation analysis, marine fish, Beibu Gulf

中图分类号:

X52
X520.4

李文菁, 黄月群, 黄亮亮, 李向通, 苏琼源, 孙扬言. 北部湾海洋鱼类微塑料污染特征及其风险评估[J]. 生态环境学报, 2023, 32(11): 1913-1921.

LI Wenjing, HUANG Yuequn, HUANG Liangliang, LI Xiangtong, SU Qiongyuan, SUN Yangyan. Distribution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Microplastics in Beibu Gulf Marine Fish[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2023, 32(11): 1913-1921.

图/表 12

图1 中国北部湾采样点分布图

Figure 1 Distribution map of sampling points in Beibu Gulf, China

表1 微塑料聚合物简称、密度和评分

Table 1 Microplastic polymer abbreviation, density, and scoring

微塑料全称	微塑料简称	密度/(g∙cm⁻³)	评分
聚苯乙烯	PS	1.05	30
聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯	PET	1.38	4
聚氯乙烯	PVC	1.41	10551
热塑性聚氨酯	TPU	1.10-1.25	1094
尼龙* ¹⁾	Nylon	1.07-1.09	47
聚丙烯	PP	0.85-0.94	1
聚酰胺	PA	1.14-1.15	47
聚碳酸酯	PC	1.19	1177
聚苯醚砜** ²⁾	PES	1.31-1.51	－

表2 北部湾海洋鱼类样本数据

Table 2 Data of the Beibu Gulf Marine fish samples

鱼类名称	体质量/g	全长/cm	样本数量	食性	栖息水层	MPs数量
蓝圆鲹 Decapterus maruadsi	64.01±2.76	183.13±3.60	24	肉食性	中上层	18
南海带鱼 Trichiurus nanhaiensis	142.61±12.73	610.99±19.89	24	肉食性	底层	14
大吻斜齿鲨 Scoliodon macrorhychos	162.60±7.62	368.32±7.85	24	肉食性	底层	16
褐蓝子鱼 Siganus fuscessens	85.61±5.86	187.34±7.25	24	杂食性	中上层	22

图2 鱼体内微塑料的丰度和粒径特征

Figure 2 The abundance and particle size characteristics of the microplastics in fish

图3 鱼体内微塑料的颜色和形状分布

Figure 3 Color and shape distribution of microplastics in fish

图4 鱼体内部分微塑料显微镜图

Figure 4 Micrograph of major microplastics in fish

图5 鱼体内部分微塑料光谱图

Figure 5 Spectra of major microplastics in fish

图6 鱼体内微塑料化学组分

Figure 6 Microplastic chemical components in fish

图7 鱼体中胃肠道和鳃微塑料丰度与鱼的全长、体质量的相关性

Figure 7 Correlation of gut and gill microplastic abundance with full length and body weight of fish

表3 栖息地、食性与微塑料丰度、尺寸和形状相关性

Table 3 Correlation of habitat, diet between abundance, size and shape of MPs

影响因素	皮尔逊相关性	MPs尺寸	MPs形状	MPs丰度
食性	相关性 (P)	−0.040	0.053	0.083
食性	显著性 (t)	0.383	0.348	0.537
栖息地	相关性 (P)	0.171	0.075	0.157
栖息地	显著性 (t)	0.204	0.581	0.224

表4 各采样点微塑料风险指数、浓度因子和污染负荷指数

Table 4 MPs risk index, concentration factor and pollution burden index at each sampling point

采样点	风险指数 (H)	浓度因子 (F_i)	污染负荷指数 (P_LI)
S1	94.53	122.77	11.08
S2	92.81	184.14	13.57
S3	81.63	367.87	19.18
S4	78.44	205.64	14.34
S5	97.24	401.60	20.04
S6	73.65	333.43	18.26

表5 微塑料污染风险水平标准

Table 5 Risk level standards of microplastics pollution

风险指数 (H)	<10	10-100	100-1000	>1000
污染负荷指数 (P_LI)	<10	10-20	20-30	>30
风险类别	Ⅰ	Ⅱ	Ш	Ⅳ

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北部湾海洋鱼类微塑料污染特征及其风险评估

Distribution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Microplastics in Beibu Gulf Marine Fish

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