天山云杉森林生态系统的水源涵养能力海拔梯度变化特征

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2023.09.004

生态环境学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (9): 1574-1584.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2023.09.004

天山云杉森林生态系统的水源涵养能力海拔梯度变化特征

房园¹^,³^,⁴(), 梁中⁵, 张毓涛²^,³^,^*(), 师庆东¹^,⁴, 孙雪娇²^,³, 李吉玫²^,³, 李翔²^,³, 董振涛¹^,⁴

1.新疆大学生态与环境学院，新疆乌鲁木齐 830017
2.新疆林科院森林生态研究所，新疆乌鲁木齐 830063
3.新疆天山森林生态系统国家定位观测研究站，新疆乌鲁木齐县 830000
4.绿洲生态教育部省部共建重点实验室，新疆乌鲁木齐 830046
5.新疆维吾尔自治区林草局天然林保护工程和产业发展办公室，新疆乌鲁木齐 830000；

收稿日期:2023-06-24 出版日期:2023-09-18 发布日期:2023-12-11
通讯作者: ^*张毓涛。E-mail: zyt218@163.com
作者简介:房园（1996年生），女，硕士研究生，主要从事森林生态、森林水文方面研究。E-mail: 2565542178@qq.com
基金资助:
新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金项目(2022D01B174);新疆维吾尔自治区公益性科研院所基本科研业务经费资助项目“雪岭云杉森林不同林分土壤和枯落物的水分特征及其对碳固定的影响”;新疆大学2023 年国家级大学生创新训练计划一般项目（0825）“基于无人机遥感的森林健康评价模式研究”;新疆维吾尔自治区公益性科研院所基本科研业务专项经费项目“荒漠灌木林生态系统恢复的人工促进技术”

Characteristics of Altitudinal Gradient Changes in Water Retention of Tianshan Spruce Forest Ecosystems

FANG Yuan¹^,³^,⁴(), LIANG Zhong⁵, ZHANG Yutao²^,³^,^*(), SHI Qingdong¹^,⁴, SUN Xuejiao²^,³, LI Jimei²^,³, LI Xiang²^,³, DONG Zhentao¹^,⁴

1. School of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
2. Institute of Forest Ecology, Xinjiang Academy of Forestry, Urumqi 830063, P. R. China
3. Xinjiang Tianshan Forest Ecosystem National Positioning Observation and Research Station, Urumqi County 830000, P. R. China
4. Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Ministry of Education, Urumqi 830046, P. R. China
5. Office of Natural Forest Protection Project and Industry Development, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Forestry and Grassland Bureau, Urumqi County 830000, P. R. China;

Received:2023-06-24 Online:2023-09-18 Published:2023-12-11

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为揭示天山云杉森林的水源涵养功能，探究天山云杉林枯落物层和土壤层水文效应特征。以天山北麓中段的天山云杉森林为研究对象，沿海拔梯度（1500－2300 m）布设系列样地，采用样地调查法和室内浸泡法对天山云杉森林枯落物层和土壤层的水源涵养能力进行定量分析，明确其在海拔梯度上的分异特征。结果表明，1）天山云杉森林枯落物层厚度（2.50－3.38 cm）和蓄积量（13.6－21.7 t•hm⁻²），两者均随海拔的升高而显著减小（P<0.05）；天山云杉森林枯落物层最大持水量（50.9－65.0 t•hm⁻²）和有效拦蓄量（21.6－25.8 t•hm⁻²）均随海拔升高先增大后减小；对比不同海拔梯度枯落物的持水过程发现，其在浸水1h内持水量迅速增加，此时吸水速率最大；相同时间内，半分解层枯落物持水量均大于未分解层。2）在1500－1700、1700－1900、1900－2100、2100－2300 m 4个海拔段的土壤容重（0.481、0.621、0.643、0.452 g•cm⁻³）、毛管孔隙度（72.6%、77.5%、70.5%、75.8%）和总孔隙度（76.1%、81.0%、73.4%、78.8%）均表现为随海拔升高先增大后减小的趋势；各海拔梯度土壤饱和持水量与毛管持水量排序为1700－1900 m>1500－1700 m>2100－2300 m>1900－2100 m，土壤有效持水量排序为：1700－1900 m>1500－1700 m>1900－2100 m>2100－2300 m，均随海拔的升高表现为先增大后减小。3）枯落物层和土壤层总的有效持水量（83.4－95.9 t•hm⁻²）和总最大持水量（1390－1662 t•hm⁻²）均随海拔的升高先增大后减小，在各海拔段间无显著差异（P>0.05）。通过研究发现天山云杉森林生态系统的水源涵养能力总体呈现沿海拔梯度先增大后减小的趋势，中低海拔区域（1500－1900 m）水源涵养能力较好。

关键词: 天山云杉森林, 水源涵养, 海拔梯度, 枯落物层, 土壤层

Abstract:

In order to reveal the water-holding function of Tianshan spruce forests and to investigate the characteristics of hydrological effects of the litter layer and soil layer of Tianshan spruce forests. The Tianshan spruce forest in the middle part of the northern foothills of the Tianshan Mountains was used as the study object, and a series of sample plots was deployed along the altitude gradient (1500−2300 m), and quantitative analyses of the water-holding capacity of the litter layer and soil layer of the Tianshan spruce forests were carried out by using the sample survey method and the indoor immersion method, so as to clarify the characteristics of the differences in their differentiation along the elevation gradient. The results showed that 1) the thickness (2.50−3.38 cm) and volume (13.6−21.7 t•hm⁻²) of the litter layer in Tianshan spruce forests both decreased significantly with elevation (P< 0.05); the maximum water holding capacity (50.9−65.0 t•hm⁻²) and effective storage capacity (21.6−25.8 t•hm⁻²) of the litter layer in Tianshan spruce forests showed an increasing trend followed by a decreasing trend as elevation increased; comparison of the water-holding process of different altitudinal gradients found that the water-holding capacity increased rapidly within 1h of immersion, during which the rate of water absorption was the greatest; during the same time, the water-holding capacity of the semi-decomposed layer of litter was greater than that of the undecomposed layer. 2) In the four altitude bands from 1500−1700, 1700−1900, 1900−2100, and 2100−2300 m, soil bulk density (0.481, 0.621, 0.643, and 0.452 g•cm⁻³), capillary porosity (72.6%, 77.5%, 70.5%, and 75.8%), and total porosity (76.1%, 81.0%, 73.4%, and 78.8%) showed an increasing tendency and then decreased with the increase of elevation; the order of soil saturated water holding capacity and capillary water holding capacity at each altitude gradient was as follows: 1700−1900 m>1500−1700 m>2100−2300 m>1900−2100 m; the order of effective soil water holding capacity was as follows: 1700−1900 m>1500−1700 m>1900−2100 m>2100−2300 m, all of which increased and then decreased with the increase of altitude. 3) The total effective water holding capacity (83.4−95.9 t•hm⁻²) and the maximum water holding capacity (1390−1662 t•hm⁻²) of the litter layer and soil layer both showed an increase and then a decrease as elevation increased, and there was no significant difference between elevations (P> 0.05). It was found that the water-holding capacity of Tianshan spruce forest ecosystem showed a general increasing trend followed by decreases along the altitudinal gradient, and the water-holding capacity was better in the middle and low altitude areas (1500−1900 m).

Key words: Tianshan spruce forest, water retention, elevation gradient, litter layer, soil layer

中图分类号:

房园, 梁中, 张毓涛, 师庆东, 孙雪娇, 李吉玫, 李翔, 董振涛. 天山云杉森林生态系统的水源涵养能力海拔梯度变化特征[J]. 生态环境学报, 2023, 32(9): 1574-1584.

FANG Yuan, LIANG Zhong, ZHANG Yutao, SHI Qingdong, SUN Xuejiao, LI Jimei, LI Xiang, DONG Zhentao. Characteristics of Altitudinal Gradient Changes in Water Retention of Tianshan Spruce Forest Ecosystems[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2023, 32(9): 1574-1584.

图/表 8

表1 气候因素沿海拔的变化

Table 1 Climatic factors changes along with the elevation

海拔/m	年均温度/℃	年降水量/mm	Kira 干湿度指数
1500 1700 2000 2200 2400	4.76 3.27 2.28 1.7 0.60	388 444 543 528 525	11.42 14.08 18.06 18.32 18.56

图1 研究区位置图

Figure 1 Location map of study area

图2 不同海拔天山云杉森林枯落物层厚度和蓄积量特征图中不同大写字母表示同一海拔不同层次间指标存在显著差异（P<0.05，n=6），反之则无明显差异。不同小写字母表示同一层次不同海拔梯度间指标存在显著差异（P<0.05，n=6），反之则无明显差异，下同。

Figure 2 Thickness and accumulation characteristics of dead litter layer in Tianshan spruce forests at different elevations

图3 不同海拔天山云杉森林枯落物层持水特性

Figure 3 Water-holding characteristics of the dead litter layer of Tianshan sPruce forests at different elevations

图4 不同海拔天山云杉森林枯落物层最大持水量（a）和有效拦蓄量（b）特征

Figure 4 Characteristics of maximum water holding capacity (a) and effective retention capacity (b) of dead litter layer in Tianshan spruce forests at different elevations

图5 不同海拔天山云杉森林土壤物理特性

Figure 5 Soil physical properties of Tianshan spruce forests at different elevations

图6 不同海拔天山云杉森林土壤持水特性

Figure 6 Soil water-holding characteristics of Tianshan spruce forests at different elevations

图7 不同海拔天山云杉森林枯落物层和土壤层持水量和贡献率

Figure 7 Water holding caPacity and contribution of litter layer and soil layer of Tianshan sPruce forest at different elevations

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天山云杉森林生态系统的水源涵养能力海拔梯度变化特征

Characteristics of Altitudinal Gradient Changes in Water Retention of Tianshan Spruce Forest Ecosystems

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