生态环境学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (11): 2007-2018.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2023.11.011
赵洪艳1(
), 王斌1,2,*
收稿日期:2023-07-27
出版日期:2023-11-18
发布日期:2024-01-17
通讯作者:
* 王斌。作者简介:赵洪艳（1998年生），女，硕士研究生，研究方向为新污染物的环境行为及健康效应。E-mail: 2389434824@qq.com
基金资助:
ZHAO Hongyan1(), WANG Bin1,2,*
Received:2023-07-27
Online:2023-11-18
Published:2024-01-17
摘要：
全（多）氟烷基化合物（PFAS）是一类人工合成、应用广泛、高度氟化的化合物，由于数量众多及其持久性、生物累积性和潜在毒性，其暴露风险受到越来越多关注。人体可能通过食物、饮水、室内空气和灰尘等多种介质暴露于PFAS，当前研究多集中于饮水和食品暴露途径，较少针对室内空气和灰尘的人体暴露进行评估。然而人类通过室内环境介质对PFAS的暴露不可忽视，尤其对婴儿而言。该文综述了室内环境中释放PFAS的各类产品，PFAS在不同介质中的分布特征以及人体暴露于PFAS的途径，重点分析了不同人群的暴露特点和PFAS生物有效性的研究进展，提出了降低室内PFAS浓度的有效措施。发现皮肤接触暴露途径的研究数据较少，室内环境中PFAS从产品到室内的迁移转化机制尚不清楚，此外，目前的研究大多是通过检测膳食、饮水、灰尘、空气等环境介质中的PFAS浓度，然后通过风险评估模型去计算外暴露水平，或者通过尿液、血液、头发等检测PFAS的内暴露水平，外暴露和内暴露研究是相对独立的，二者之间的关联并不明确。众多研究已经表明，很多PFAS类型在各种暴露源中均有高水平检出，仅通过已有的体外暴露风险评估模型对外暴露风险的评估可能高估了暴露量，所以迫切需要更精确的风险暴露评估方式，而现有的生物有效性的建立，确实证明了在某些暴露途径评估上，高估了暴露量，生物有效性可客观评价生物和人体内外暴露之间的质量平衡。未来继续优化PFAS暴露风险评估模型，是评估PFAS对人体的精确暴露风险和优势途径的发展趋势。
中图分类号:
赵洪艳, 王斌. 室内环境中全（多）氟烷基化合物的分布特征和暴露风险[J]. 生态环境学报, 2023, 32(11): 2007-2018.
ZHAO Hongyan, WANG Bin. Distribution Characteristics and Exposure Risk of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Indoor Environments[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2023, 32(11): 2007-2018.
| 来源 | PFAS浓度 | 主要PFAS类型 | 参考文献 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 地毯 | 325‒4010 ng∙g−1 | 6:2 FTOH、8:2 FTOH、10:2 FTOH | Liu et al., |
| 252 ng∙g−1 | PFOA、PFOS、 PFHxS | Beesoon et al., | |
| 1.6‒600 ng∙g−1 | FOSA/FOSEs、PFCAs、PFSAs、FTOHs | Zheng et al., | |
| 32.20‒8500 ng∙g−1 | PFBS、PFOS、 FTOH、PFBA | Wu et al., | |
| 化妆品 | 1200‒19000 ng∙g−1 | PFHxA、PFOA、 PFDA、PFDoDA | Fujii et al., |
| 22‒10500 ng∙g−1 | 6:2 FTOH、6:2 FTMA、FTOHs、PAPs | Whitehead et al., | |
| 470000 ng∙g−1 | PFHpA、PFHxA、 PAPs | Schultes et al., | |
| 食品包装袋 | 60000 ng∙g−1 | PFOA、PFHxA、 PFBS、6:2 FTSA | Schaider et al., |
| 22.10 ng∙dm−2 | PFOA | Monge Brenes et al., | |
| 0.20‒2.65 ng∙g−1 | PFDS、PFTeDA、PFTrDA、PFHxDA | Zafeiraki et al., |
表1 不同室内来源PFAS浓度和类型
Table 1 PFAS concentrations and types in different indoor environment
| 来源 | PFAS浓度 | 主要PFAS类型 | 参考文献 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 地毯 | 325‒4010 ng∙g−1 | 6:2 FTOH、8:2 FTOH、10:2 FTOH | Liu et al., |
| 252 ng∙g−1 | PFOA、PFOS、 PFHxS | Beesoon et al., | |
| 1.6‒600 ng∙g−1 | FOSA/FOSEs、PFCAs、PFSAs、FTOHs | Zheng et al., | |
| 32.20‒8500 ng∙g−1 | PFBS、PFOS、 FTOH、PFBA | Wu et al., | |
| 化妆品 | 1200‒19000 ng∙g−1 | PFHxA、PFOA、 PFDA、PFDoDA | Fujii et al., |
| 22‒10500 ng∙g−1 | 6:2 FTOH、6:2 FTMA、FTOHs、PAPs | Whitehead et al., | |
| 470000 ng∙g−1 | PFHpA、PFHxA、 PAPs | Schultes et al., | |
| 食品包装袋 | 60000 ng∙g−1 | PFOA、PFHxA、 PFBS、6:2 FTSA | Schaider et al., |
| 22.10 ng∙dm−2 | PFOA | Monge Brenes et al., | |
| 0.20‒2.65 ng∙g−1 | PFDS、PFTeDA、PFTrDA、PFHxDA | Zafeiraki et al., |
| 暴露途径 | 估算公式 | 单位 |
|---|---|---|
| 饮食摄入 | pg∙kg−1∙d−1 | |
| C: 食物中目标PFAS的浓度 | pg∙g−1 | |
| Q: 每天消耗的食物量 | g∙d−1 | |
| F: PFAS经胃肠道的摄取部分 | 无单位 | |
| M: 个体体重 | kg | |
| 灰尘摄入 | pg∙kg−1∙d−1 | |
| C: 室内灰尘中目标PFAS的浓度 | pg∙g−1 | |
| Q: 每天吸尘量 | g∙d−1 | |
| F: PFAS经胃肠道的摄取部分 | 无单位 | |
| M: 个体体重 | kg | |
| 室内空气吸入 | pg∙kg−1∙d−1 | |
| C: 室内空气中目标PFAS的浓度 | pg∙m−3 | |
| Q: 每天吸入率 | m3∙d−1 | |
| F: PFAS通过肺部的摄取部分 | 无单位 | |
| M: 个体体重 | kg | |
| 皮肤吸收 | pg∙kg−1∙d−1 | |
| Q: 根据目标PFAS的手部擦拭量 来确定手上的质量 | pg | |
| T: 暴露时间为1 d | d−1 | |
| F: PFAS通过皮肤吸收的吸收部分 | 无单位 | |
| M: 个体体重 | kg |
表2 不同暴露途径的PFAS日摄入量估算公式1）
Table 2 Equations applied to estimated daily intakes of PFAS from different exposure pathways
| 暴露途径 | 估算公式 | 单位 |
|---|---|---|
| 饮食摄入 | pg∙kg−1∙d−1 | |
| C: 食物中目标PFAS的浓度 | pg∙g−1 | |
| Q: 每天消耗的食物量 | g∙d−1 | |
| F: PFAS经胃肠道的摄取部分 | 无单位 | |
| M: 个体体重 | kg | |
| 灰尘摄入 | pg∙kg−1∙d−1 | |
| C: 室内灰尘中目标PFAS的浓度 | pg∙g−1 | |
| Q: 每天吸尘量 | g∙d−1 | |
| F: PFAS经胃肠道的摄取部分 | 无单位 | |
| M: 个体体重 | kg | |
| 室内空气吸入 | pg∙kg−1∙d−1 | |
| C: 室内空气中目标PFAS的浓度 | pg∙m−3 | |
| Q: 每天吸入率 | m3∙d−1 | |
| F: PFAS通过肺部的摄取部分 | 无单位 | |
| M: 个体体重 | kg | |
| 皮肤吸收 | pg∙kg−1∙d−1 | |
| Q: 根据目标PFAS的手部擦拭量 来确定手上的质量 | pg | |
| T: 暴露时间为1 d | d−1 | |
| F: PFAS通过皮肤吸收的吸收部分 | 无单位 | |
| M: 个体体重 | kg |
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