太原市污灌区农田土壤中多环芳烃污染特征及生态风险评价

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.01.018

生态环境学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (1): 160-169.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.01.018

太原市污灌区农田土壤中多环芳烃污染特征及生态风险评价

王飞¹(), 赵颖²^,³^,^*

1.山西大学体科所,山西太原 030006
2.山西省生态环境监测和应急保障中心,山西太原 030027
3.山西省生态环境科学研究院,山西太原 030027

收稿日期:2021-09-23 出版日期:2022-01-18 发布日期:2022-03-10
通讯作者: *
作者简介:王飞（1980年生）,男,副教授,博士,主要研究方向为生态环境保护与治理。E-mail: nemo@sxu.edu.cn
基金资助:
山西省重点研发计划项目(201803D221002-4);山西省重点研发计划项目(201903D321069)

Pollution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of PAHs in Agricultural Soil from Sewage Irrigation Area of Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province

WANG Fei¹(), ZHAO Ying²^,³^,^*

1. Physical Science Institute of Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China
2. Shanxi Provincial Security center of Ecological Environmental Monitoring and Emergency, Taiyuan 030027, P. R. China
3. Shanxi Provincial Academy of Ecological Environmental Science Taiyuan 030027, P. R. China

Received:2021-09-23 Online:2022-01-18 Published:2022-03-10

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

通过对污灌区农田土壤多环芳烃（Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAHs）的分布特征、污染程度及来源进行解析,深入了解污水灌溉引发的土壤污染问题,实现污水灌溉农田土壤的污染预警和科学合理利用。在太原污灌农田共采集110个土壤样品,使用气相色谱-质谱仪（Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometery,GC-MS）分析美国环境保护署（U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,USEPA）优控的16种PAHs组成与质量分数,运用主成分分析/多元线性回归法（Principal Component Analysis and Multiple Linear Regression,PCA/MLR）定量分析农田土壤中PAHs的来源。结果表明,污灌区农田土壤中16种PAHs质量分数平均值为3197.57 μg∙kg^-1（质量分数范围为214.50—13511.50 µg∙kg^-1）,以4—6环PAHs为主。PAHs来源分析表明,小店区农田土壤中PAHs主要来源及其贡献率分别为化石燃料和炼焦66.9%、焦炭源33.1%,晋源区分别为化石燃料53.2%、煤燃烧和炼焦的混合源46.8%,清徐县分别为化石燃料88%、煤木材燃烧和炼焦的混合源12%。平均效应区间中值商法（Mean Effect Range Median-Quotient,Q_MERM）生态风险评价结果表明,研究区农田土壤中PAHs为低毒性或中低毒性。毒性当量法（Toxic Equivalent Quantity,Q_TE）进一步分析指出,污灌区农田土壤PAHs的Q_TE值排序为小店区>晋源区>清徐县,其中7种致癌多环芳烃的Q_TE值占多环芳烃总量的95%以上,是PAHs毒性风险的主要来源;苯并a芘（Benzo-a-Pyrene,BaP）作为毒性最强的单体之一,其Q_TE的贡献值为44%—48%,应重点关注。

关键词: 多环芳烃, 农田土壤, 源解析, 污染特征, 生态风险

Abstract:

This study explored the distribution characteristics, pollution status and the source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in farmland soils in sewage irrigation area to reveal and better understand soil pollution problems caused by sewage irrigation. A total of 110 soil samples were collected from farmlands around the sewage irrigation area in Taiyuan city. The 16 priority- controlled PAHs recommended by USEPA were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometery (GC-MS) to distinguish their compositions and contents. Principal Component Analysis and Multiple Linear Regression (PCA/MLR) were employed to identify the PAHs source. The mean Effect Range-Median Quotient method (Q_MERM) and the toxicity equivalent quantity method (Q_TE) were used to assess the ecological risks. The results showed that the average PAHs content was 3197.57 μg·kg^-1 in the sewage irrigation area, dominated by 4-6 ring PAHs. In the Xiaodian area, the pollution sources of PAHs included fossil fuel combustion and coking sources (66.9%), as well as the coke source (33.1%). In the Jinyuan area, the fossil fuel combustion accounted for 53.2% of pollution sources, while the other half were mainly from coal and coking combustion (46.8%). In the Qingxu area, the PAHs pollution was mainly caused by fossil fuel combustion (88%). The secondary cause was the co-combustion of coal, wood and coke (12%). Results of the risk assessment showed that the agricultural soil was low or moderate in toxicity. The Xiaodian area showed a higher PAHs value based on the Q_TE results, followed by Jinyuan and Qingxu areas. Moreover, the 7 carcinogenic PAHs were the main source compositions which accounted for more than 90% of PAHs contents. Benzo-a-Pyrene (BaP) was the most toxic monocase as it contributed to 48%-50% of Q_TE concentrations and thus should be given more attention.

Key words: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, farmland soil, source, pollution characteristic, ecological risk

中图分类号:

王飞, 赵颖. 太原市污灌区农田土壤中多环芳烃污染特征及生态风险评价[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022, 31(1): 160-169.

WANG Fei, ZHAO Ying. Pollution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of PAHs in Agricultural Soil from Sewage Irrigation Area of Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2022, 31(1): 160-169.

图/表 12

参考文献 41

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化合物 Compounds	缩写 Abbreviation	化合物 Compounds	缩写 Abbreviation
萘	NaP	苯并[a]蒽	BaA
苊烯	Acy	䓛	Chr
苊	Ace	苯并[b]荧蒽	BbF
芴	Flu	苯并[k]荧蒽	BkF
菲	Phe	苯并[a]芘	BaP
蒽	Ant	茚并[1, 2, 3]芘	InP
荧蒽	Flt	二苯并[a, h]蒽	BA
芘	Pyr	苯并[ghi]苝	BP

化合物 Compounds	缩写 Abbreviation	化合物 Compounds	缩写 Abbreviation
萘	NaP	苯并[a]蒽	BaA
苊烯	Acy	䓛	Chr
苊	Ace	苯并[b]荧蒽	BbF
芴	Flu	苯并[k]荧蒽	BkF
菲	Phe	苯并[a]芘	BaP
蒽	Ant	茚并[1, 2, 3]芘	InP
荧蒽	Flt	二苯并[a, h]蒽	BA
芘	Pyr	苯并[ghi]苝	BP

化合物 Compounds	环数 Ring	最小值 Min.	最大值 Max.	平均值 Average	中位数 Median
NaP	2	14.00	1358.40	131.86	99.30
Acy	3	3.10	784.34	49.55	18.60
Ace	3	1.50	476.35	36.84	14.46
Flu	3	8.10	1100.88	97.72	33.22
Phe	3	56.90	2864.50	366.67	223.85
Ant	3	3.50	980.00	96.83	31.30
Flt	4	21.90	2234.90	414.13	255.90
Pyr	4	17.10	1805.50	302.05	171.19
BaA	4	6.80	1236.40	198.00	113.25
Chr	4	15.50	1407.30	320.07	199.03
BbF	5	15.20	1525.60	376.12	236.15
BkF	5	7.00	532.00	120.37	68.98
BaP	5	9.10	531.40	178.97	117.20
BA	5	4.60	833.10	112.10	65.93
InP	6	10.30	969.50	190.13	126.63
BP	6	10.20	813.90	196.70	133.70
ƩPAHs	—	214.50	13511.50	3197.57	2127.75

化合物 Compounds	环数 Ring	最小值 Min.	最大值 Max.	平均值 Average	中位数 Median
NaP	2	14.00	1358.40	131.86	99.30
Acy	3	3.10	784.34	49.55	18.60
Ace	3	1.50	476.35	36.84	14.46
Flu	3	8.10	1100.88	97.72	33.22
Phe	3	56.90	2864.50	366.67	223.85
Ant	3	3.50	980.00	96.83	31.30
Flt	4	21.90	2234.90	414.13	255.90
Pyr	4	17.10	1805.50	302.05	171.19
BaA	4	6.80	1236.40	198.00	113.25
Chr	4	15.50	1407.30	320.07	199.03
BbF	5	15.20	1525.60	376.12	236.15
BkF	5	7.00	532.00	120.37	68.98
BaP	5	9.10	531.40	178.97	117.20
BA	5	4.60	833.10	112.10	65.93
InP	6	10.30	969.50	190.13	126.63
BP	6	10.20	813.90	196.70	133.70
ƩPAHs	—	214.50	13511.50	3197.57	2127.75

研究区域 Area	PAHs种类 Variaties of PAHs	质量分数范围 Ranges of concentrations	平均值 Averages	参考文献 References
沈阳污灌区	—	950-2790	2133	Song et al., 2006
沈抚石油类污灌区	—	787-24600	4950	曲健等, 2006
乌鲁木齐某污灌区	16	8720-10926	9992	王雪萍等, 2020
辽宁浑蒲灌区	16	620-1040	795	高昌源等, 2016
太原污灌区	16	214-13511	3198	本研究

太原市污灌区农田土壤中多环芳烃污染特征及生态风险评价

Pollution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of PAHs in Agricultural Soil from Sewage Irrigation Area of Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province

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PAHs	小店区 Xiaodian area		晋源区 Jinyuan area		清徐县 Qingxu area
PAHs	PC1	PC2	PC1	PC2	PC1	PC2
NaP	0.414	0.135	-0.057	0.897	-0.257	0.25
Ace	-0.043	0.923	0.039	0.944	0.737	0.413
Acy	-0.04	0.889	0.844	0.333	0.09	0.92
Flu	-0.098	0.983	0.65	0.615	0.369	0.822
Phe	0.553	0.784	0.322	0.876	0.893	0.156
Ant	0.007	0.995	0.172	0.96	0.902	0.27
Flt	0.817	0.542	0.466	0.841	0.965	0.078
Pyr	0.954	0.244	0.477	0.819	0.944	0.17
BaA	0.969	-0.111	0.503	0.801	0.973	0.087
Chr	0.979	-0.172	0.68	0.561	0.932	0.08
BbF	0.973	-0.146	0.768	0.175	0.948	0.085
BkF	0.986	0.012	0.892	0.079	0.968	0.118
BaP	0.986	0.123	0.874	0.16	0.977	0.046
BA	0.967	-0.201	0.908	0.227	0.968	0.085
InP	0.99	-0.078	0.887	0.233	0.976	0.069
BP	0.963	0.236	0.909	0.139	0.955	0.087
特征值	9.698	4.767	7.018	6.395	11.596	1.944
方差贡献率%	60.615	29.795	43.860	39.970	72.474	12.150

研究区 Study area	模型 Model	回归 Regression	残差 Residual	总计 Total
小店区	平方和	33.98	0.02	34
	df	2	32	34
	均方	16.99	0.001
	F	27796.467
	Sig.	0.000a
晋源区	平方和	33.895	0.105	34
	df	2	32	34
	均方	16.948	0.003
	F	5176.184
	Sig.	0.000a
清徐县	平方和	38.59	0.41	39
	df	2	37	39
	均方	19.295	0.011
	F	1741.227
	Sig.	0.000a

研究区 Study area	模型 Model		常量 Constant	回归因子得分REGR factor score 1 for analysis 2	回归因子得分REGR factor score 2 for analysis 2
小店区	非标准化系数	B	1.10×10^-16	0.896	0.443
	非标准化系数	标准误差	0.006	0.004	0.004
	标准系数	Beta		0.896	0.443
	t		0	211.405	104.407
	Sig.		1	0	0
晋源区	非标准化系数	B	-7.45×10^-17	0.75	0.659
	非标准化系数	标准误差	0.01	0.01	0.01
	标准系数	Beta		0.75	0.659
	t		0	76.463	67.125
	Sig.		1	0	0
清徐县	非标准化系数	B	-3.15×10^-16	0.986	0.134
	非标准化系数	标准误差	0.017	0.017	0.017
	标准系数	Beta		0.986	0.134
	t		0	58.476	7.94
	Sig.		1	0	0

地区 Study area	Q_MERM	Q_MERM均值 Mean of Q_MERM	污染程度 Pollution level	样品比例 Sample proportion/%
地区 Study area	Q_MERM	Q_MERM均值 Mean of Q_MERM	污染程度 Pollution level	<0.1	0.1<Q_MERM<0.5	0.5<Q_MERM <1.5	Q_MERM>1.5
小店区	0.05-0.40	0.2	中低毒性	25.71	74.29	0.00	0.00
晋源区	0.02-0.46	0.18	中低毒性	31.43	68.57	0.00	0.00
清徐县	0.01-0.26	0.04	低毒性	97.50	2.50	0.00	0.00

多环芳烃 PAHs	小店区 Xiaodian area			晋源区 Jinyuan area			清徐县 Qingxu area
多环芳烃 PAHs	最小值 Min.	最大值 Max.	平均值 Mean	最小值 Min.	最大值 Max.	平均值 Mean	最小值 Min.	最大值 Max.	平均值 Mean
萘	0.03	0.35	0.15	0.05	1.36	0.2	0.01	0.22	0.05
苊	0	0.48	0.07	0	0.21	0.04	0	0.05	0.01
苊烯	0.01	0.78	0.11	0	0.28	0.04	0	0.04	0.01
芴	0.01	1.1	0.19	0.01	0.35	0.09	0.01	0.05	0.02
菲	0.13	1.2	0.44	0.06	2.86	0.56	0.06	0.52	0.13
蒽	0.18	7.28	1.63	0.05	9.8	1.24	0.04	0.87	0.15
荧蒽	0.12	1.54	0.63	0.04	2.23	0.54	0.02	0.99	0.11
芘	0.08	1.21	0.45	0.03	1.81	0.39	0.02	0.77	0.09
苯并(a)蒽	5.81	95.89	27.37	1.76	123.64	28.41	0.68	52.2	5.64
䓛	1.3	12.87	4.7	0.39	14.07	4.21	0.16	7.19	1
苯并(b)荧蒽	15.52	152.56	60.73	4.36	133	42.77	1.52	86.25	12.88
苯并(k)荧蒽	4.4	53.2	20.54	1.46	45.71	12.96	0.7	29.71	3.79
苯并(a)芘	62	522	290.36	20.4	531.4	207.09	9.1	498.5	56.89
茚并(123-c, d)芘	5.84	90.28	29.51	2.47	96.95	24.34	1.03	45.44	5.17
二苯并(a, h)蒽	34.2	534	159.66	14.3	833.1	150.46	4.6	255	31.91
苯并[g, h, i]苝	0.59	8.11	3.04	0.26	8.14	2.49	0.1	4.27	0.57
16PAHs	130.54	1774.58	599.58	45.64	2022.37	475.83	18.08	981.83	118.43
7carPAHs	129.07	1460.8	592.87	45.14	1777.87	470.24	17.79	974.29	117.28

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