基于植被生产力的黄土高原地区生态脆弱性及其控制因子分析

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.10.003

生态环境学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (10): 1951-1958.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.10.003

基于植被生产力的黄土高原地区生态脆弱性及其控制因子分析

杨艳¹^,²^,³(), 周德成¹, 宫兆宁²^,³, 刘子源¹, 张良侠¹^,^*()

1.南京信息工程大学应用气象学院，江苏南京 210044
2.首都师范大学资源环境与旅游学院，北京 100048
3.资源环境与地理信息系统北京市重点实验室，北京 100048

收稿日期:2022-06-14 出版日期:2022-10-18 发布日期:2022-12-09
通讯作者: ^*张良侠（1986年生），女，博士，主要研究方向为生态系统综合评估。E-mail: zhanglx@nuist.edu.cn
作者简介:杨艳（1999年生），女，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为遥感技术与地学应用。E-mail: yangyannuist@163.com
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFB2600102)

Ecological Vulnerability and Its Drivers of the Loess Plateau Based on Vegetation Productivity

YANG Yan¹^,²^,³(), ZHOU Decheng¹, GONG Zhaoning²^,³, LIU Ziyuan¹, ZHANG Liangxia¹^,^*()

1. School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, P. R. China
2. College of Resources Environment & Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
3. Key Laboratory of Resources Environment and GIS of Beijing Municipal, Beijing 100048, P. R. China

Received:2022-06-14 Online:2022-10-18 Published:2022-12-09

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

作为中国典型的生态脆弱区之一，研究黄土高原生态脆弱性的空间分布格局及控制因子，可为该地区生态系统修复和环境管理提供重要科学参考和理论支持。该研究依据IPCC生态脆弱性定义，以生态系统净初级生产力（net primary productivity，NPP）为指标，评估了2001—2020年黄土高原生态脆弱性的空间分布格局，并基于地理探测器定量分析了生态脆弱性的控制因子。结果表明，黄土高原生态脆弱性整体较高，中度及以上等级脆弱区域面积占比约61%，且脆弱性呈现出西北高东南低的分布格局。林地脆弱性最低，中度及以下等级脆弱区面积占比超过85%；草地、耕地和建设用地中度及以下等级脆弱区面积占比分别为59%、66%和76%；未利用地的脆弱性程度最高，中度及以上等级脆弱区面积占比超过86%。植被覆盖度和降水是影响生态脆弱性的主控因子，二者的解释力分别为0.59和0.48；其他因子对生态脆弱性的影响力整体较小（<0.18）。此外，不同影响因子间均存在较强的交互作用，特别是植被覆盖度与海拔之间，其交互作用的解释力高达0.66。该研究表明，基于NPP动态变化能够有效表征黄土高原地区生态脆弱性的空间分布格局，结果强调了黄土高原地区生态系统的高度脆弱性以及植被与降水的主控作用，可为干旱半干旱区生态系统修复与管理及其成效评估提供一定的理论和方法参考。

关键词: 生态脆弱性, 净初级生产力, 地理探测器, 黄土高原, 控制因子

Abstract:

The Loess Plateau is one of the ecologically fragile areas in China. The knowledge of the spatial patterns of ecological vulnerability and its drivers of the Loess Plateau can provide important scientific reference and theoretical support for regional ecosystem restoration and management. Based on the IPCC definition of ecological vulnerability, the study analyzed the spatial distribution of the ecological vulnerability in the Loess Plateau from 2001 to 2020 with the ecosystem net primary productivity (NPP) as an indicator, and explored its driving forces based on Geodetector. The results showed that the ecological vulnerability was overall high in the Loess Plateau, with the vulnerability in the moderate level and above accounting for about 61% of the total land area. The ecological vulnerability was higher in the northwest than the southeast part of the Loess Plateau. Forests had the lowest vulnerability, with more than 85% of the area in moderate or lower vulnerability. The percentages of the areas with moderate or lower vulnerability were 59%, 66%, and 76% for grassland, cultivated land, and construction land, respectively. The unused land was the most vulnerable, with the vulnerability in moderate and higher levels accounting for more than 86% of the land area. Vegetation coverage and precipitation were the main driving forces of ecological vulnerability in the Loess Plateau, with explanatory power at 0.59 and 0.48, respectively. Other factors combined contributed little to the ecological vulnerability (< 0.18). In addition, there were strong interactions among different factors, especially between the vegetation coverage and altitude, the explanation power of which reached 0.66. This study suggests that the spatial pattern of ecological vulnerability in the Loess Plateau can be effectively characterized by the NPP dynamics. Our results highlighted the high ecological vulnerability in the Loess Plateau and the dominant roles of vegetation coverage and precipitation, with theoretical and methodological implications for ecosystem restoration, evaluation, and management in arid and semi-arid regions.

Key words: ecological vulnerability, net primary productivity (NPP), Geodetector, Loess Plateau, driving force

中图分类号:

Q948
X171.1

杨艳, 周德成, 宫兆宁, 刘子源, 张良侠. 基于植被生产力的黄土高原地区生态脆弱性及其控制因子分析[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022, 31(10): 1951-1958.

YANG Yan, ZHOU Decheng, GONG Zhaoning, LIU Ziyuan, ZHANG Liangxia. Ecological Vulnerability and Its Drivers of the Loess Plateau Based on Vegetation Productivity[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2022, 31(10): 1951-1958.

图/表 7

图1 2010年黄土高原地区土地利用情况

Figure 1 Land use in the Loess Plateau in 2010

表1 影响因子

Table 1 Impact Factor

探测因子 Detection factor	指标 Index	单位 Unit
X₁	年均温	℃
X₂	年均降水	mm
X₃	NDVI	—
X₄	海拔	m
X₅	坡度	°
X₆	人均GDP	万元
X₇	人口密度	person·km^-2

表2 黄土高原不同脆弱性等级所占面积及占比

Table 2 Area and proportion of different vulnerability levels in the Loess Plateau

脆弱性等级 Vulnerability level	脆弱指数 Vulnerability index	面积 Area/km²	百分比 Percentage/%
微度脆弱 Slight vulnerability	-1.00- -0.51	1.05×10⁵	16.46
轻度脆弱 Mildly vulnerability	-0.51- -0.19	1.46×10⁵	22.75
中度脆弱 Moderately vulnerability	-0.19-0.09	1.69×10⁵	26.45
重度脆弱 Severely vulnerability	0.09-0.41	1.49×10⁵	23.40
极度脆弱 Extremely vulnerability	0.41-1.00	6.80×10⁴	10.95

图2 2001—2020年黄土高原地区敏感性（a）、适应性（b）和生态脆弱性（c）空间分布特征

Figure 2 Spatial distributions of sensitivity, adaptability and ecological vulnerability in the Loess Plateau in 2001-2020

图3 2001—2020年黄土高原不同土地利用类型下各生态脆弱性等级面积占比

Figure 3 Area proportion of each ecological vulnerability under different land use types in the Loess Plateau in 2001-2020

表3 黄土高原地区各影响因子对生态脆弱性的解释力

Table 3 Explanatory power of different drivers on ecological vulnerability in the Loess Plateau in 2001-2020

探测因子Detection factor	X₁	X₂	X₃	X₄	X₅	X₆	X₇
q值 q value	0.13	0.48	0.59	0.09	0.18	0.09	0.09
q排序 q ranking	4	2	1	5	3	6	7
P值 P value	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000

表4 黄土高原地区生态脆弱性各影响因子间的交互作用

Table 4 Interactions among drivers of ecological vulnerability in the Loess Plateau

探测因子 Detection factor	X₁	X₂	X₃	X₄	X₅	X₆
X₂	0.55●
X₃	0.63●	0.63●
X₄	0.17●	0.58○	0.66●
X₅	0.33○	0.59●	0.64●	0.37○
X₆	0.19●	0.53●	0.62●	0.19○	0.25●
X₇	0.19●	0.51●	0.61●	0.19○	0.27●	0.15●

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基于植被生产力的黄土高原地区生态脆弱性及其控制因子分析

Ecological Vulnerability and Its Drivers of the Loess Plateau Based on Vegetation Productivity

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