不同种植模式下土壤重金属形态分布差异与生态风险评价

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.06.020

生态环境学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (6): 1235-1243.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.06.020

不同种植模式下土壤重金属形态分布差异与生态风险评价

彭红丽¹^,^*(), 谭海霞¹, 王颖¹, 魏建梅¹, 冯阳²

1.河北环境工程学院,河北秦皇岛 066102
2.企美实业集团有限公司,河北邯郸 056000

收稿日期:2022-02-10 出版日期:2022-06-18 发布日期:2022-07-29
通讯作者: *
作者简介:彭红丽（1976年生）,女,副教授,硕士研究生,主要研究土壤污染与修复等方面研究工作。E-mail: penghongli@hebuee.edu.cn
基金资助:
河北省农业生态安全重点实验室开放基金项目(2020SYSJJ04);秦皇岛市重点研发计划科技支撑项目(202101A129)

The Discrepancy of Heavy Metals Morphological Distribution in Soil and Its Associated Ecological Risk Evaluation under Different Planting Patterns

PENG Hongli¹^,^*(), TAN Haixia¹, WANG Ying¹, WEI Jianmei¹, FENG Yang²

1. Hebei University of Environmental Engineering, Qinghuangdao 066102, P. R. China
2. Qimei Industrial Group limited company, Handan 056000, P. R. China

Received:2022-02-10 Online:2022-06-18 Published:2022-07-29

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

不同种植方式下土壤重金属污染将直接关系到蔬菜品质安全和人体健康。为探明不同种植方式下土壤重金属形态分布差异及生态风险,以河北邯郸辣椒有机种植基地及相邻常规种植地块为研究对象,分析土壤中Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb等6种重金属的质量分数及形态分布差异,并对其进行生态风险评价。结果表明,多数重金属较土壤背景值均有不同程度的累积,其中Cd累积最严重。0—20 cm土壤中,有机种植和常规种植Cr、Cu、As、Cd、Pb的质量分数均有显著差异（P<0.05）,Zn为极显著差异（P<0.01）。相比常规种植,有机种植Cd、As质量分数分别降低了71.43%和34.48%,Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb质量分数分别增加了10.95%、27.53%、50.88%、9.55%;20—40 cm土壤中各重金属质量分数变化规律与表层基本相同,且质量分数均低于0—20 cm。不同种植方式下表层土壤Cr、Cu、Zn、As均以残渣态为主,Pb的主要形态为可还原态和残渣态,Cd在土壤中形态差距较大,常规种植主要形态为弱酸态（45.99%）和可还原态（38.82%）,有机种植为残渣态（35.97%）、可还原态（29.36%）和弱酸态（25.79%）。有机种植降低了土壤中As、Cd弱酸态的形态占比（降低量分别为51.20%、43.92%）,提高了Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb弱酸态的形态占比（增加量分别为4.76%、5.82%、225.46%、8.65%）,因而有机种植As、Cd迁移性和生物有效性低于常规种植,而Cr、Cu、Zn和Pb的生物有效性高于常规种植。地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数评价结果表明,研究区土壤污染元素是Cd,有机种植降低了重金属污染的程度。RAC风险评价表明有机种植存在着Zn、As和Cd污染的生态风险,而常规种植为As和Cd,但有机种植As和Cd的生态风险等级低于常规种植。综合上述评价结果,有机种植降低了重金属污染程度和污染风险。

关键词: 有机种植, 常规种植, 重金属, 形态分布, 生态风险

Abstract:

The pollution of heavy meals in soil under different planting patterns directly affects the quality of vegetables and the health of consumers. To investigate the morphological characteristics and ecological risks of soil heavy metals under different planting patterns, the organic planting site of pepper and the adjacent conventional planting plots in Handan, Hebei province was chosen as the research subject. We examined the discrepancy of mass fraction and morphological distributions of Cr, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb, and evaluated their ecological risks. The obtained results showed that most of the heavy metals accumulated to different degrees compared to the soil background values, with Cd accumulating most severely. In 0-20 cm soils, the mass fraction of organic and conventional soils showed significant differences (P<0.05) in Cr, Cu, As, Cd, and Pb, and highly significant differences (P<0.01) in Zn. Compared with conventional planting, the mass fractions of Cd and As in organic planting decreased by 71.43% and 34.48%, respectively, and the mass fractions of Cr, Cu, Zn, and Pb increased by 10.95%, 27.53%, 50.88% and 9.55% respectively. The changes in the mass fraction of each heavy metal in 20-40 cm soil were as the same as those in the topsoil, but their mass fractions were lower than that from 0 to 20 cm. In the surface layer of the soil under different ways of planting, Cr, Cu, Zn, and As were mainly in the residue state, Pb was mainly in the reducible and residue state. In the soil, the morphological differences of Cd varied widely and the main forms were weak acid (45.99%) and reducible (38.82%) in conventional planting and residue (35.97%), reducible (29.36%), and weak acid (25.79%) in organic planting. The organic planting reduced the morphological proportion of weak acid As and Cd in the soil (51.20% and 43.92%, respectively) and increased the morphological proportion of weak acid C, Cu, Zn, and Pb (4.76%, 5.82%, 225.46%, and 8.65% respectively), thus the mobility and bio-effectiveness of As and Cd in organic planting were lower than those in conventional cultivation, while the bio-effectiveness of Cr, Cu, Zn, and Pb was higher than that in conventional planting. The results of the ground accumulation index method and potential ecological hazard index evaluation showed that the soil contamination element in the study area was Cd, and organic cultivation declined the heavy metal contamination. the RAC risk evaluation indicated that there was an ecological risk of Zn, As, and Cd contamination in organic planting, while for conventional planting, it was As and Cd, but the ecological risk levels of As and Cd in organic planting were relatively lower than that of conventional planting. All in all, organic cultivation can reduce the level of heavy metal contamination and the risk of contamination.

Key words: organic planting, conventional planting, heavy metals, morphological distribution, ecological risk

中图分类号:

X53
X820.4

彭红丽, 谭海霞, 王颖, 魏建梅, 冯阳. 不同种植模式下土壤重金属形态分布差异与生态风险评价[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022, 31(6): 1235-1243.

PENG Hongli, TAN Haixia, WANG Ying, WEI Jianmei, FENG Yang. The Discrepancy of Heavy Metals Morphological Distribution in Soil and Its Associated Ecological Risk Evaluation under Different Planting Patterns[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2022, 31(6): 1235-1243.

图/表 7

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研究区 Study area	pH	w_{(organic matter)}/ (g∙kg^-1)	w_{(available nitrogen)}/ (mg∙kg^-1)	w_{(available phosphorus)}/ (mg∙kg^-1)	w_{(available potassium)}/ (mg∙kg^-1)
有机种植 Organic planting	8.25	18.81	49.51	22.32	251.21
常规种植 Conventional planting	8.57	14.90	38.63	14.12	123.99

研究区 Study area	pH	w_{(organic matter)}/ (g∙kg^-1)	w_{(available nitrogen)}/ (mg∙kg^-1)	w_{(available phosphorus)}/ (mg∙kg^-1)	w_{(available potassium)}/ (mg∙kg^-1)
有机种植 Organic planting	8.25	18.81	49.51	22.32	251.21
常规种植 Conventional planting	8.57	14.90	38.63	14.12	123.99

地累积指数法 I_geo		潜在生态危害指数法 Potential ecological risk index			风险评价编码法 Risk assessment code
I_geo	污染程度 Degree of pollution	E_i	RI	生态危害程度 Degree of ecological hazard	活性态占比 Proportion of active forms	风险等级 Degree of hazard
≤0	无 None	≤40	≤150	轻微 Slight	<1%	无 None
0-1	轻度 Mild	40-80	150-300	中等 Moderate	1%-10%	低 Low
1-2	偏中度 Biased moderate	80-160	300-600	强 Strong	10%-30%	中 Moderate
2-3	中度 Moderate	160-320	>600	很强 Very strong	30%-50%	高 High
3-4	偏重度 Biased serious	>320		极强 Extremely serious	>50%	极高 Extremely high
4-5	重度 Serious
>5	极重 Extremely serious

地累积指数法 I_geo		潜在生态危害指数法 Potential ecological risk index			风险评价编码法 Risk assessment code
I_geo	污染程度 Degree of pollution	E_i	RI	生态危害程度 Degree of ecological hazard	活性态占比 Proportion of active forms	风险等级 Degree of hazard
≤0	无 None	≤40	≤150	轻微 Slight	<1%	无 None
0-1	轻度 Mild	40-80	150-300	中等 Moderate	1%-10%	低 Low
1-2	偏中度 Biased moderate	80-160	300-600	强 Strong	10%-30%	中 Moderate
2-3	中度 Moderate	160-320	>600	很强 Very strong	30%-50%	高 High
3-4	偏重度 Biased serious	>320		极强 Extremely serious	>50%	极高 Extremely high
4-5	重度 Serious
>5	极重 Extremely serious

元素Elements	采样深度 Sampling depths/ cm	质量分数平均值 Average value of mass fraction/(mg∙kg^-1)		变异系数 Coefficient of variation/%		对照标准 Standard/(mg∙kg^-1)
元素Elements	采样深度 Sampling depths/ cm	有机种植 Organic planting	常规种植 Conventional planting	有机种植 Organic planting	常规种植 Conventional planting	河北土壤环境背景值 Soil background value of Hebei Province	产地环境土壤标准限制 Limitation of environmental soil standards (pH>7.5)
Cr	0-20	76.82±3.25a	69.24±1.22b	4.23	1.76	68.3	250
Cr	20-40	74.23±1.19a	68.18±1.33b	1.60	1.99	68.3	250
Cu	0-20	25.06±1.88a	19.65±2.07b	7.50	10.53	21.8	100
Cu	20-40	23.02±0.92a	18.24±0.68b	3.40	3.73	21.8	100
Zn	0-20	79.44±6.63A	52.65±2.33B	8.35	4.43	78.4	300
Zn	20-40	70.29±3.95A	50.86±1.99B	5.62	3.91	78.4	300
As	0-20	4.37±0.40b	6.67±0.23a	9.15	3.45	13.6	25
As	20-40	3.55±0.31a	6.26±0.17b	8.63	2.69	13.6	25
Cd	0-20	0.26±0.02b	0.91±0.26a	8.82	21.48	0.094	0.6
Cd	20-40	0.21±0.02b	0.71±0.11a	6.45	13.58	0.094	0.6
Pb	0-20	28.90±0.47a	26.38±0.85b	1.63	3.22	21.5	170
Pb	20-40	27.71±0.86a	25.03±0.97a	3.12	3.88	21.5	170

不同种植模式下土壤重金属形态分布差异与生态风险评价

The Discrepancy of Heavy Metals Morphological Distribution in Soil and Its Associated Ecological Risk Evaluation under Different Planting Patterns

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种植方式 Planting patterns	潜在生态危害系数均值 (E_i) Potential ecological hazard coefficient						潜在生态危害指数 (RI) Potential ecological risk index
种植方式 Planting patterns	Cr	Cu	Zn	As	Cd	Pb	潜在生态危害指数 (RI) Potential ecological risk index
有机种植 Organic planting	2.25	5.75	1.01	3.21	82.98¹⁾	6.72	101.92
常规种植 Conventional planting	2.03	4.51	0.67	4.90	290.43²⁾	6.14	308.67

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