厌氧环境下硫酸盐还原与氨氧化的协同作用

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2023.01.022

生态环境学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (1): 207-214.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2023.01.022

• 综述 • 上一篇

厌氧环境下硫酸盐还原与氨氧化的协同作用

袁林江^*(), 李梦博, 冷钢, 钟冰冰, 夏大朋, 王景华

西安建筑科技大学环境与市政工程学院/陕西省环境工程重点实验室/西北水资源与环境生态教育部重点实验室，陕西西安 710055

收稿日期:2022-11-17 出版日期:2023-01-18 发布日期:2023-04-06
通讯作者: *袁林江（1966年生），男，教授，博士，研究方向为废水生物处理理论与技术、城市生态环境。E-mail: yuanlinjiang@xauat.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(51878538)

Synergistic Effect of Sulfate Reduction and Ammonia Oxidation in Anaerobic Environment

YUAN Linjiang^*(), LI Mengbo, LENG Gang, ZHONG Bingbing, XIA Dapeng, WANG Jinghua

School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology/Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering/Key Laboratory of Northwest China Water Resources and Environment Ecology Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710055, P. R. China

Received:2022-11-17 Online:2023-01-18 Published:2023-04-06

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

20多年前，人们就发现厌氧环境下氨态氮和硫酸盐的同步转化现象，并提出了硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化（SRAO）脱氮说。该途径可以在厌氧条件下以废水中固有的硫酸盐为电子受体将氨态氮氧化为氮气，无需额外添加有机物，也不产生二次污染。该文通过对近年来国内外有关文献资料的研究理解，从SRAO研究历程、影响因素及氮硫可能的转化途径等方面进行了总结，理清了SRAO脱氮的发生需要适宜的基质浓度及环境条件，由于反应器内微生物菌群复杂，SRAO菌与SRB、HDB和SAD菌等共存，构成了SRAO现象是反应器内复杂的多反应协同作用的结果。首先，该过程既可以在进水有有机物的条件下启动，也可以在进水没有有机物的条件下启动；启动方式可根据进水中所加入氨态氮的电子受体分为三类：硫酸盐逐步替代亚硝态氮，同时加入亚硝态氮和硫酸盐，仅加入硫酸盐；Anammoxoglobus sulfate和Bacillus benzoevorans为已明确的SRAO功能菌。其次，反应器的类型、种泥来源、进水氮硫比、有机物等因素会对基质转化效率产生一定的影响。对于氨态氮被氧化是否是硫酸盐作用可采用排除法来确定，氨态氮的氧化产物随氮硫摩尔比的变化而变化。虽然SRAO和厌氧产甲烷都是在厌氧条件下进行的，但是在厌氧产甲烷系统中没有发现SRAO现象，主要是首次发现SRAO现象的反应器内多种菌群相互协同代谢但产甲烷菌不占主导地位。目前关于SRAO研究还主要处于实验室规模，之后的研究可从以下几方面展开：（1）缩短启动时间，提高基质的去除效率；（2）探究氨态氮与硫酸盐的转化途径及关键影响因素特征；（3）相关功能菌的鉴别。本文旨在为今后的理论研究提供综合信息并促进其在实际废水处理中的应用。

关键词: 生物脱氮, 硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化, 硫酸盐还原, 协同作用, 影响因素

Abstract:

The simultaneous conversion of ammonia nitrogen and sulfate in anaerobic environment was discovered and nitrogen removal by sulfate reduction ammonia oxidation (SRAO) was proposed 20 years ago. This process can use the inherent sulfate in wastewater as electron acceptor to oxidize ammonia nitrogen to nitrogen without additional organic matter and secondary pollutant under anaerobic condition. Based on the recent research and understanding of relevant literatures, this paper summarized the research history, influencing factors and possible conversion pathways of nitrogen and sulfur of SRAO, further clarified the appropriate substrate concentration and environmental conditions of the occurrence of nitrogen removal by SRAO. Due to the complex microbial communities in the reactor, SRAO bacteria coexists with SRB, HDB and SAD bacteria, with their complex multi-reaction synergism in the reactor causing the SRAO phenomenon. Firstly, the process can be started either under the condition of influent organic matter or without organic matter. The starting methods can be divided into three categories according to the electron acceptors of ammonia nitrogen: gradual replacement of nitrite nitrogen by sulfate, simultaneous addition of nitrite nitrogen and sulfate, and addition of sulfate only. Anammoxoglobus sulfate and Bacillus benzoevorans were identified as SRAO functional bacteria. Secondly, the type of reactor, the source of seed sludge, nitrogen to sulfur ratio of influent, organic matter and other factors will impact on the efficiency of substrate conversion. The elimination method can be used to determine whether the oxidation of ammonia nitrogen is sulfate, and the oxidation products of ammonia nitrogen change with the change of the molar ratio of nitrogen to sulfur. Although both SRAO and anaerobic methanogenesis were carried out under anaerobic conditions, no SRAO phenomenon had been found in anaerobic methanogenesis system. Multiple bacteria metabolized synergistically was found in the reactor where SRAO phenomenon was first discovered but methanogens did not dominate. At present, the research on SRAO is still mainly in a laboratory scale, future studies can be carried out from the following aspects: (1) shortening start-up time and improving removal efficiency of substrate, (2) exploring the conversion pathway of ammonia nitrogen and sulfate and key influencing factors, and (3) identifying functional bacteria. This paper aims to provide comprehensive information for future theoretical research and promote its application in practical wastewater treatment.

Key words: biological nitrogen removal, sulfate reduction ammonia oxidation, sulfate reduction, synergistic effect, influencing factors

中图分类号:

X703

袁林江, 李梦博, 冷钢, 钟冰冰, 夏大朋, 王景华. 厌氧环境下硫酸盐还原与氨氧化的协同作用[J]. 生态环境学报, 2023, 32(1): 207-214.

YUAN Linjiang, LI Mengbo, LENG Gang, ZHONG Bingbing, XIA Dapeng, WANG Jinghua. Synergistic Effect of Sulfate Reduction and Ammonia Oxidation in Anaerobic Environment[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2023, 32(1): 207-214.

图/表 3

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序号	文献	反应器	种泥	NH₄⁺-N去除率/%	SO₄^2-去除率/%	结论简述
1	Zhao et al., 2006	厌氧附着生长反应器	SRB	43.35	58.74	在pH=7.8时高基质浓度、低COD浓度可以促进同步脱氮除硫；SRB和SRAO菌存在竞争关系
2	Sabumon, 2008	上流式混合反应器	絮凝型延长曝气工艺污泥+SRB	65.90-89.40	51.90-70.70	在缺氧条件下同时去除氨氮、硫酸盐、COD；COD浓度较高时需要抑制S^2-浓度来提高基质的去除率
3	Liu et al., 2008	无纺布旋转生物接触式反应器	ANAMMOX菌	—	—	AnAOB具有同步脱氮除硫的生物潜能；发现了属于浮霉菌门的 “Anammoxoglobus sulfate” 菌株具有以硫酸盐为电子受体还原氨态氮的潜力
4	Rikmann et al., 2014	MBBR UASB	ANAMMOX菌+厌氧污泥	—	—	SRAO是一个有关C、N、S之间的复杂反应；碳酸氢盐超过1000 mg·L^-1时抑制SRAO；肼对UASB中SRAO有促进作用
5	马文娟等, 2015	UASB	ANAMMOX菌	—	—	通过提高进水pH来快速启动SRAO；当pH>8.5时抑制AnAOB的活性
6	蒋永荣等, 2016	UASB	ANAMMOX菌	—	—	粉煤灰对SRAO有促进作用，但需要时间驯化
7	Zhang et al., 2019	循环流厌氧反应器	厌氧颗粒污泥+反硝化污泥	92.00	59.20	提高进水氮硫比会促进氨氮的去除；氨氮去除是硝化、反硝化、厌氧氨氧化、SRAO共同作用的结果
8	Wu et al., 2020	UASB-A/ O-ANAOR-ASBR	垃圾渗滤液	98.00	53.00	AnAOB结合SRAO菌进行同步脱氮除硫；DO对AnAOB和SRAO菌均有抑制作用

序号	文献	反应器	种泥	NH₄⁺-N去除率/%	SO₄^2-去除率/%	结论简述
1	Zhao et al., 2006	厌氧附着生长反应器	SRB	43.35	58.74	在pH=7.8时高基质浓度、低COD浓度可以促进同步脱氮除硫；SRB和SRAO菌存在竞争关系
2	Sabumon, 2008	上流式混合反应器	絮凝型延长曝气工艺污泥+SRB	65.90-89.40	51.90-70.70	在缺氧条件下同时去除氨氮、硫酸盐、COD；COD浓度较高时需要抑制S^2-浓度来提高基质的去除率
3	Liu et al., 2008	无纺布旋转生物接触式反应器	ANAMMOX菌	—	—	AnAOB具有同步脱氮除硫的生物潜能；发现了属于浮霉菌门的 “Anammoxoglobus sulfate” 菌株具有以硫酸盐为电子受体还原氨态氮的潜力
4	Rikmann et al., 2014	MBBR UASB	ANAMMOX菌+厌氧污泥	—	—	SRAO是一个有关C、N、S之间的复杂反应；碳酸氢盐超过1000 mg·L^-1时抑制SRAO；肼对UASB中SRAO有促进作用
5	马文娟等, 2015	UASB	ANAMMOX菌	—	—	通过提高进水pH来快速启动SRAO；当pH>8.5时抑制AnAOB的活性
6	蒋永荣等, 2016	UASB	ANAMMOX菌	—	—	粉煤灰对SRAO有促进作用，但需要时间驯化
7	Zhang et al., 2019	循环流厌氧反应器	厌氧颗粒污泥+反硝化污泥	92.00	59.20	提高进水氮硫比会促进氨氮的去除；氨氮去除是硝化、反硝化、厌氧氨氧化、SRAO共同作用的结果
8	Wu et al., 2020	UASB-A/ O-ANAOR-ASBR	垃圾渗滤液	98.00	53.00	AnAOB结合SRAO菌进行同步脱氮除硫；DO对AnAOB和SRAO菌均有抑制作用

序号	NH₄⁺-N的电子受体	特点	文献
1	硫酸盐逐步替代亚硝态氮	反应器内的功能菌群从厌氧氨氧化菌逐步向SRAO菌转变，不会使得AnAOB不适合环境而大量衰亡，但是启动时间较长	刘正川（2015）在UASB反应器内历时177 d成功启动了SRAO,反应器体系内氨态氮和硫酸盐的去除率分别达到58.9%和15.7%
2	亚硝态氮、硫酸盐	同时建立ANAMMOX、SRAO过程来提高氨态氮的去除	发现硫酸盐有助于提高厌氧氨氧化的效率
3	硫酸盐	可以直接筛选出能够进行SRAO过程的微生物，淘汰其他微生物	张丹丹（2020）在自主设计的反应器内历时30 d实现了氨态氮和硫酸盐的同时去除，NH₄⁺-N和SO₄^2-的最高去除率分别达到92%和59.2%

序号	NH₄⁺-N的电子受体	特点	文献
1	硫酸盐逐步替代亚硝态氮	反应器内的功能菌群从厌氧氨氧化菌逐步向SRAO菌转变，不会使得AnAOB不适合环境而大量衰亡，但是启动时间较长	刘正川（2015）在UASB反应器内历时177 d成功启动了SRAO,反应器体系内氨态氮和硫酸盐的去除率分别达到58.9%和15.7%
2	亚硝态氮、硫酸盐	同时建立ANAMMOX、SRAO过程来提高氨态氮的去除	发现硫酸盐有助于提高厌氧氨氧化的效率
3	硫酸盐	可以直接筛选出能够进行SRAO过程的微生物，淘汰其他微生物	张丹丹（2020）在自主设计的反应器内历时30 d实现了氨态氮和硫酸盐的同时去除，NH₄⁺-N和SO₄^2-的最高去除率分别达到92%和59.2%

厌氧环境下硫酸盐还原与氨氧化的协同作用

Synergistic Effect of Sulfate Reduction and Ammonia Oxidation in Anaerobic Environment

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