珠三角典型区域蔬菜产地土壤Cd安全阈值研究

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.03.019

生态环境学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (3): 603-609.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.03.019

珠三角典型区域蔬菜产地土壤Cd安全阈值研究

文典¹^,²(), 赵沛华¹, 陈楚国¹, 李富荣¹^,², 杜瑞英¹^,²^,^*(), 黄永东¹^,², 李蕾³, 王富华¹^,²

1.广东省农业科学院农业质量标准与监测技术研究所,广东广州 510640
2.农业农村部农产品质量安全风险评估实验室（广州）,广东广州 510640
3.广东农科监测科技有限公司,广东广州 510640

收稿日期:2021-09-22 出版日期:2022-03-18 发布日期:2022-05-25
通讯作者: *杜瑞英（1977年生）,女,副研究员,主要从事产地环境与农产品质量安全研究。E-mail: duruiying@163.com
作者简介:文典（1988年生）,男,助理研究员,硕士,主要从事产地环境与农产品质量安全研究。E-mail: wendian126@126.com
基金资助:
国家农产品质量安全风险评估计划项目(GJFP2019036);佛山市财政专项资金-2019年度共建广东农业科技示范市项目

Study on Safety Threshold of Soil Cadmium in the Vegetable Producing Areas of the Pearl River Delta

WEN Dian¹^,²(), ZHAO Peihua¹, CHEN Chuguo¹, LI Furong¹^,², DU Ruiying¹^,²^,^*(), HUANG Yongdong¹^,², LI Lei³, WANG Fuhua¹^,²

1. Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 501640, P. R. China
2. Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-product (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P. R. China, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
3. Guangdong Agricultural Monitoring Technology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 510610, P. R. China

Received:2021-09-22 Online:2022-03-18 Published:2022-05-25

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对珠三角典型区域的蔬菜产地和主栽蔬菜品种采集了16个种类的360个蔬菜样品,同时采集对应的产地土壤样品。通过分析蔬菜和土壤中镉（Cd）质量分数,研究了大田条件下土壤Cd在16种不同蔬菜种类的可食部分中的富集规律。另外,分别依据中国现行农用地土壤环境质量标准（GB 15618—2018）和食品中污染物限量标准（GB 2762—2017）对该区域菜地土壤和蔬菜Cd污染状况进行了评价,以期为特定区域的蔬菜产地土壤环境质量评价提供科学合理的理论依据和数据支撑。结果表明,镉在土壤中的超标率高于在蔬菜中的超标率,分别为13.3%和6.7%。同时,分析不同蔬菜品种的Cd富集系数发现,根茎类蔬菜中的芋头,叶菜类蔬菜中的生菜、韭菜、小白菜等对土壤Cd的富集能力相对较强,冬瓜、节瓜、苦瓜等瓜类蔬菜的富集能力相对较弱。16种蔬菜及其产地土壤中镉含量的相关性分析表明,其中有14种蔬菜与土壤Cd之间存在显著正相关性。进一步建立回归方程,结合GB 2762—2017中各类蔬菜的Cd限量值,推算出针对该区域产地土壤特性并能保障这14种蔬菜安全种植的土壤Cd阈值,所得阈值均高于现行土壤环境质量标准,且大部分在现行限量值的3倍以上。因此,根据现行标准进行珠三角菜地土壤质量评价极可能将能安全种植蔬菜的土壤定为有污染风险的土壤,不利于目前日益紧张的耕地的有效利用。

关键词: 珠三角, 蔬菜, 镉, 安全种植, 阈值

Abstract:

According to the vegetable producing areas and main vegetable varieties in typical regions of the Pearl River Delta, 360 vegetable samples of 16 kinds were collected, as well as the corresponding soil samples of their producing areas. By analyzing the cadmium (Cd) concentrations in the paired vegetables and soil samples, the accumulation law of soil Cd in the edible parts of 16 different vegetables varieties was studied under field conditions. In addition, the Cd pollution status of the vegetables and their producing soils were evaluated according to the current agricultural land soil environmental quality standard (GB 15618—2018) and the food contaminant limit standard (GB 2762—2017). The study aimed to provide scientific and theoretical bases and data support for the soil environmental quality evaluation of vegetable producing areas in this specific region. The results demonstrated that the excess rate of Cd in soils (13.3%) was higher than that in vegetables (6.7%). Meanwhile, by analyzing the Cd enrichment coefficients of different vegetable varieties, it was found that the rhizome vegetable, Colocasia esculenta, and leafy vegetables, such as Lactuca sativa, Allium tuberosum, and Brassica chinensi, had relatively stronger Cd enrichment abilities from soil, while the fruit vegetables, such as B. hispida, B. hispida var. Chiehqua, and Momordica charantia, had relatively weaker Cd enrichment abilities. The correlation analyses of Cd concentrations in the 16 different vegetables and their producing soils showed that there were significant positive correlations between 14 vegetables and their producing soils, based on which regression equations were established. The soil Cd thresholds for ensuring safe planting of these 14 vegetable varieties in this region were calculated based on the regression equations and the Cd limit value of each vegetable in GB 2762—2017. The obtained thresholds were higher than the current soil environmental quality standard, and most of them were more than three times the current threshold limit value. Therefore, using the current standards to evaluate the soil quality of vegetable fields in the Pearl River Delta would identify the soil that can safely produce vegetables as the soil with a risk of pollution, and thus is not conducive to the effective use of the increasingly limited farmland.

Key words: Pearl River Delta, vegetables, cadmium, safety threshold, planting safety

中图分类号:

X53
X820.4

文典, 赵沛华, 陈楚国, 李富荣, 杜瑞英, 黄永东, 李蕾, 王富华. 珠三角典型区域蔬菜产地土壤Cd安全阈值研究[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022, 31(3): 603-609.

WEN Dian, ZHAO Peihua, CHEN Chuguo, LI Furong, DU Ruiying, HUANG Yongdong, LI Lei, WANG Fuhua. Study on Safety Threshold of Soil Cadmium in the Vegetable Producing Areas of the Pearl River Delta[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2022, 31(3): 603-609.

图/表 5

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蔬菜品种 Varieties	样品数量 Sample numbers	蔬菜品种 Varieties	样品数量 Sample numbers
菜心 Brassica Parachinensis	26	番茄 Solanum lycopersicum	23
韭菜 Allium tuberosum	27	辣椒 Capsicum annuum	24
生菜 Lactuca sativa	24	茄子 Solanum melongena	20
小白菜 Brassica chinensi	27	冬瓜 Benincasa hispida	23
小葱 Allium schoenoprasum	20	黄瓜 Cucumis sativus	20
白萝卜 Raphanus sativus	26	节瓜 Benincasa hispida var. Chiehqua	20
胡萝卜 Daucus carota	20	苦瓜 Momordica charantia	20
芋头 Colocasia esculenta	20	丝瓜 Luffa cylindrica	20

蔬菜品种 Varieties	样品数量 Sample numbers	蔬菜品种 Varieties	样品数量 Sample numbers
菜心 Brassica Parachinensis	26	番茄 Solanum lycopersicum	23
韭菜 Allium tuberosum	27	辣椒 Capsicum annuum	24
生菜 Lactuca sativa	24	茄子 Solanum melongena	20
小白菜 Brassica chinensi	27	冬瓜 Benincasa hispida	23
小葱 Allium schoenoprasum	20	黄瓜 Cucumis sativus	20
白萝卜 Raphanus sativus	26	节瓜 Benincasa hispida var. Chiehqua	20
胡萝卜 Daucus carota	20	苦瓜 Momordica charantia	20
芋头 Colocasia esculenta	20	丝瓜 Luffa cylindrica	20

土壤pH Soil pH	样品数量 Sample number	w_(Cd)^/ (mg∙kg^-1)	变异系数 Coefficient of variation/%	超标率 Over standard rate/%
pH≤5.5	123	0.172±0.096	56.1	5.7
5.5<pH≤6.5	156	0.259±0.271	105.0	13.5
6.5<pH≤7.5	81	0.384±0.419	109.3	24.7
总计 Total	360	0.257±0.283	110.2	13.3

土壤pH Soil pH	样品数量 Sample number	w_(Cd)^/ (mg∙kg^-1)	变异系数 Coefficient of variation/%	超标率 Over standard rate/%
pH≤5.5	123	0.172±0.096	56.1	5.7
5.5<pH≤6.5	156	0.259±0.271	105.0	13.5
6.5<pH≤7.5	81	0.384±0.419	109.3	24.7
总计 Total	360	0.257±0.283	110.2	13.3

蔬菜品种 Variety	w_(Cd)/ (mg∙kg^-1)	变异系数 Coefficient of variation/%	超标率 Over standard rate/%
芋头 C. esculenta	0.069±0.023	33.8	5.0
生菜 L. sativa	0.057±0.037	64.8	—
韭菜 A. tuberosum	0.051±0.064	125.4	33.3
小白菜 A. schoenoprasum	0.049±0.049	100.9	3.7
胡萝卜 D. carota	0.045±0.020	44.7	—
茄子 S. melongena	0.040±0.019	48.3	25.0
菜心 B. Parachinensis	0.034±0.028	82.1	11.5
小葱 A. schoenoprasum	0.030±0.019	62.2	15.0
辣椒 C. annuum	0.022±0.017	75.8	4.2
番茄 S. lycopersicum	0.021±0.013	61.3	4.3
白萝卜 R. sativus	0.019±0.013	68.6	—
丝瓜 L. cylindrica	0.008±0.004	55.6	—
黄瓜 C. sativus	0.007±0.004	65.2	—
苦瓜 M. charantia	0.005±0.004	74.5	—
节瓜 B. hispida var. Chiehqua	0.004±0.003	72.8	—
冬瓜 B. hispida	0.002±0.001	49.5	—

珠三角典型区域蔬菜产地土壤Cd安全阈值研究

Study on Safety Threshold of Soil Cadmium in the Vegetable Producing Areas of the Pearl River Delta

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蔬菜名称 Varieties	富集系数 Bioconcentration factors/%	变异系数 Coefficient of variation/ %	蔬菜名称 Varieties	富集系数Bioconcentration factors/%	变异系数 Coefficient of variation/ %
芋头 C. esculenta	32.2±13.4	41.7	番茄 S. lycopersicum	13.6±9.7	71.8
胡萝卜 D. carota	31.8±13.5	42.3	辣椒 C. annuum	9.9±5.3	53.8
生菜 L. sativa	25.7±17.0	66.2	白萝卜 R. sativus	6.8±3.9	56.5
茄子 S. melongena	21.8±13.4	61.6	丝瓜 L. cylindrica	4.0±2.5	60.8
小白菜 A. schoenoprasum	21.0±10.2	48.3	黄瓜 C. sativus	3.3±1.6	47.6
小葱 A. schoenoprasum	18.2±17.5	96.1	苦瓜 M. charantia	2.3±1.3	58.8
菜心 B. Parachinensis	16.8±9.8	58.1	节瓜 B. hispida var. Chiehqua	1.7±0.9	54.2
韭菜 A. tuberosum	14.4±10.8	74.7	冬瓜 B. hispida	1.1±0.4	36.6

蔬菜品种 Varieties	回归方程 Regression equation	r²	土壤Cd 安全阈值 Calculated soil Cd threshold/(mg∙kg^-1)
韭菜 A. tuberosum	y=0.00027+ 0.15x	0.808**	0.33
胡萝卜 D. carota	y=0.008+ 0.25x	0.387**	0.37
小葱 A. schoenoprasum	y=0.011+ 0.089x	0.388**	0.44
辣椒 C. annuum	y=0.0076+ 0.054x	0.738**	0.78
番茄 S. lycopersicum	y=0.012+ 0.039x	0.582**	0.98
丝瓜 L. cylindrica	y= -0.00093+ 0.045x	0.231*	1.13
黄瓜 C. sativus	y= -0.0017+ 0.043x	0.473**	1.20
苦瓜 M. charantia	y= -0.0037+ 0.042x	0.451**	1.28
小白菜 A. schoenoprasum	y=0.016+ 0.107x	0.843**	1.73
节瓜 B. hispida var. Chiehqua	y= -0.0018+ 0.027x	0.447**	1.92
生菜 L. sativa	y=0.036+ 0.061x	0.507**	2.69
菜心 B. Parachinensis	y=0.014+ 0.065x	0.890**	2.87
冬瓜 B. hispida	y= -0.00045+ 0.014x	0.497**	3.60
白萝卜 R. sativus	y=0.01+ 0.021x	0.692**	4.21

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