Abstract:

Emerging pollutants represented by pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have attracted widespread attention in recent years due to their potential impacts on the environment and human health. As the concentrations of PPCPs in the environment are affected by many factors, they varied in different river basins and regions. This study collected and sorted out the detection frequency and mass concentrations of 22 target PPCPs from 60 typical watersheds in China and other countries, and screened out some PPCPs as indicators of different pollution sources. The results showed that the detection frequency of some PPCPs in 60 basins was over or close to 50%, including CBZ, SMX, CAF, ERY, IPF and NPX, among which, CBZ had the highest detection rates in China and abroad. The maximum concentrations of 13 kinds of PPCPs, including CAF, BPA and KTP, exceeded the magnitude of μg·L^-1. The species of target PPCPs detected in China was less than those in foreign countries, and the concentration level of target PPCPs detected in China was generally lower than that in foreign countries. However, OFX (ND-7632 ng∙L^-1), SMR (ND-18.9 ng∙L^-1) and SA (26.3-2014.7 ng∙L^-1) were higher than foreign averagely, while the average concentrations of NFX and TMP were similar to those of foreign countries. Combined with the characteristics of main pollution sources and detected mass concentrations from each watershed, the pollution characteristics of each watershed were analyzed by using the ratios of unstable and stable PPCPs mass concentrations. CBZ was screened as indicators of stable PPCPs due to its high detection frequency, high mass concentrations, and relative stability throughout all countries. Thus, the ratios of CAF/CBZ, SMX/CBZ and BPA/CBZ were selected as the indicators of domestic sewage source (K_d), agricultural (K_a) and industrial sources (K_i), respectively. The ratio of CAF/CBZ=10 was recommended as a potential threshold to judge the performance of domestic sewage treatment in watersheds. Based on the K_d value of thirty domestic sewage source watersheds, the results showed that the domestic sewage source was larger than that from watershed in foreign countries, indicating that the domestic sewage treatment rates were generally lower than those from watershed in foreign countries. K_d value can be used as an effective tool to evaluate the performance of sewage treatment in a watershed. Meanwhile, K values is proposed as an indicator for different pollution intensity and characteristics in watersheds, and this can provide reference and new thoughts for assessing the pollution sources and pollution status in a river watershed.

Key words: PPCPs, detection frequency, detection concentrations, pollution characteristics, ratio of unstable to stable PPCPs, evaluation indicators

摘要：

新污染物药物和个人护理产品（PPCPs）对环境具有潜在影响,近年来引起了广泛的关注。由于环境中各类PPCPs的含量受到多种因素的影响,在不同流域与地区均存在一定差异。收集、整理了国内外60个典型流域22种目标PPCPs的检出频率和质量浓度数据,并筛选出PPCPs污染来源的指示物。结果表明,60个流域中22种目标PPCPs的检出频率超过或接近50%的包括CBZ、SMX、CAF、ERY、IPF和NPX,其中,CBZ在国内外的检出率均为最高。CAF、BPA、KTP等13种PPCPs的最大检出质量浓度超过了μg∙L^-1数量级。国内的目标PPCPs检出类别少于国外,且检出质量浓度水平总体上低于国外,但OFX（ND—7632 ng∙L^-1）、SMR（ND—18.9 ng∙L^-1）和SA（26.3—2014.7 ng∙L^-1）的检出质量浓度高于国外平均水平,NFX、TMP的平均质量浓度与国外相当。结合各流域主要污染源特征及检出质量浓度,利用不稳定与稳定的PPCPs种类质量浓度的比值分析各流域污染特征。筛选国内外具有较高检出频率和质量浓度,并且具有相对稳定性的CBZ,作为稳定PPCPs的指示物,进而选择CAF/CBZ、SMX/CBZ、BPA/CBZ分别作为生活源（K_d）、农业源（K_a）和工业源（K_i）的指示指标,并推荐CAF/CBZ=10作为一个判断流域生活污水处理效率的潜在阈值。从30个生活源为主要污染来源流域的K_d值可以发现,国内流域的生活源源强比国外大,说明生活污水处理率整体上低于国外处理水平。K_d值可以作为评估流域污水处理效率的有效指标,同时初步提出了K值作为不同污染源强和污染特征的指示指标,可以为评估流域污染来源和污染状况提供参考和新的思路。

关键词: PPCPs, 检出率, 检出质量浓度, 污染源, 不稳定与稳定PPCPs的比值, 评估指标