寒旱区春玉米秸秆还田方式对土壤DOM光谱特征的影响机制

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2023.08.007

生态环境学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (8): 1419-1432.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2023.08.007

寒旱区春玉米秸秆还田方式对土壤DOM光谱特征的影响机制

刘晨¹^,²(), 白雪冬¹^,², 赵海超¹^,²^,^*(), 黄智鸿¹^,², 刘松涛¹^,², 卢海博¹^,², 刘子刚¹^,², 刘雪玲¹^,²

1.河北北方学院河北省农产品食品质量安全分析检测重点实验室，河北张家口 075000
2.河北北方学院/张家口市特色农产品质量安全重点实验室，河北张家口 075000

收稿日期:2023-05-11 出版日期:2023-08-18 发布日期:2023-11-08
通讯作者: *赵海超。E-mail: haichaozhao19@163.com
作者简介:刘晨（1999年生），女，硕士研究生，主要研究方向作物学。E-mail: 463923989@qq.com
基金资助:
河北省现代农业产业技术体系“寒旱区春玉米抗逆丰产栽培岗位专家”(HBCT2023020202);河北省创新能力提升计划项目(20526401D);河北省教育厅重大项目(ZD2019097);张家口市科技局项目(2311025C);河北北方学院项目(XJ2023018)

The Effect Mechanism of Spring Maize Straw Returning Method on Soil DOM Spectral Characteristics in Cold and Arid Regions of China

LIU Chen¹^,²(), BAI Xuedong¹^,², ZHAO Haichao¹^,²^,^*(), HUANG Zhihong¹^,², LIU Songtao¹^,², LU Haibo¹^,², LIU Zigang¹^,², LIU Xueling¹^,²

1. Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products and Food Quality and Safety Analysis and Testing, Hebei North College, Zhangjiakou 075000, P. R. China
2. Zhangjiakou Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Special Agricultural Products/Hebei North College, Zhangjiakou 075000, P. R. China

Received:2023-05-11 Online:2023-08-18 Published:2023-11-08

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

通过连续4年定点秸秆还田试验，设置大垄轮播、翻耕、旋耕3种还田方式，以秸秆不还田为对照，利用三维荧光光谱和紫外光谱测定不同土层（0－20、20－40、40－60、60－80、80－100 cm）及玉米各生育时期（播种前期、苗期、拔节期、灌浆期、收获期）0－20 cm土层DOM组分特征，以期优化寒旱区春玉米秸秆还田方式。结果表明，土壤DOC质量分数在202－364 mg?kg^-1之间，DOM类胡敏酸组分（23.6%－54.3%）占比最高，类富里酸组分（23.6%－31.6%）占比次之，秸秆还田降低土壤（0－20 cm）DOM类胡敏酸组分占比，增加土壤DOM类蛋白组分占比、陆源特征及芳香性。随着土壤深度的增加DOM质量分数增加，类胡敏酸组分占比、腐殖化程度和生物源特征降低，疏水性分子增加。大垄轮播提高0－40 cm土层DOM类胡敏酸组分占比、腐殖化程度及芳香性，翻耕提高20－40 cm土层DOM类蛋白组分、疏水性组分占比，旋耕提高0－20 cm土层DOM类富里酸组分占比、腐殖化程度及芳香性。随着玉米的生长土壤DOM质量分数降低，类胡敏酸组分呈先降后升趋势，DOM小分子组分占比增加，生物源增强，腐殖化程度减弱。大垄轮播增加灌浆期土壤DOM类富里酸、类蛋白组分占比，翻耕降低拔节期DOM类胡敏酸组分占比，旋耕增加苗期DOM类蛋白组分占比。秸秆还田通过提高微生物及酶活性和作物产量影响DOM组分，大垄轮播通过延长根际秸秆腐解时间影响土壤DOM组分，提高DOM供肥能力及春玉米产量；翻耕和旋耕通过机械作用影响DOM含量和组分，增强DOM腐解。因此，寒旱区春玉米秸秆还田适宜采用大垄轮播秸秆还田方式。

关键词: 秸秆还田方式, 土壤DOM, 三维荧光光谱, 紫外光谱

Abstract:

In order to study the effect of the method of returning maize straw (to the field) on soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) components under low temperature and drought stress conditions, a 4-year fixed-site straw returning experiment was conducted at Zhangjiakou Yuxian Experimental Station. Three methods of returning straw to the field were set up, including tillage (ploughing), rotary tillage, and large ridge rotation. With no straw retention onto the field as a control, the DOM composition characteristics of different soil layers (0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80, and 80-100 cm), at various maize crop growth stages (pre-sowing, seedling, jointing, grouting, and harvesting), were measured using three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum and ultraviolet spectrum, in order to optimize the method of returning spring corn straw to the field in cold and arid areas of China. The results showed that the soil DOM content from 202-364 mg?kg^-1. DOM humic acid components (23.6%-54.3%) accounted for the highest proportion, followed by fulvic acid like components (23.6%-31.6%). Straw retention reduced the proportion of DOM humic acid components in the soil (0-20 cm), and increased the proportion of DOM protein components, microbial and enzyme activities in the soil. As the soil depth increases, the DOM content increased, the proportion of humic acid like components, humification degree, and biological activities decreased, and hydrophobic molecules increased. Large ridge rotation increased the percentage of DOM humic acid components, humification degree, and microbial and enzyme activities in the 0-40 cm soil layer, whereas tillage increased the percentage of DOM protein components and hydrophobic components in the 20-40 cm soil layer. On the other hand, rotary tillage increased the percentage of DOM fulvic acid components, humification degree and aromaticity in the 0-20 cm soil layer. With the growth of corn, the soil DOM content decreased, and the humic acid components exhibited a decreasing and then increasing trend. Additionally, the proportion of DOM small molecules increased, whilst the biological source strengthened, and the degree of humification weakened. Meanwhile, large ridge rotation increased the proportion of soil DOM rich acids and protein components during the grain filling stage. On the other hand, ploughing reduced the proportion of DOM humic acid components during the jointing stage, and rotary tillage increased the proportion of DOM protein components during the seedling stage. Overall, returning straw to the field affects the DOM components by increasing microbial and enzyme activities and crop yield. Large ridge rotation affects the soil DOM components by prolonging the straw decomposition time in the rhizosphere, improving the DOM nutrient supply capacity and spring corn yield. Ploughing and rotary tillage affect DOM content and components through mechanical action, that accelerates DOM decomposition. In conclusion, our study reveals that the suitable method for returning spring corn straw to the field in cold and arid areas of China is through the use of large ridge rotation.

Key words: straw return method, soil DOM, three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy, ultraviolet spectroscopy

中图分类号:

刘晨, 白雪冬, 赵海超, 黄智鸿, 刘松涛, 卢海博, 刘子刚, 刘雪玲. 寒旱区春玉米秸秆还田方式对土壤DOM光谱特征的影响机制[J]. 生态环境学报, 2023, 32(8): 1419-1432.

LIU Chen, BAI Xuedong, ZHAO Haichao, HUANG Zhihong, LIU Songtao, LU Haibo, LIU Zigang, LIU Xueling. The Effect Mechanism of Spring Maize Straw Returning Method on Soil DOM Spectral Characteristics in Cold and Arid Regions of China[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2023, 32(8): 1419-1432.

图/表 15

图1 春玉米大垄轮播示意图大垄轮播秸秆还田处理，春玉米采用高起垄种植，垄高20 cm，垄距60 cm，秋季采用机械收获秸秆粉碎还田，秸秆还田后在冬季风力作用下聚集在垄沟中，第2年在上一年的垄背开沟种植，开沟后的土壤向两侧翻压

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of large ridge rotation of spring corn

图2 土壤DOM三维荧光组分区域

Figure 2 Soil DOM 3D fluorescence component area

表1 可溶性有机物（DOM）的三维荧光光谱特征参数描述及表征意义

Table 1 Description and characterization significance of three-dimensional fluorescence spectral characteristic parameters of soluble organic matter

荧光光谱参数	意义	定义	参考文献
荧光指数 (FI)	表征DOM中腐殖质来源	激发波长为370 nm时, 发射波长在450 nm和500 nm处荧光强度比值	McKnight et al., 2001
腐殖化指数 (HIX)	表征DOM的腐殖化程度	激发波长为254 nm时, 发射波长在435-480 nm间与300-345 nm间荧光强度积分值比值	肖隆庚等, 2014
自生源指数 (BIX)	表征DOM自生源特征强弱	激发波长为310 nm时, 发射波长在380 nm和430 nm处荧光强度比值	李帅东等, 2017

表2 可溶性有机物（DOM）的紫外-可见光谱特征参数描述及表征意义

Table 2 Description and significance of characteristic parameters of ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy of dissolved organic matter

吸光度	意义	定义	参考文献
SUVA_{254 nm}	表征DOM腐殖化程度	单位DOC浓度在波长在254 nm处的吸收系数	李帅东等, 2017
SUVA_{260 nm}	表征DOM疏水性组分含量	单位DOC浓度在波长在260 nm处的吸收系数	龚香宜等, 2017
A_{253 nm}/A_{203 nm}	反映分子结构和取代基情况, 与取代基的复杂程度呈正相关	紫外-可见光谱在253 nm和203 nm处吸光度的比值	周萌等, 2020
A_{250 nm}/A_{365 nm}	表征DOM的芳香性和分子量大小	紫外-可见光谱在250 nm和365 nm处吸光度的比值	石含之等, 2021
S_R	表征DOM的来源组成和结构变化	紫外-可见光谱在275-295 nm和350-400 nm处吸光度的斜率比值	赵雄威等, 2022

图3 不同秸秆还田方式下土壤DOC质量分数垂向分布特征

Figure 3 Vertical distribution characteristics of soil DOM content in different straw returning methods

图4 不同秸秆还田方式下土壤DOC质量分数生育时期动态变化特征

Figure 4 Dynamic changes of soil DOC mass fraction during growth period under different straw returning methods

图5 不同秸秆还田方式下土壤DOM三维荧光Pi,n百分比垂向分布特征

Figure 5 Vertical distribution characteristics of soil DOM three-dimensional fluorescence Pi, n percentage under different straw returning methods

图6 不同秸秆还田方式下土壤DOM三维荧光Pi, n百分比生育时期动态变化特征

Figure 6 Dynamic changes of soil DOM three-dimensional fluorescence Pi, n percentage during growth period under different straw returning methods

图7 不同秸秆还田方式下土壤DOM荧光指数FI、腐殖化指数HIX、自生源指数BIX垂向变化特征

Figure 7 Vertical variation characteristics of soil DOM fluorescence index, humification index and autochthonous index under different straw returning methods

图8 不同秸秆还田方式下土壤DOM荧光指数FI、腐殖化指数HIX、自生源指数BIX生育时期动态变化特征

Figure 8 Dynamic changes in soil DOM fluorescence index, humification index, and autochthonous index during growth period under different straw returning methods

图9 不同秸秆还田方式下土壤DOM紫外光谱参数SUVA254 nm、SUVA260 nm、A253 nm/A203 nm、A250 nm/A365 nm 及光谱斜率SR垂向变化特征

Figure 9 Vertical variation characteristics of soil DOM UV spectral parameters SUVA254 nm, SUVA260 nm, A253 nm/A203 nm, A250 nm/A365 nm and spectral slope SR under different straw returning methods

图10 不同秸秆还田方式下土壤DOM紫外光谱参数SUVA254 nm、SUVA260 nm、A253 nm/A203 nm、A250 nm/A365 nm 及光谱斜率SR生育时期动态变化特征

Figure 10 Dynamic changes of soil DOM UV spectral parameters SUVA 254 nm, SUVA 260 nm, A253 nm/A203 nm, A250 nm/A365 nm and spectral slope SR during the growth period of different straw returning methods

表3 土壤DOM荧光组分、荧光光谱参数和紫外光谱参数垂向变化特征与微生物量和酶活性相关分析

Table 3 Correlation analysis of vertical variation characteristics of soil DOM fluorescence components, fluorescence spectral parameters and ultraviolet spectral parameters with microbial biomass and enzyme activity

指标	区域 I	区域 II	区域 III	区域 IV	区域 V	FI	HIX	BIX	A_{253 nm}/ A_{203 nm}	A_{250 nm}/ A_{365 nm}	SUVA_{254 nm}	SUVA_{260 nm}	S_R	w_(DOC)
w_(MBC)	-0.134	0.166	0.283	-0.274	-0.069	-0.423	0.098	-0.077	-0.324	-0.682^{** 1)}	0.233	-0.066	-0.132	0.197
w_(MBN)	-0.157	-0.305	0.040	-0.590^**	0.382	-0.376	0.240	-0.485	-0.091	-0.488^{* 2)}	0.487^*	0.049	-0.195	0.429^*
w_(MBP)	-0.296	-0.103	- 0.116	-0.305	0.291	-0.305	0.470^*	-0.212	-0.461^*	-0.264	0.366	0.001	-0.311	0.160
w_(SUC)	-0.279	-0.109	0.042	-0.400	0.261	-0.336	0.120	-0.160	-0.371	-0.484^*	0.600^**	0.111	-0.327	0.272
w_(URE)	-0.334	-0.259	- 0.034	-0.563^*	0.437^*	-0.297	0.083	-0.286	-0.245	-0.467^*	0.568^**	0.942^**	-0.385	0.461^*

表4 土壤DOM荧光组分、荧光光谱参数和紫外光谱参数生育时期动态变化特征与微生物量和酶活性相关分析

Table 4 Correlation analysis of dynamic changes in soil DOM fluorescence components, fluorescence spectral parameters, and ultraviolet spectral parameters during growth period with microbial biomass and enzyme activity

指标	区域 I	区域 II	区域 III	区域 IV	区域 V	FI	HIX	BIX	A_{253 nm}/ A_{203 nm}	A_{250 nm}/ A_{365 nm}	SUVA_{254 nm}	SUVA_{260 nm}	S_R	w_(DOC)
w_(MBC)	-0.127	0.635^**	0.384	0.510^*	-0.481^*	-0.198	-0.530^*	0.611^**	0.511^*	-0.135	0.541^*	-0.021	0.582^**	-0.269
w_(MBN)	-0.398	0.359	0.478^*	0.313	-0.351	-0.240	-0.356	0.359	0.298	0.384	0.223	-0.250	0.369	-0.499^*
w_(MBP)	0.103	0.008	-0.223	0.019	0.005	0.128	-0.065	0.155	-0.351	0.218	-0.231	-0.175	-0.019	0.027
w_(SUC)	0.194	-0.070	-0.137	-0.152	0.243	-0.010	0.381	0.092	-0.384	-0.514^*	-0.356	-0.234	0.144	0.295
w_(URE)	0.070	-0.250	0.002	-0.488^*	0.123	-0.061	-0.032	-0.235	-0.158	-0.189	0.020	0.188	0.002	0.559^**
w_(SOM)	0.394	-0.430	-0.288	-0.492^*	0.441^*	-0.008	0.452^*	-0.452^*	-0.214	-0.131	-0.103	0.322	-0.228	0.926^**
w_(TP)	-0.176	0.455^*	0.361	0.489^*	-0.253	-0.168	-0.388	0.456	0.472^*	-0.269	0.245	-0.385	-0.076	-0.295
w_(TN)	-0.020	-0.084	0.280	-0.346	-0.262	-0.168	-0.332	-0.250	0.304	-0.058	0.469^*	0.604^**	-0.343	0.343

表5 不同秸秆还田方式对玉米产量的影响

Table 5 Effect of different straw return methods on maize yield

处理	大垄轮播	翻耕	旋耕	对照
百粒质量/ g	37.91± 4.21a	35.66± 2.87b	34.96± 4.85b	34.44± 1.29c
产量/ (kg∙hm^-2）	11682.63± 884.25a	10720.05± 612.93b	10751.55± 901.28b	9063.75± 856.82c

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寒旱区春玉米秸秆还田方式对土壤DOM光谱特征的影响机制

The Effect Mechanism of Spring Maize Straw Returning Method on Soil DOM Spectral Characteristics in Cold and Arid Regions of China

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