新疆托木尔峰雪岭云杉林固定样地不同生长型植物α与β多样性特征及影响因素

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2026.10.005

生态环境学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (10): 1545-1554.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2026.10.005

新疆托木尔峰雪岭云杉林固定样地不同生长型植物α与β多样性特征及影响因素

何爱琳¹(), 常顺利¹, 李吉玫²^,³^,^*(), 万燕⁴, 吴东升⁴, 吐尔洪·努尔东⁴

¹ 新疆大学生态与环境学院绿洲生态教育部重点实验室，新疆乌鲁木齐 830046
² 新疆林业科学院森林生态研究所，新疆乌鲁木齐 830063
³ 新疆天山森林生态系统定位观测研究站，新疆乌鲁木齐 830063
⁴ 阿克苏地区天山国有林保护中心，新疆阿克苏 843000

收稿日期:2026-01-05 修回日期:2026-07-04 接受日期:2026-08-24 出版日期:2026-10-18 发布日期:2026-10-21
通讯作者: *E-mail: Jimeili@126.com
作者简介:何爱琳（2001年生），女，硕士研究生，主要从事森林群落生态学研究。E-mail: 3404660288@qq.com
基金资助:
新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金项目(2023D01A90);新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金项目(2022D01B174)

Patterns and Drivers of Alpha and Beta Diversity Across Plant Growth Forms in a Permanent Plot of Picea schrenkiana Forest in Tomur Peak, Xinjiang

He Ailin¹(), Chang Shunli¹, Li Jimei²^,³^,^*(), Wan Yan⁴, Wu Dongsheng⁴, Tuerhong Nuerdong⁴

¹ Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, P. R. China
² Institute of Forest Ecology, Xinjiang Academy of Forestry, Urumqi 830063, P. R. China
³ China Forest Ecology Research Net, Urumqi 830063, P. R. China
⁴ Tianshan State Forest Protection Center of Aksu Prefecture, Aksu 843000, P. R. China

Received:2026-01-05 Revised:2026-07-04 Accepted:2026-08-24 Online:2026-10-18 Published:2026-10-21

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探讨单个固定样地尺度下不同生长型植物多样性特征及其对局域环境因子的响应。【方法】以新疆托木尔峰国家级自然保护区雪岭云杉林2 hm²固定监测样地为研究对象，基于2024年首轮调查数据，分析了木本与草本植物群落的物种组成、α多样性与β多样性格局，并比较了其对地形因子、林分结构及空间变量的响应差异。【结果】样地内群落物种组成较为简单，木本植物以雪岭云杉为绝对优势种（重要值74.8%），草本层物种丰富度较高，但优势种较为集中；草本植物的α多样性显著高于木本植物（p<0.001）。木本植物α多样性与平均胸径、平均树高、胸高断面积呈显著负相关（p<0.01），草本植物α多样性与坡度、林分密度、郁闭度呈显著负相关（p<0.05）；不同生长型植物β多样性的主导组分存在明显的分异。木本植物β多样性以嵌套组分为主（贡献率72%），草本植物β多样性以物种周转组分为主（贡献率83%）。Mantel检验与方差分解结果表明，空间变量对木本植物β多样性及其嵌套组分的解释率相对较高，而地形因子与林分结构因子对草本植物β多样性及其周转组分的解释率相对较高。【结论】在单个固定样地尺度下，不同生长型植物在α与β多样性格局及其组分贡献上存在明显的分异。研究结果可为雪岭云杉林植物多样性格局的长期动态监测与群落变化研究提供本底数据支撑。

关键词: α多样性, β多样性, 地形, 林分结构, 生长型

Abstract:

[Objective] To investigate the diversity patterns of different plant growth forms and their responses to local environmental factors at the scale of a single permanent plot. [Methods] A 2-hm² permanent monitoring plot of Picea schrenkiana forest in the Tomur Peak National Nature Reserve, Xinjiang, was selected as the study site. Based on the baseline survey conducted in 2024, we analyzed species composition, α-diversity, and β-diversity patterns of woody and herbaceous plant communities, and compared their responses to topographic factors, stand structure, and spatial variables. [Results] The species composition of the community within the plot was relatively simple. Picea schrenkiana was the absolute dominant species among woody plants, with an importance value of 74.81%, whereas the herbaceous layer exhibited higher species richness but concentrated dominance. The α-diversity of herbaceous plants was significantly higher than that of woody plants (p < 0.001). The α-diversity of woody plants was significantly negatively correlated with mean diameter at breast height (DBH), mean tree height, and basal area (p < 0.01), whereas the α-diversity of herbaceous plants showed significant negative correlations with slope, stand density, and canopy closure (p < 0.05). The dominant components of β-diversity differed markedly between the two growth forms. The β-diversity of woody plants was primarily driven by the nestedness component (contribution rate: 72%), whereas herbaceous β-diversity was dominated by the species turnover component (contribution rate: 83%). Mantel tests and variance partitioning analyses revealed that spatial variables had relatively higher explanatory power for β-diversity of woody plants and its nestedness component. In contrast, topographic and stand structural factors better explained the β-diversity of herbaceous plants and its turnover component. [Conclusion] The results indicate the significant divergence in α- and β-diversity patterns and their underlying components among different plant growth forms. This study provides fundamental baseline data for long-term dynamic monitoring and community dynamics research on plant diversity in Picea schrenkiana forests.

Key words: α-diversity, β-diversity, topography, stand structure, growth form

中图分类号:

Q16
Q948

何爱琳, 常顺利, 李吉玫, 万燕, 吴东升, 吐尔洪·努尔东. 新疆托木尔峰雪岭云杉林固定样地不同生长型植物α与β多样性特征及影响因素[J]. 生态环境学报, 2026, 35(10): 1545-1554.

He Ailin, Chang Shunli, Li Jimei, Wan Yan, Wu Dongsheng, Tuerhong Nuerdong. Patterns and Drivers of Alpha and Beta Diversity Across Plant Growth Forms in a Permanent Plot of Picea schrenkiana Forest in Tomur Peak, Xinjiang[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2026, 35(10): 1545-1554.

图/表 9

图1 新疆托木尔峰国家级自然保护区雪岭云杉森林2 hm2固定监测样地位置图

Figure 1 Location map of the 2 hm2 forest dynamics plot in the Picea schrenkiana forest, Tomur National Nature Reserve, Xinjiang

图2 新疆托木尔峰国家级自然保护区雪岭云杉森林 2 hm2 动态监测样地图

Figure 2 Map of the 2 hm2 forest dynamics plot in the Picea schrenkiana forest, Tomur National Nature Reserve, Xinjiang

表1 样地木本植物物种组成及重要值

Table 1 Species composition and importance values of woody plants in the plot

物种	所属科	相对多度/ %	相对频度/%	相对优势度/%	重要值/ %
雪岭云杉 Picea schrenkiana	松科	90.0	38.8	95.7	74.8
天山花楸 Sorbus tianschanica	蔷薇科	4.00	24.0	1.88	9.97
疏花蔷薇Rosa laxa	蔷薇科	3.27	17.8	0.17	7.09
旱柳Salix matsudana	杨柳科	2.06	10.9	1.91	4.94
小叶忍冬 Lonicera microphylla	忍冬科	0.52	5.43	0.04	2.00
黄果山楂 Crataegus altaica	蔷薇科	0.12	1.55	0.01	0.56
黑果栒子 Cotoneaster melanocarpus	蔷薇科	0.08	1.55	0.01	0.55

表2 样地草本植物物种组成及重要值排序（前10位）

Table 2 Species composition and ranked importance values (top 10) of herbaceous plants in the plot

物种	所属科	相对多度/%	相对高度/%	相对盖度/%	重要值/ %
三穗薹草 Carex tristachya	莎草科	34.3	8.22	15.2	19.2
紫苞鸢尾Iris ruthenica	鸢尾科	13.8	11.0	15.0	13.3
稗草 Echinochloa crus-galli	禾本科	10.5	5.58	8.38	8.15
羊角芹 Aegopodium alpestre	伞形科	6.74	5.63	5.34	5.90
山地糙苏 Phlomoides oreophila	唇形科	1.60	6.04	9.95	5.86
老鹳草 Geranium wilfordii	牻牛儿苗科	2.16	8.31	4.68	5.05
葛缕子Carum carvi	伞形科	3.90	3.90	3.36	4.42
铁线莲Clematis	毛茛科	6.13	6.13	4.51	4.23
高山黄芪 Astragalus alpinus	豆科	5.02	5.02	4.58	4.22
岩参Cicerbita azurea	菊科	3.16	4.39	4.41	3.99

图3 不同生长型植物α多样性指数比较

Figure 3 Comparison of α-diversity indices between contrasting growth forms

图4 不同生长型植物α多样性与地形因子、林分结构之间的相关性分析 ALT：海拔；SL：坡度；SLP：坡位；ASP：坡向；CON：凹凸度；FSD：林分密度；DEN：郁闭度；ADBH：平均胸径；ATH：平均树高；BA：胸高断面积；R：Margalef丰富度指数；D：Simpson优势度指数；H′：Shannon-Wiener多样性指数E：Pielou均匀度指数。***，**，*分别表示在0.001、0.01和0.05的水平上具有显著性

Figure 4 Correlation analysis of α-diversity of different plant growth forms with topographic variables and stand structural attributes

图5 不同生长型植物β多样性及其组分分解三元图三元图表示样地内50个20 m×20 m 样方之间木本与草本植物群落 β 多样性（βjac）及其周转组分（βjtu）和嵌套组分（βjne）的分解结果。图中灰色散点代表样方间两两比较的结果，红色圆点表示所有样方对比较结果的平均值

Figure 5 Ternary plots of β-diversity partitioning (turnover and nestedness components) across plant growth forms

表3 β多样性（βjac）及其周转组分（βjtu）和嵌套组分（βjne）与环境因子spearman相关性与Mantel检验

Table 3 Spearman correlations and Mantel tests between β-diversity (βjac), its turnover (βjtu) and nestedness (βjne) components, and environmental variables

环境因子	木本植物			草本植物
环境因子	β_jac	β_jtu	β_jne	β_jac	β_jtu	β_jne
海拔ALT	0.13**	−0.12	0.22***	0.16**	0.09*	0.05
坡度SL	0.03	0.05	−0.01	0.12*	0.13**	−0.05
坡向ASP	−0.02	0.01	−0.02	0.01	0.002	0.03
坡位SLP	0.07*	−0.05	0.09*	0.18***	0.20***	−0.08
凹凸度CON	0.11**	−0.01	0.10*	0.10*	0.09*	−0.02
林分密度FSD	0.07	0.02	0.04	0.30***	0.17**	0.10*
郁闭度DEN	0.14**	0.10	0.02	0.42***	0.31***	0.03
平均胸径ADBH	0.09*	−0.06	0.12*	0.16*	0.14**	−0.04
平均树高ATH	0.18***	0.14*	0.02	0.08	0.13*	−0.13
胸高断面积BA	0.08*	−0.11	0.15**	0.15*	0.13*	−0.04

图6 β多样性及其两个组分的方差分解结果基于Jaccard 指数的β多样性及其分解组分（βjac、βjtu、βjne）的方差分解结果，图中的数值为百分数，用于估计地形因子（用绿色表示）、林分结构（用粉色表示）和空间变量（用蓝色表示）对β多样性及其分解组分的解释量。 Residual 表示未被解释的变异比例。图中数值为－的部分表示解释变量解释量过小或者方差分解过程未找到显著的解释变量导致未能执行方差分解过程

Figure 6 Variance partitioning of β-diversity based on the Jaccard index and its decomposed components

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新疆托木尔峰雪岭云杉林固定样地不同生长型植物α与β多样性特征及影响因素

Patterns and Drivers of Alpha and Beta Diversity Across Plant Growth Forms in a Permanent Plot of Picea schrenkiana Forest in Tomur Peak, Xinjiang

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