Pollution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in A Typical Coal-based Industrial Cluster Zone

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.02.020

Ecology and Environment ›› 2022, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (2): 391-399.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.02.020

• Research Articles • Previous Articles Next Articles

Pollution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in A Typical Coal-based Industrial Cluster Zone

LIU Di¹(), SU Chao¹^,^*(), ZHANG Hong², QIN Guanyu²

1. Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration on Loess Plateau/Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China
2. College of Environment & Resource Sciences of Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China

Received:2021-08-18 Online:2022-02-18 Published:2022-04-14
Contact: SU Chao

典型煤炭产业聚集区土壤重金属污染特征与风险评价

刘娣¹(), 苏超¹^,^*(), 张红², 秦冠宇²

1.山西大学黄土高原研究所/黄土高原生态恢复山西省重点实验室,山西太原 030006
2.山西大学环境与资源学院,山西太原 030006

通讯作者: 苏超
作者简介:刘娣（1995年生）,女,硕士研究生,主要从事污染生态学方面研究。E-mail: ld710816@163.com
基金资助:
山西省重点研发计划(201903D321071);国家自然科学基金联合基金重点项目(U1910207);山西省高等学校科技创新项目(2019L0017)

Abstract

Abstract:

As an important coal energy base in China, Shanxi has made great contributions to China's economy, but also caused a series of ecological and environmental problems, such as soil pollution, groundwater damage, land subsidence, and soil erosion. Among these serious challenges, soil heavy metal pollution (e.g. Cr, As, Cd, Pb and Hg) is particularly prominent. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the accumulation characteristics and risk assessment of soil heavy metals in coal-based industrial clusters for soil remediation. Choosing the typical coal industry cluster in Changzhi city as the research area, this study analyzed the differential accumulation characteristics of eight heavy metals (Cr, Zn, As, Cd, Pb, Hg, Ni and Cu) in soils surrounding different types of enterprises (i.e., steel plant, coal mining plant, coal preparation plant, coal cleaning plant, chemical plant, coal-fired power plant, and coking plant) to clarify the spatial distribution pattern and diffusion trend of soil heavy metal pollution. The Nemerow comprehensive pollution index and Hakanson potential ecological risk index were adopted to evaluate the pollution degree and ecological risk of heavy metals in soils surrounding different types of enterprises. The results showed that the concentrations of eight heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb and Hg) were all higher than the background values of soil elements in Shanxi Province. Specifically, the average values were 64.14, 37.46, 29.62, 80.92, 17.62, 0.27, 24.05, and 0.05 mg∙kg^-1, respectively. Cr, Ni, Cu and Zn were significantly different in the surrounding soils of different types of enterprises. The ecological risk assessment results showed that the Nemerow comprehensive pollution index of heavy metals in the soil surrounding coal preparation plants (4.63), coal-fired power plants (3.30), chemical plants (9.12), and steel plants (3.58) had all reached the heavy pollution level; The ecological risk index of heavy metals in soils surrounding the chemical plants was 589.53, above the high ecological risk value. Spatial analysis results showed that the heavy metal pollution in the soil was concentrated in the northern and central regions in this study except for As; the spatial distribution patterns of the comprehensive potential ecological risk indices, I_R and Hg, were similar, and the high-risk areas were concentrated in the northwest of the study area. This study could provide data support for the prevention and restoration of soil heavy metal pollution in Shanxi Province.

Key words: coal industry, different types of enterprises, soil heavy metals, pollution characteristics, spatial distribution, risk assessment

摘要：

山西作为中国重要的煤炭能源基地,为中国经济作出巨大贡献的同时也造成了一系列的生态环境问题,例如土壤污染、地下水资源破坏、土地塌陷、水土流失等,给山西省的生态环境带来严峻的挑战。其中,土壤重金属污染（如Cr、As、Cd、Pb和Hg等）尤为突出,因此,研究煤炭产业聚集区土壤重金属的累积特征与风险评价对土壤修复具有重大意义。以山西长治市典型煤炭产业聚集区为研究区,系统解析不同类型企业（钢厂、采煤厂、选煤厂、洗煤厂、化工厂、焦化厂和燃煤电厂）周边土壤重金属元素的累积特征及差异性,采用内梅罗综合污染指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法评价不同类型企业周边土壤重金属的污染程度和生态风险,阐明土壤重金属污染的空间分布格局与扩散趋势。结果表明：研究区土壤中8种重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb和Hg的平均含量分别为64.14、37.46、29.62、80.92、17.62、0.27、24.05和0.05 mg∙kg^-1,均高于山西省土壤元素背景值;Cr、Ni、Cu和Zn在不同类型企业周边土壤中存在显著差异。生态风险评价结果表明,选煤厂、燃煤电厂、化工厂和钢厂周边土壤中重金属的内梅罗综合污染指数均达到重度污染,分别为4.63、3.30、9.12和3.58;化工厂周边土壤中重金属的生态风险指数最高,为589.53,属于强生态风险。空间分析表明,除As元素外,其他土壤重金属的浓度在空间上整体呈现出北部、中部高的分布格局;综合潜在生态风险指数I_R和Hg的空间分布格局相似,高风险区集中在研究区西北部某燃煤电厂周边,属于强生态风险水平。该文的研究结果可为山西省的土壤重金属污染防治和修复提供重要的数据支撑。

关键词: 煤炭产业, 不同类型企业, 土壤重金属, 污染特征, 空间分布, 风险评价

CLC Number:

X53
X820.4

LIU Di, SU Chao, ZHANG Hong, QIN Guanyu. Pollution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in A Typical Coal-based Industrial Cluster Zone[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2022, 31(2): 391-399.

刘娣, 苏超, 张红, 秦冠宇. 典型煤炭产业聚集区土壤重金属污染特征与风险评价[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022, 31(2): 391-399.

Figures/Tables 7

Figure 1 Distribution of soil sampling sites surrounding different types of enterprises in the study area

Table 1 Grading standard for Nemerow comprehensive pollution index

等级 Grade	单项重金属污染指数 Single heavy metal pollution index	内梅罗综合污染指数 Nemerow comprehensive pollution index	污染水平 Pollution level
1	P_i≤0.7	P_N≤0.7	安全
2	0.7<P_i≤1.0	0.7<P_N≤1.0	警戒线
3	1.0<P_i≤2.0	1.0<P_N≤2.0	轻污染
4	2.0<P_i≤3.0	2.0<P_N≤3.0	中污染
5	P_i>3.0	P_N>3.0	重污染

Table 2 Grading standard for Hakanson potential ecological risk index

单项潜在生态风险指数 Single potential ecological risk Index	综合潜在生态风险指数 Comprehensive potential ecological risk index	生态风险水平 Ecological risk level
$E r i$ <40	I_R <150	轻微生态风险
40≤ $E r i$ <80	150≤ I_R <300	中等生态风险
80≤ $E r i$ <160	300≤ I_R <600	强生态风险
160≤ $E r i$ <320	I_R ≥600	很强生态风险
$E r i$ ≥320		极强生态风险

Table 2 Grading standard for Hakanson potential ecological risk index

单项潜在生态风险指数 Single potential ecological risk Index	综合潜在生态风险指数 Comprehensive potential ecological risk index	生态风险水平 Ecological risk level
$E r i$ <40	I_R <150	轻微生态风险
40≤ $E r i$ <80	150≤ I_R <300	中等生态风险
80≤ $E r i$ <160	300≤ I_R <600	强生态风险
160≤ $E r i$ <320	I_R ≥600	很强生态风险
$E r i$ ≥320		极强生态风险

Table 3 Descriptive statistical characteristics of heavy metals in soils surrounding typical coal-based industrial cluster zone mg∙kg-1

企业类型 Enterprise type	参数 Parameter	Cr	Ni	Cu	Zn	As	Cd	Pb	Hg
钢厂 Steel plant (n=4)	Range	41.76-66.49	31.90-43.67	24.75-35.05	84.50-225.87	13.22-16.64	0.20-0.50	18.77-38.73	0.05-0.17
	Mean±SD	57.53±11.49b	38.24±5.19b	29.64±4.25b	104.13±19.06a	14.37±1.61a	0.32±0.13a	28.32±9.5a	0.10±0.05a
	CV	19.97%	13.58%	14.35%	18.31%	11.20%	41.06%	33.52%	50.42%
采煤厂 Coal mining plant (n=30)	Range	42.36-99.46	26.49-51.38	19.65-41.36	49.83-112.37	8.26-44.57	0.12-0.89	10.85-40.85	0.01-0.23
	Mean±SD	65.66±11.59b	36.91±5.9b	29.35 ±5.15b	77.49±15.67b	18.32±9.26a	0.26±0.14a	22.27±6.3a	0.04±0.04a
	CV	17.65%	15.99%	17.56%	20.22%	50.56%	53.84%	28.33%	92.95%
选煤厂 Coal preparation plant (n=7)	Range	45.57-73.12	30.18-39.9	22.16-36.02	59.74-106.68	10.16-18.24	0.19-0.33	18.17-393.87	0.01-0.07
	Mean±SD	57.14±9.28b	35.35±4.42b	28.66±5.96b	82.71±17.80b	14.66±2.90a	0.25±0.06a	24.45±5.32a	0.05±0.02a
	CV	16.24%	12.52%	20.81%	21.52%	19.77%	23.78%	21.76%	36.82%
洗煤厂 Coal cleaning plant (n=5)	Range	41.05-64.99	26.51-34.43	22.39-33.59	54.28-213.86	9.53-14.57	0.18-0.44	16.65-55.41	0.02-0.11
	Mean±SD	52.61±8.68b	30.91±3.16b	26.21±4.78b	62.08±8.05ab	12.11±2.04a	0.29±0.10a	25.07±16.9a	0.06±0.04a
	CV	16.49%	10.21%	18.24%	12.97%	16.84%	36.17%	67.68%	62.23%
化工厂 Chemical plant (n=8)	Range	43.13-68.55	22.44-50.29	17.42-39.47	43.81-114.56	14.26-30.46	0.11-0.42	15.03-32.65	0.01-1.80
	Mean±SD	56.91±11.11b	38.31±9.15b	29.82±7.02b	85.39±25.56b	17.83±5.37a	0.24±0.10a	22.61±6.16a	0.04±0.06a
	CV	19.53%	23.88%	23.53%	29.93%	30.14%	41.73%	27.26%	71.97%
焦化厂 Coking plant (n=5)	Range	57.06-109.00	38.00-61.55	28.18-52.25	69.26-244.32	16.03-27.86	0.18-0.46	20.54-66.17	0.02-0.07
	Mean±SD	86.54±19.53a	50.44±9.20a	39.34±9.10a	105.72±31.58a	21.79±4.60a	0.31±0.12a	35.33±18.01a	0.05±0.02a
	CV	22.56%	18.23%	23.13%	29.87%	21.13%	38.32%	50.97%	36.02%
燃煤电厂 Coal-fired power plant (n=8)	Range	53.96-102.22	29.08-50.33	23.050-335.26	62.00-100.01	10.62-38.85	0.15-0.32	11.91-27.71	0.01-0.31
	Mean±SD	68.33±16.73b	36.12±7.80b	27.33±4.25b	76.04±13.57b	19.86±11.14a	0.25±0.06a	22.05±5.57a	0.08±0.10a
	CV	24.48%	21.59%	15.55%	17.84%	56.10%	24.65%	25.27%	124.43%
长治市 Changzhi City (n=67)	Range	41.05-109.00	22.44-61.55	17.42-52.25	43.81-44.32	8.26-44.57	0.11-0.89	10.85-393.87	0.01-1.80
	Mean±SD	64.14±14.45	37.46±7.51	29.62±6.17	80.92±19.93	17.62±7.90	0.27±0.12	24.05±9.08	0.05±0.04
	CV	22.53%	20.03%	20.83%	24.63%	44.81%	43..62%	37.75%	89.64%
山西省背景值 Background value of Shanxi Province		55.30	29.90	22.90	63.50	9.10	0.102	14.70	0.023
筛选值^① Risk screening values		250	190	100	300	25	0.6	170	3.4
韶关燃煤电厂 (杨子鹏等, 2020) Coal-fired power plants in Shaoguan		96.61	17.79	19.59	159.08	21.48	3.14	111.01	—
宁东燃煤电厂 (罗成科等, 2018) Coal-fired power plants in Ningdong		58.79	—	—	—	8.39	0.54	23.86	0.48
包头煤矿 (宓展盛, 2020) Coal mines in Baotou		—	—	25.38	331.04	—	0.97	169.37	0.38
乌拉特后旗煤矿 (Song et al., 2018) Coal mines in Urad Houqi		40.78	—	—	—	18.57	0.88	70.40	0.04

Table 3 Descriptive statistical characteristics of heavy metals in soils surrounding typical coal-based industrial cluster zone mg∙kg-1

企业类型 Enterprise type	参数 Parameter	Cr	Ni	Cu	Zn	As	Cd	Pb	Hg
钢厂 Steel plant (n=4)	Range	41.76-66.49	31.90-43.67	24.75-35.05	84.50-225.87	13.22-16.64	0.20-0.50	18.77-38.73	0.05-0.17
	Mean±SD	57.53±11.49b	38.24±5.19b	29.64±4.25b	104.13±19.06a	14.37±1.61a	0.32±0.13a	28.32±9.5a	0.10±0.05a
	CV	19.97%	13.58%	14.35%	18.31%	11.20%	41.06%	33.52%	50.42%
采煤厂 Coal mining plant (n=30)	Range	42.36-99.46	26.49-51.38	19.65-41.36	49.83-112.37	8.26-44.57	0.12-0.89	10.85-40.85	0.01-0.23
	Mean±SD	65.66±11.59b	36.91±5.9b	29.35 ±5.15b	77.49±15.67b	18.32±9.26a	0.26±0.14a	22.27±6.3a	0.04±0.04a
	CV	17.65%	15.99%	17.56%	20.22%	50.56%	53.84%	28.33%	92.95%
选煤厂 Coal preparation plant (n=7)	Range	45.57-73.12	30.18-39.9	22.16-36.02	59.74-106.68	10.16-18.24	0.19-0.33	18.17-393.87	0.01-0.07
	Mean±SD	57.14±9.28b	35.35±4.42b	28.66±5.96b	82.71±17.80b	14.66±2.90a	0.25±0.06a	24.45±5.32a	0.05±0.02a
	CV	16.24%	12.52%	20.81%	21.52%	19.77%	23.78%	21.76%	36.82%
洗煤厂 Coal cleaning plant (n=5)	Range	41.05-64.99	26.51-34.43	22.39-33.59	54.28-213.86	9.53-14.57	0.18-0.44	16.65-55.41	0.02-0.11
	Mean±SD	52.61±8.68b	30.91±3.16b	26.21±4.78b	62.08±8.05ab	12.11±2.04a	0.29±0.10a	25.07±16.9a	0.06±0.04a
	CV	16.49%	10.21%	18.24%	12.97%	16.84%	36.17%	67.68%	62.23%
化工厂 Chemical plant (n=8)	Range	43.13-68.55	22.44-50.29	17.42-39.47	43.81-114.56	14.26-30.46	0.11-0.42	15.03-32.65	0.01-1.80
	Mean±SD	56.91±11.11b	38.31±9.15b	29.82±7.02b	85.39±25.56b	17.83±5.37a	0.24±0.10a	22.61±6.16a	0.04±0.06a
	CV	19.53%	23.88%	23.53%	29.93%	30.14%	41.73%	27.26%	71.97%
焦化厂 Coking plant (n=5)	Range	57.06-109.00	38.00-61.55	28.18-52.25	69.26-244.32	16.03-27.86	0.18-0.46	20.54-66.17	0.02-0.07
	Mean±SD	86.54±19.53a	50.44±9.20a	39.34±9.10a	105.72±31.58a	21.79±4.60a	0.31±0.12a	35.33±18.01a	0.05±0.02a
	CV	22.56%	18.23%	23.13%	29.87%	21.13%	38.32%	50.97%	36.02%
燃煤电厂 Coal-fired power plant (n=8)	Range	53.96-102.22	29.08-50.33	23.050-335.26	62.00-100.01	10.62-38.85	0.15-0.32	11.91-27.71	0.01-0.31
	Mean±SD	68.33±16.73b	36.12±7.80b	27.33±4.25b	76.04±13.57b	19.86±11.14a	0.25±0.06a	22.05±5.57a	0.08±0.10a
	CV	24.48%	21.59%	15.55%	17.84%	56.10%	24.65%	25.27%	124.43%
长治市 Changzhi City (n=67)	Range	41.05-109.00	22.44-61.55	17.42-52.25	43.81-44.32	8.26-44.57	0.11-0.89	10.85-393.87	0.01-1.80
	Mean±SD	64.14±14.45	37.46±7.51	29.62±6.17	80.92±19.93	17.62±7.90	0.27±0.12	24.05±9.08	0.05±0.04
	CV	22.53%	20.03%	20.83%	24.63%	44.81%	43..62%	37.75%	89.64%
山西省背景值 Background value of Shanxi Province		55.30	29.90	22.90	63.50	9.10	0.102	14.70	0.023
筛选值^① Risk screening values		250	190	100	300	25	0.6	170	3.4
韶关燃煤电厂 (杨子鹏等, 2020) Coal-fired power plants in Shaoguan		96.61	17.79	19.59	159.08	21.48	3.14	111.01	—
宁东燃煤电厂 (罗成科等, 2018) Coal-fired power plants in Ningdong		58.79	—	—	—	8.39	0.54	23.86	0.48
包头煤矿 (宓展盛, 2020) Coal mines in Baotou		—	—	25.38	331.04	—	0.97	169.37	0.38
乌拉特后旗煤矿 (Song et al., 2018) Coal mines in Urad Houqi		40.78	—	—	—	18.57	0.88	70.40	0.04

Table 4 Assessment results of single risk index of heavy metals in soils surrounding different types of enterprises

单项重金属风险评价指数 Single heavy metal risk assessment index		Cr	Ni	Cu	Zn	As	Cd	Pb	Hg
内梅罗单项污染指数 Nemerow single pollution index	P_i_-max	1.97 焦化厂	2.06 焦化厂	2.28 焦化厂	3.85 焦化厂	4.90 采煤厂	8.73 采煤厂	26.79 选煤厂	78.18 化工厂
内梅罗单项污染指数 Nemerow single pollution index	$\overline{P}$	1.15 轻污染	1.27 轻污染	1.31 轻污染	1.53 轻污染	1.87 轻污染	2.69 中污染	2.26 中污染	4.08 重污染
单项潜在生态风险指数 Single potential ecological risk index	$E r i$ _-max	3.13 焦化厂	8.44 焦化厂	8.59 焦化厂	2.12 钢厂	23.95 焦化厂	94.12 钢厂	26.27 选煤厂	476.07 化工厂
单项潜在生态风险指数 Single potential ecological risk index	$E r i$ _-ave	2.30 轻微	6.36 轻微	6.56 轻微	1.53 轻微	18.67 轻微	80.66 强	11.32 轻微	163.26 很强

Table 4 Assessment results of single risk index of heavy metals in soils surrounding different types of enterprises

单项重金属风险评价指数 Single heavy metal risk assessment index		Cr	Ni	Cu	Zn	As	Cd	Pb	Hg
内梅罗单项污染指数 Nemerow single pollution index	P_i_-max	1.97 焦化厂	2.06 焦化厂	2.28 焦化厂	3.85 焦化厂	4.90 采煤厂	8.73 采煤厂	26.79 选煤厂	78.18 化工厂
内梅罗单项污染指数 Nemerow single pollution index	$\overline{P}$	1.15 轻污染	1.27 轻污染	1.31 轻污染	1.53 轻污染	1.87 轻污染	2.69 中污染	2.26 中污染	4.08 重污染
单项潜在生态风险指数 Single potential ecological risk index	$E r i$ _-max	3.13 焦化厂	8.44 焦化厂	8.59 焦化厂	2.12 钢厂	23.95 焦化厂	94.12 钢厂	26.27 选煤厂	476.07 化工厂
单项潜在生态风险指数 Single potential ecological risk index	$E r i$ _-ave	2.30 轻微	6.36 轻微	6.56 轻微	1.53 轻微	18.67 轻微	80.66 强	11.32 轻微	163.26 很强

Figure 2 Comprehensive risk assessment of heavy metals in soils surrounding different types of enterprises

Figure 3 Spatial distribution characteristics of heavy metals and its ecological risk in soils

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Pollution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in A Typical Coal-based Industrial Cluster Zone

典型煤炭产业聚集区土壤重金属污染特征与风险评价

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