卫宁平原农用地土壤重金属污染特征与生态风险研究

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.11.013

生态环境学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (11): 2216-2224.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.11.013

卫宁平原农用地土壤重金属污染特征与生态风险研究

刘志坚¹^,²(), 董元华², 张琇³, 卿成实⁴

1.宁夏回族自治区国土资源调查监测院，宁夏银川 750002
2.中国科学院南京土壤研究所土壤环境与污染修复重点实验室，江苏南京 210008
3.北方民族大学生物科学与工程学院，宁夏银川 750021
4.中国地质调查局成都地质调查中心，四川成都 610081

收稿日期:2022-06-13 出版日期:2022-11-18 发布日期:2022-12-22
作者简介:刘志坚（1987年生），男，高级工程师，硕士，研究方向为环境地质。E-mail: Pannotia@qq.com
基金资助:
宁夏自然科学基金项目(2021AAC03424);宁夏财政计划项目(宁夏国土监项[2021]002号)

Contamination and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Soil of Agricultural Land in Weining Plain, Northwest China

LIU Zhijian¹^,²(), DONG Yuanhua², ZHANG Xiu³, QING Chengshi⁴

1. Ningxia Survey and Monitor Institute of Land and Resources, Yinchuan 750002, P. R. China
2. Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Contamination Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, P. R. China
3. School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, P. R. China
4. Chengdu Center of China Geological Survey, Chengdu 610081, P. R. China

Received:2022-06-13 Online:2022-11-18 Published:2022-12-22

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

卫宁平原是黄河流域上游的生态保护关键带，也是著名地理标志产品“中宁枸杞”的唯一原产地，在此开展区域性土壤重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价，对改善土壤生态系统功能，保护优质特色农业具有重要意义。该研究以卫宁平原农用地为主要研究对象，采集2830件表层土壤样品，检测As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn共8项重金属元素与Al、Li、Sc、Ti共4项地壳稳定元素的含量。运用标准化法计算重金属元素的基线值，并以此作为污染评价模型的参照值；采用污染负荷指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法研究农用地土壤重金属的污染程度和生态风险，基于空间分析阐明土壤重金属污染的空间分布格局。结果表明：卫宁平原表层土壤中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn的环境地球化学基线值分别为14.51、0.29、79.61、0.05、34.57、26.42、23.95、73.49 mg·kg^-1，土壤重金属平均含量均高于黄河流域土壤背景值；污染评价结果表明，土壤As、Cr、Ni污染程度较低，Cu、Pb、Zn污染程度较高，Cd、Hg污染程度最高，综合污染负荷指数总体以轻度污染为主；土壤重金属综合潜在生态风险以中度风险为主，Cd与Hg是导致潜在生态风险程度较高的最主要因子。空间分析表明，污染地块集中分布在城市-农用地交错带和工业园区-农用地交错带；密集的交通运输活动、钢铁冶炼和金属材料加工制造排放的废气及烟尘是土壤Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn污染的主要来源，乡镇企业及工业园区钢铁冶炼生产中的燃煤烟尘是土壤Hg污染的主要来源。该研究结果划定了因人为源输入而造成的重金属污染地块范围，可为黄河流域土壤重金属污染防治提供重要的数据支撑。

关键词: 卫宁平原, 农用地, 土壤, 重金属, 污染评价, 潜在生态风险

Abstract:

Weining Plain, which is the unique source area of the famous geographical indication product “Lycium barbarum”, is a key ecological protection zone in upstream of the Yellow River Basin. Regional heavy metal pollution and potential ecological risk assessments carried out here is of great significance to improve soil ecosystem functions and protect high-quality characteristic agriculture. In this research, the contents of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) and the crustal stable elements (Al, Li, Sc, and Ti) were assayed in a total of 2830 surface soil samples from the agricultural land. By using Al as the standard factor, the geochemical baseline values determined by the normalization procedure method were used as the reference of the contamination assessment model. The contamination load index and Hakanson potential ecological risk index were used to evaluate the contamination level and ecological risk of heavy metals in the soils of agricultural land. Based on the spatial analysis, the spatial distribution patterns of heavy metal contamination in soil were clarified. The results showed that the environmental geochemical baseline values of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn in the surface soil of Weining Plain were 14.51, 0.29, 79.61, 0.05, 34.57, 26.42, 23.95 and 73.49 mg·kg^-1, respectively, and all the average contents of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were higher than the corresponding background values of heavy metals in the Yellow River Basin. There were low contamination levels of As, Cr and Ni, middle degrees of Cu, Pb and Zn, and high degrees of Cd and Hg. The total contamination level was low. The comprehensive potential ecological risk of soil heavy metals was at the moderate risk level, while Cd and Hg were the most essential factors leading to high potential ecological risks. The spatial analysis demonstrated that the contaminated plots was mainly in the urban-agricultural fringe and industrial-agricultural fringe. The main sources of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in soil were from exhaust gas and dust emitted by intensive transportation activities, steel smelting and metal material processing. The main source of Hg in soil was from soot during coal burning in township enterprises and steel smelting in industrial parks. The results of this research delineated that the range of heavy metal contamination caused by anthropogenic sources. It could provide important data for soil heavy metal pollution control in the Yellow River Basin.

Key words: Weining Plain, agricultural land, soil, heavy metals, contamination evaluation, potential ecological risks

中图分类号:

X53
X820.4

刘志坚, 董元华, 张琇, 卿成实. 卫宁平原农用地土壤重金属污染特征与生态风险研究[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022, 31(11): 2216-2224.

LIU Zhijian, DONG Yuanhua, ZHANG Xiu, QING Chengshi. Contamination and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Soil of Agricultural Land in Weining Plain, Northwest China[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2022, 31(11): 2216-2224.

图/表 11

图1 卫宁平原区域位置示意图

Figure 1 Regional location of Weining Plain

表1 土壤样品分析项目及其测试方法和检出限

Table 1 Analysis items, method and detection limits of samples

	元素 Elements/(mg·kg^-1)												pH
	As	Hg	Cr	Ni	Cd	Cu	Pb	Zn	Al	Li	Sc	Ti	pH
检测方法 Detection Method	AFS		ICP-OES		ICP-MS				XRF	ICP-MS			ISE
检出限 Detection Limits	0.2	0.0005	1.5	0.2	0.02	0.1	0.02	1	0.05	1	1	10	0.01

表2 土壤稳定元素含量统计特征

Table 2 Statistical results of stable elements contents in the soils of the research region

标准因子 Standard factors	剔除后剩余样本量 Sample size after elimination	最大值 Max/(mg·kg^-1)	最小值 Min/(mg·kg^-1)	平均值 Ave/(mg·kg^-1)	标准差 Standard deviation	变异系数 Coefficients of variation
Al	2628	13.18	7.40	10.91	1.27	0.12
Li	2659	45.23	16.83	31.80	4.77	0.15
Ti	2741	3700.20	1803.90	3171.73	354.52	0.11
Sc	2711	13.07	4.79	9.73	1.59	0.16

表3 土壤重金属与Al、Li、Sc、Ti相关系数表

Table 3 Correlation coefficients between heavy metal elements and Al, Li, Sc, Ti

元素 Elements	As	Cd	Cr	Hg	Ni	Cu	Pb	Zn
Al	0.77	0.80	0.58	0.78	0.87	0.90	0.88	0.92
Li	0.63	0.59	0.35	0.54	0.58	0.69	0.64	0.69
Sc	0.58	0.52	0.38	0.47	0.54	0.63	0.57	0.61
Ti	0.59	0.52	0.40	0.46	0.55	0.65	0.56	0.64

表4 土壤重金属环境地球化学基线值

Table 4 The environmental geochemical baseline values of the heavy metal in the soils

重金属 Heavy metals	标准因子 Standard Factor	基线方程 Baseline equation	R²	基线值 Baseline values/ (mg·kg^-1)
As	Al	a=b×1.79-7.52	0.734	14.51
Cd		a=b×0.05-0.35	0.688	0.29
Cr		a=b×3.4-29.16	0.497	79.61
Hg		a=b×0.01-0.08	0.588	0.05
Ni		a=b×3.0-3.9	0.762	34.57
Cu		a=b×3.5-16.2	0.864	26.42
Pb		a=b×2.4-6.2	0.816	23.95
Zn		a=b×10.5-53.4	0.866	73.49

表5 土壤重金属含量统计表

Table 5 Statistical results of heavy metal content in soils mg·kg-1

	重金属 Elements
	As	Cd	Cr	Hg	Ni	Cu	Pb	Zn
范围 Range	3.89-26.6	0.01-0.87	31.00-104.0	0.01-0.36	3.55-89.7	9.08-52.2	11.70-72.7	25.10-307.0
平均值 Ave	12.19±2.62	0.19±0.08	66.95±6.47	0.03±0.03	28.61±4.79	21.82±4.91	20.44±3.84	61.78±16.03
变异系数 Coefficients of variation	0.22	0.54	0.10	0.69	0.17	0.22	0.19	0.26
风险筛查值 Risk screening values	20	0.8	250	1	190	100	170	300
黄河流域背景值 Background values of Yellow River Basin	10.9	0.113	65	0.017	28	21	20	59

表6 不同污染等级样点数百分比

Table 6 Percentage of sample points of different contamination levels %

	元素 Elements								$P$
	As	Cd	Cr	Hg	Ni	Cu	Pb	Zn	$P$
无污染 Clean	7.77	31.41	1.45	29.36	3.78	9.12	0.99	10.67	10.85
轻微污染 Non-contamination	52.93	18.59	59.36	17.84	49.40	43.75	52.05	48.69	39.82
轻度污染 Slight contamination	39.30	48.20	39.19	44.49	46.71	47.03	46.78	40.39	46.01
中度污染 Moderate contamination	-	1.45	-	6.47	0.11	0.11	0.11	0.14	3.32
重度污染 Heavy contamination	-	0.35	-	1.84	-	-	0.07	0.11	-

表6 不同污染等级样点数百分比

Table 6 Percentage of sample points of different contamination levels %

	元素 Elements								$P$
	As	Cd	Cr	Hg	Ni	Cu	Pb	Zn	$P$
无污染 Clean	7.77	31.41	1.45	29.36	3.78	9.12	0.99	10.67	10.85
轻微污染 Non-contamination	52.93	18.59	59.36	17.84	49.40	43.75	52.05	48.69	39.82
轻度污染 Slight contamination	39.30	48.20	39.19	44.49	46.71	47.03	46.78	40.39	46.01
中度污染 Moderate contamination	-	1.45	-	6.47	0.11	0.11	0.11	0.14	3.32
重度污染 Heavy contamination	-	0.35	-	1.84	-	-	0.07	0.11	-

图2 土壤重金属单指标潜在生态危害风险

Figure 2 Potential ecological risk of individual heavy metal in soils

表7 土壤Cd、Hg潜在生态风险等级

Table 7 Potential ecological risk of Cd and Hg in soils

等级 Level	Cd		Hg
等级 Level	n	Percentage	n	Percentage
中等风险 Moderate Risk	1264	44.66	1191	42.08
较强风险 Considerable Risk	41	1.45	193	6.82
强风险 High Risk	1	0.04	16	0.57
极强风险 Very High Risk	0	0.00	5	0.18

表8 重金属富集因子评价结果

Table 8 The enrichment factors evaluation results of heavy metal

	重金属 Heavy metals
	As	Cd	Cr	Hg	Ni	Cu	Pb	Zn
平均值 Ave	1.01	0.97	1.02	1.12	1	0.99	1.03	1
范围 Range	0.42- 3.67	0.09- 4.91	0.6- 1.77	0.14- 11.07	0.12- 3.17	0.52- 2.09	0.71- 3.75	0.54- 4.18
E>2/%	0.81	5.41	0.14	18.94	0.39	0.64	0.46	0.57

图3 土壤重金属污染风险分区

Figure 3 The risk zone subarea of heavy metals contamination in soils

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卫宁平原农用地土壤重金属污染特征与生态风险研究

Contamination and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Soil of Agricultural Land in Weining Plain, Northwest China

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