Phosphorus Fraction and Abatement of Lakes in China: A Review

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.03.021

Ecology and Environment ›› 2022, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (3): 621-633.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.03.021

• Reviews • Previous Articles Next Articles

Phosphorus Fraction and Abatement of Lakes in China: A Review

CUI Jian¹^,²(), DU Yi³, DING Chengcheng⁴, LI Jinfeng¹^,², GAO Fangshu⁵, CHANG Yajun¹^,², ZHANG Jibiao⁶, LIU Xiaojing¹^,², YAO Dongrui¹^,²^,^*()

1. Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing Botanical Garden, Mem, Sun Yat-Sen, Nanjing 210014, P. R. China
2. Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Plant Resources and Water Environment Remediation, Nanjing 210014, P. R. China
3. JiangSu YangJing Environmental Protection Service Co., Ltd., Lianyungang 222000, P. R. China
4. Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing 210042, P. R. China
5. Suqian Municipal Environmental Monitoring Center, Jiangsu Province, Suqian 223800, P. R. China
6. Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China

Received:2021-08-16 Online:2022-03-18 Published:2022-05-25
Contact: YAO Dongrui

中国湖泊水体磷的赋存形态及污染治理措施进展

崔键¹^,²(), 杜易³, 丁程成⁴, 李金凤¹^,², 高方述⁵, 常雅军¹^,², 张继彪⁶, 刘晓静¹^,², 姚东瑞¹^,²^,^*()

1.江苏省中国科学院植物研究所,江苏南京 210014
2.江苏省水生植物资源与水环境修复工程研究中心,江苏南京 210014
3.江苏洋井环保服务有限公司,江苏连云港 222000
4.生态环境部南京环境科学研究所,江苏南京 210042
5.江苏省宿迁环境监测中心,江苏宿迁 223800
6.复旦大学环境科学与工程系,上海 200433

通讯作者: 姚东瑞
作者简介:崔键（1980年生）,男,研究员,主要研究方向为水土环境修复。E-mail: jcui@cnbg.net
基金资助:
江苏省省属公益类科研院所自主科研项目课题(BM2018021-6);江苏省省属公益类科研院所自主科研项目课题(BM2018021-7);江苏省水利厅水利科研项目(2020039);江苏省自然资源发展专项资金（海洋科技创新）项目(JSZRHYKJ202003);国家水体污染控制与治理重大科技专项(2018ZX07208006-004)

Abstract

Abstract:

Phosphorus (P) is an important environmental factor that causes critical transitions in lake ecosystem and is also an essential limiting nutrient that leads to lake pollution in China. Therefore, exploring the mechanisms and dynamics of the P fraction in lakes and its ecological restoration technologies is key to lake remediation and management efforts. In the past 30 years, China has accumulated rich experiences in the treatment of P in water bodies and achieved remarkable results. However, P remains the main limiting nutrient in polluted lake waters and much needs to be done to achieve effective P control. Based on domestic and international research, this study summarizes and evaluates the concentrations, occurrence modes, and control measures of P in lake waters. It is concluded that: (1) Studies on P in lake waters mainly focus on TP concentration and inorganic P in sediment, but less is known about the fractions of P in water, organic P in sediment, the transformation mechanism of organic P from sediment into water, and the mechanism of PH₃ production; (2) Physical, chemical, and bio-ecological methods have been used to remove P in lake waters and the last one is the most popular and the leading technology of P control; (3) There are also secondary ecological risks caused by substrate and exotic plants and animals. Relevant studies mostly concentrated on P removal effects and the substrate adsorption mechanism. The mechanism of the interaction between organisms, especially plants and microorganisms, needs to be examined further. In addition, the approach of resource utilization of engineering plants still needs to be widened and deepened. Finally, the paper points out the direction of future research, development of lake P control technology, and the key scientific issues, such as the mechanisms of organic P fraction transformation, interactions between aquatic plants and microbes, the mechanism of PH₃ production, and efficient resource utilization for aquatic-plant residues in ecological projects. This paper aims to provide a reference for China's lake ecological security management and protection of the beauty of rivers and lakes.

Key words: lake eutrophication, phosphorus fraction, pollution, bio-ecological method, technical progress

摘要：

磷是驱动湖泊发生稳态转换的重要环境因子,也是当前中国湖泊污染的主要因子,探究湖水磷赋存形态和生态修复模式是湖泊生态治理和管理的关键。近30年来,中国在水体磷治理方面积累了丰富的经验,并取得了显著的成效,但目前磷仍是湖泊污染中的首要污染物,其治理仍任重道远。文章基于国内外文献,统计和整理了中国湖泊水体磷的赋存形态,梳理了水体磷污染治理的单项技术与联合技术,并对技术进展进行了分类评述。结果发现,（1）中国湖泊水体磷的研究主要集中在总磷浓度及沉积物无机磷形态方面,而水体磷形态、沉积物有机磷形态及其与水体间的转化机制和PH₃产生机制仍需进一步探明。（2）适用于湖泊水体磷去除的方法包括物理、化学和生物-生态法,而生物-生态法为当前湖泊水体磷治理的主导技术而被广泛应用,在湖泊修复和水生态构建上发挥着重要的作用;然而技术仍存在基质和外来动植物等引发的二次生态风险,且相关研究多集中在磷去除效果及基质吸附机制上,而对生物特别是植物与微生物的作用机制不够深入,工程植物资源化利用开发路径仍需深化。最后,文章指明今后湖泊磷治理技术研发的方向和待攻关的湖泊水体有机磷形态的转化机制、水生植物-微生物互作机制、PH₃产生机制及工程植物残体的高效资源化利用等关键科学问题,旨在为中国湖泊生态安全管控和美丽河湖建设提供参考。

关键词: 湖泊富营养化, 磷赋存形态, 磷污染, 生物-生态法, 技术进展

CLC Number:

CUI Jian, DU Yi, DING Chengcheng, LI Jinfeng, GAO Fangshu, CHANG Yajun, ZHANG Jibiao, LIU Xiaojing, YAO Dongrui. Phosphorus Fraction and Abatement of Lakes in China: A Review[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2022, 31(3): 621-633.

崔键, 杜易, 丁程成, 李金凤, 高方述, 常雅军, 张继彪, 刘晓静, 姚东瑞. 中国湖泊水体磷的赋存形态及污染治理措施进展[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022, 31(3): 621-633.

Figures/Tables 5

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序号 Number	方法 Method names	提取剂 Extracting agents	磷赋存形态 Phosphorus speciation
1	C-J法 (Chang et al., 1957)	1.0 mol∙L^-1 NH₄Cl、0.5 mol NH₄F、0.1 mol∙L^-1 NaOH、 0.5 mol∙L^-1 HCl、CBD和NaOH	不稳定磷、铝结合态磷、铁结合态磷、钙结合态磷、闭蓄态磷和惰性磷
2	Williams法 (Williams et al., 1976)	0.22 mol∙L^-1 CBD、0.1 mol∙L^-1 NaOH、0.5 mol∙L^-1 HCl	非磷灰岩、磷灰岩、有机磷
3	H-J法 (沈宏等, 2007 )	1.0 mol∙L^-1 NH₄Cl、0.1 mol∙L^-1 NaOH、0.5 mol∙L^-1 HCl	不稳定态磷、铁铝结合态磷、钙结合态磷
4	R法 (陈俊等, 2016)	1.0 mol∙L^-1 MgCl₂、0.3 mol∙L^-1 Na₃C₆H₅O₇+1.0 mol∙L^-1 NaHCO₃、1.0 mol∙L^-1 NaAc-NaHCO₃、1.0 mol∙L^-1 HCl和550 ℃灰化,1.0 mol∙L^-1 HCl	可交换态磷、铁结合态磷、碳酸氟磷灰石磷、氟磷灰石磷、钙结合态磷和有机磷
5	G-2法 (Brandes et al., 2007)	0.05 mol∙L^-1 Ca-EDTA+1%Na₂S₂O₄、0.1mol∙L^-1 Na-EDTA、 0.5 mol∙L^-1 H₂SO₄、2.0 mol∙L^-1 NaOH	铁结合态磷、钙结合态磷、酸可溶性磷和残余态磷
6	SMT法 (Jin et al., 2008)	1.0 mol∙L^-1 NaOH+3.5 mol∙L^-1 HCl、 1.0 mol∙L^-1 HCl、450 ℃煅烧3.5mol∙L^-1 HCl	铁铝结合态磷、无机磷、有机磷和总磷

序号 Number	方法 Method names	提取剂 Extracting agents	磷赋存形态 Phosphorus speciation
1	C-J法 (Chang et al., 1957)	1.0 mol∙L^-1 NH₄Cl、0.5 mol NH₄F、0.1 mol∙L^-1 NaOH、 0.5 mol∙L^-1 HCl、CBD和NaOH	不稳定磷、铝结合态磷、铁结合态磷、钙结合态磷、闭蓄态磷和惰性磷
2	Williams法 (Williams et al., 1976)	0.22 mol∙L^-1 CBD、0.1 mol∙L^-1 NaOH、0.5 mol∙L^-1 HCl	非磷灰岩、磷灰岩、有机磷
3	H-J法 (沈宏等, 2007 )	1.0 mol∙L^-1 NH₄Cl、0.1 mol∙L^-1 NaOH、0.5 mol∙L^-1 HCl	不稳定态磷、铁铝结合态磷、钙结合态磷
4	R法 (陈俊等, 2016)	1.0 mol∙L^-1 MgCl₂、0.3 mol∙L^-1 Na₃C₆H₅O₇+1.0 mol∙L^-1 NaHCO₃、1.0 mol∙L^-1 NaAc-NaHCO₃、1.0 mol∙L^-1 HCl和550 ℃灰化,1.0 mol∙L^-1 HCl	可交换态磷、铁结合态磷、碳酸氟磷灰石磷、氟磷灰石磷、钙结合态磷和有机磷
5	G-2法 (Brandes et al., 2007)	0.05 mol∙L^-1 Ca-EDTA+1%Na₂S₂O₄、0.1mol∙L^-1 Na-EDTA、 0.5 mol∙L^-1 H₂SO₄、2.0 mol∙L^-1 NaOH	铁结合态磷、钙结合态磷、酸可溶性磷和残余态磷
6	SMT法 (Jin et al., 2008)	1.0 mol∙L^-1 NaOH+3.5 mol∙L^-1 HCl、 1.0 mol∙L^-1 HCl、450 ℃煅烧3.5mol∙L^-1 HCl	铁铝结合态磷、无机磷、有机磷和总磷

方法 Methods	去磷机理 Mechanism of removing water phosphorus	优点 Advantages	缺点 Disadvantages
物理法 Physical method	物理吸附、为生物提供载体和药剂提供动力等辅助条件	见效快、药剂投放方便、设备可移动及反复多次使用	安装复杂,能耗大、运维成本高;对水、电和地形等要求较高;一旦设备停止,磷较易反复;药剂有二次风险
化学法 Chemical method	化学吸附、络合反应、化学沉淀、化学絮凝等	投放简单、起效快, 不需要维护	治标不治本,容易产生二次风险, 存在一定的局限性
生物-生态法 Bio-ecological methd	植物拦截和吸收、微生物反应与繁育、动物吸滤等	景观效果好,无二次风险, 总体成本较低,效果持久; 技术革新潜力大,应用范围广	人工成本高、效果相对缓慢、受外界环境影响较大; 工程过程,需留意外来物种的入侵风险

方法 Methods	去磷机理 Mechanism of removing water phosphorus	优点 Advantages	缺点 Disadvantages
物理法 Physical method	物理吸附、为生物提供载体和药剂提供动力等辅助条件	见效快、药剂投放方便、设备可移动及反复多次使用	安装复杂,能耗大、运维成本高;对水、电和地形等要求较高;一旦设备停止,磷较易反复;药剂有二次风险
化学法 Chemical method	化学吸附、络合反应、化学沉淀、化学絮凝等	投放简单、起效快, 不需要维护	治标不治本,容易产生二次风险, 存在一定的局限性
生物-生态法 Bio-ecological methd	植物拦截和吸收、微生物反应与繁育、动物吸滤等	景观效果好,无二次风险, 总体成本较低,效果持久; 技术革新潜力大,应用范围广	人工成本高、效果相对缓慢、受外界环境影响较大; 工程过程,需留意外来物种的入侵风险

生活型 Life styles	工程常用品种 The most common species in real engineer	优点 Advantages	缺点 Disadvantages	去磷机制与能力 Mechanism and capacity of removing water phosphorus
挺水植物 emergent aquatic plants	美人蕉（Canna indica）、菖蒲（Acorus calamus）、水芹（Oenanthe javanica）、千屈菜（Lythrum salicaria）、鸢尾（Iris tectorum）、再力花（Thalia dealbata）、香菇草（Hydrocotyle vulgaris）、水葱（Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani）、菰（Zizania latifolia）、芦苇（Phragmites australis）	观赏、药用、经济和生态功能,对水体透明度要求不高,易工程栽培	受水位影响大,多生长在滨岸带,景观季节差异大,去磷能力相对差。秋冬季需收割死亡植株	根系吸收同化与根系微生物机制为主,TP去除率4.4%—95.7%（Wang et al., 2014; 陈巧玲等, 2019; 陈小远等, 2020）
浮水植物 Floating plants	黄花水龙（Ludwigia peploides）、凤眼莲（Eichhornia crassipes）、大漂（Pistia stratiotes）、浮萍（Lemna minor）、睡莲（Nymphaea tetragona）、菱（Trapa bispinosa）、野菱（Trapa incisa）、荇菜（Nymphoides peltatum）	观赏、药用、经济和生态功能,对水体透明度要求不高,去磷能力强	部分植物如漂浮植物,繁殖快、较难控制,易疯长;部分植物如睡莲浮叶边生长边死亡,越冬品种少	整株吸收同化和微生物协同机制为主,TP去除率11.3%—99.0%（Muradov et al., 2014; 谢朦等, 2016; 陈小远等, 2020）
沉水植物 submerged plant2	绿狐尾藻（Myriophyllu spicatum）、轮叶黑藻（Hydrilla verticillate）、穗花狐尾藻（Myriophyllum spicatum）、金鱼藻（Ceratophyllum demersum）、苦草（Vallisneria natans）和菹草（Potamogeton crispus）	观赏、药用、经济和生态功能,去磷能力强	受水位、透明度和风浪等环境因素的影响大,种植前需调水,施工费用较高	整株吸收同化和微生物协同机制为主,TP去除率7.8%—91.1%（胡晓东等, 2020; 周楠楠等, 2021）

Phosphorus Fraction and Abatement of Lakes in China: A Review

中国湖泊水体磷的赋存形态及污染治理措施进展

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介质 Mediums	地点 Sites	ρ/ (ng∙m^-3)	释放通量 Fluxes/ (ng∙m^-2∙h^-1)
大气 Atmosphere	污水处理厂	11.6-382	0.09-9.2
	北方稻田	137	1.8
	南方稻田	14.25	9.2-19.2
	太湖湖面	20.2-46	8.1-36.9
	南极米洛米岛	10.4-229.0	—
	北极海面/地面	16.3-600.2	27.0-37.7
厌氧消化过程 Anaerobic digestion process	填埋场	0-24646	—
	动物腐败	24-20300	—
	含盐沼泽地	—	0.9-6.5
	微咸沼泽地	—	0.4-3.0
沼气 Methane	屠宰场	179	—
沼气 Methane	人体排泄物	42.3	—
工农业活动^a) Industrial and agricultural activities	粮食仓储熏蒸仓	1257.8-2632.6
	烟草熏蒸仓	30.36-182.2
	微电子产品车间	0.15-0.17	—
	黄磷尾气	500-1300	—

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