大气降水对贵州喀斯特地区高背景值土壤镉的释放影响

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2021.11.012

生态环境学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (11): 2213-2222.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2021.11.012

大气降水对贵州喀斯特地区高背景值土壤镉的释放影响

朱平¹^,², 崔姗姗¹^,²^,^*, 李占彬¹^,², 朱雪铜¹^,², 何锦林¹, 谭红¹

1.贵州省分析测试研究院,贵州贵阳 550014
2.贵州省检测技术研究应用中心,贵州贵阳 550001

收稿日期:2020-12-31 出版日期:2021-11-18 发布日期:2021-12-29
通讯作者: * 崔姗姗（1990年生）,女,工程师,硕士研究生,主要从事生态环境保护与检验检测研究。
作者简介:朱平（1976年生）,女,高级经济师,主要从事食品安全评估、生态环境保护方向研究。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(21667009);贵州省省级科技计划项目(黔科合支撑[2018]2775号)

Influence of Atmospheric Precipitation on the Release of Cadmium from High Background Soils in Karst Areas of Guizhou

ZHU Ping¹^,², CUI Shanshan¹^,²^,^*, LI Zhanbin¹^,², ZHU Xuetong¹^,², HE Jinlin¹, TAN Hong¹

1. Guizhou Academy of Testing and Analysis, Guiyang 550014, China
2. Guizhou Testing Technology Research and Application Center, Guiyang 550001, China

Received:2020-12-31 Online:2021-11-18 Published:2021-12-29

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

大气降水是重金属元素迁移转化的一个重要途径且影响着土壤重金属分布。采集贵州省主要农业土壤进行镉质量分数分析;采集大气降水样品分析降水量、pH、镉质量分数;并模拟降水淋溶对镉释放及形态的影响。结果表明,土壤中镉质量分数差异大且有580组样品超过二级土壤标准,超标率为32%,变异系数最高达145.31%,总体来说,贵州省农业土壤镉质量分数呈现出非均匀分布的特征。镉元素在各层土壤中均值大小顺序是耕作层>心土层>母质层,可见贵州省土壤已受到了明显的镉污染,污染物镉元素大部分富集在土壤表层,即耕作层,给农业生产带来了极大的风险。贵州省降雨量夏季最高,大气降水的pH值在5.9—8.2之间,季节变化上多表现为夏季较高,秋季次之,春冬季较低;从时间上看大气降水中镉质量分数的季节变化性较大,说明其来源不稳定。降水淋溶对不同类型土壤的镉释放效应基本相似,淋滤液中镉质量分数随淋溶量增大而升高,降水有利于镉的迁移活化;土壤淋溶模拟降水pH值越低,镉的释放量越大;不同土样在经过降水淋溶后,土样中镉各形态占比大小顺序为还原态>可交换态>氧化态>残渣态,上层土样所含交换态镉比下层土样少,降水淋溶对表层土壤影响较大。本研究为了解贵州省土壤和降水中镉污染现状提供参考,同时对研究降水对土壤镉分布的影响有重要的意义。

关键词: 高背景值, 大气降水, 表层土壤, 镉, 释放, 有效态

Abstract:

Precipitation is an important way for the migration and transformation of heavy metals and affects the distribution of heavy metals in soil. We collected the main agricultural soils in Guizhou Province for cadmium content analysis, collected atmospheric precipitation samples to analyze precipitation, pH, and cadmium content, and simulatesd the influence of precipitation leaching on the release and form of cadmium. The results showed that, the cadmium content in soil varied greatly and 580 groups of samples exceeded the second-level soil standard, and the coefficient of variation was as high as 145.31%. In general, cadmium presented a non-uniform distribution of agricultural soil quality scores in Guizhou Province. The order of the average value of cadmium in each layer of soil was cultivated layer>heart soil layer>parent material layer. It could be seen that the soil in Guizhou Province had been significantly polluted by cadmium, and most of the pollutant cadmium was concentrated in the surface layer of the soil, that was, the farming layer, which brought great risks to agricultural production. The rainfall in Guizhou Province was the highest in summer, and the pH value of atmospheric precipitation was between 5.9 and 8.2. In terms of seasonal changes, it was mostly higher in summer, followed by autumn, and lower in spring and winter. From the perspective of time, the seasonal variability of cadmium content in atmospheric precipitation was large, indicating that its source was unstable. The effect of precipitation leaching on the release of cadmium in different soils was basically similar. The content of cadmium in the leaching solution increased with the increase of leaching amount. The precipitation was beneficial to the migration and activation of cadmium. The lower the pH value of the simulated precipitation of soil leaching, the greater the release of cadmium. After leaching in precipitation, the proportions of cadmium in different soil samples were in the order of reduced state>exchangeable state>oxidized state>residue state. The upper soil sample contained less exchanged cadmium than the lower soil sample. Rainfall leaching had a greater impact on the surface soil. This study provides a reference for understanding the current status of cadmium pollution in soil and precipitation in Guizhou Province, and is of great significance to the study of the impact of precipitation on the distribution of soil cadmium.

Key words: high background value, atmospheric precipitation, surface soil, cadmium, release, effective state

中图分类号:

朱平, 崔姗姗, 李占彬, 朱雪铜, 何锦林, 谭红. 大气降水对贵州喀斯特地区高背景值土壤镉的释放影响[J]. 生态环境学报, 2021, 30(11): 2213-2222.

ZHU Ping, CUI Shanshan, LI Zhanbin, ZHU Xuetong, HE Jinlin, TAN Hong. Influence of Atmospheric Precipitation on the Release of Cadmium from High Background Soils in Karst Areas of Guizhou[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2021, 30(11): 2213-2222.

图/表 11

参考文献 33

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区域 Place names	样本数 Number of samples	最小值 Minimum	最大值 Max	中位数 Median	平均值 Average value	标准差 Standard deviation	变异系数 Coefficient of variation/%	单因子指数 Single factor index
遵义 Zunyi	151	0.063	1.3	0.22	0.268	0.171	64.09	3.1
同仁 Tongren	107	0.034	0.99	0.21	0.249	0.158	63.37	2.4
毕节 Bijie	83	0.02	1.61	0.26	0.297	0.237	79.87	3.9
贵阳 Guiyang	951	0.009	4.52	0.26	0.313	0.316	100.8	10.7
六盘水Liupanshui	92	0.058	3.445	0.394	0.611	0.588	96.09	8.2
安顺 Anshun	97	0.013	1.25	0.193	0.236	0.193	81.75	3
黔南州 Qiannan	235	0.008	4.99	0.256	0.389	0.457	117.71	11.8
黔东南州 Qiandongnan	92	0.035	1.01	0.201	0.256	0.163	63.53	1.8
黔西南州 Qianxinan	12	0.12	0.32	0.215	0.218	0.058	26.6	0.6
贵州省 Guizhou Province	1820	0.008	4.99	0.25	0.322	0.335	103.95	11.8

区域 Place names	样本数 Number of samples	最小值 Minimum	最大值 Max	中位数 Median	平均值 Average value	标准差 Standard deviation	变异系数 Coefficient of variation/%	单因子指数 Single factor index
遵义 Zunyi	151	0.063	1.3	0.22	0.268	0.171	64.09	3.1
同仁 Tongren	107	0.034	0.99	0.21	0.249	0.158	63.37	2.4
毕节 Bijie	83	0.02	1.61	0.26	0.297	0.237	79.87	3.9
贵阳 Guiyang	951	0.009	4.52	0.26	0.313	0.316	100.8	10.7
六盘水Liupanshui	92	0.058	3.445	0.394	0.611	0.588	96.09	8.2
安顺 Anshun	97	0.013	1.25	0.193	0.236	0.193	81.75	3
黔南州 Qiannan	235	0.008	4.99	0.256	0.389	0.457	117.71	11.8
黔东南州 Qiandongnan	92	0.035	1.01	0.201	0.256	0.163	63.53	1.8
黔西南州 Qianxinan	12	0.12	0.32	0.215	0.218	0.058	26.6	0.6
贵州省 Guizhou Province	1820	0.008	4.99	0.25	0.322	0.335	103.95	11.8

统计量地名 Statistical place names	最小值 Minimum	最大值 Max	几何平均 Geometric mean	95%置信范围 95% confidence range
本研究 This research	0.086	0.67	0.248	0.011‒5.348
贵州 Guizhou	0.042	7.65	0.2086	0.015‒2.977
全国 Nationwide	0.001	13.43	0.074	0.017‒0.332
河北 Hebei	0.002	0.474	0.0561	0.005‒0.687
江苏 Jiangsu	0.008	2.47	0.0501	0.005‒0.510
广东 Guangdong	0.004	2.286	0.0408	0.008‒0.200
内蒙古 Neimenggu	0.004	0.214	0.0374	0.006‒0.244
湖北 Hubei	0.016	8.22	0.1137	0.018‒0.713
陕西 Shanxi	0.031	0.249	0.0886	0.043‒0.183
西藏 Xizang	0.006	0.583	0.0775	0.043‒0.141

统计量地名 Statistical place names	最小值 Minimum	最大值 Max	几何平均 Geometric mean	95%置信范围 95% confidence range
本研究 This research	0.086	0.67	0.248	0.011‒5.348
贵州 Guizhou	0.042	7.65	0.2086	0.015‒2.977
全国 Nationwide	0.001	13.43	0.074	0.017‒0.332
河北 Hebei	0.002	0.474	0.0561	0.005‒0.687
江苏 Jiangsu	0.008	2.47	0.0501	0.005‒0.510
广东 Guangdong	0.004	2.286	0.0408	0.008‒0.200
内蒙古 Neimenggu	0.004	0.214	0.0374	0.006‒0.244
湖北 Hubei	0.016	8.22	0.1137	0.018‒0.713
陕西 Shanxi	0.031	0.249	0.0886	0.043‒0.183
西藏 Xizang	0.006	0.583	0.0775	0.043‒0.141

地区 Area	春季 Spring	夏季 Summer	秋季 Autumn	冬季 Winter
遵义 Zunyi	0.40	0.16	0.81	1.76
毕节 Bijie	0.42	0.08	0.41	0.62
贵阳 Guiyang	0.26	0.05	0.53	0.75
盘县 Pan County	0.27	0.34	0.32	0.51
安顺 Anshun	0.47	0.04	0.30	0.52
都匀 Duyun	0.10	0.16	0.82	1.16

大气降水对贵州喀斯特地区高背景值土壤镉的释放影响

Influence of Atmospheric Precipitation on the Release of Cadmium from High Background Soils in Karst Areas of Guizhou

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样品编号 Samplenumber	地区 Area	土壤类型 Soil type	pH值 pH	有机质 Organic matter/%	CEC/ (cmol∙kg^-1)	总镉 Total cadmium/(mg∙kg^-1)
1	遵义（凤岗） Zunyi (Fenggang)	黄棕壤 Yellow brown earth	4.63	16.28	11.08	0.0624
2	黔西南（兴义） Qianxinan (Xingyi)	红壤 Red soil	6.24	36.58	26.40	1.484
3	毕节（赫章） Bijie (Hegang)	褐土 Cinnamon	7.14	29.96	21.72	1.271
4	黔东南（镇远） Qiandongnan (Zhenyuan)	棕壤 Brown earth	6.59	13.27	12.48	3.06
5	黔南（福泉） Qiannan (Fuquan)	黄泥土 Yellow soil	5.34	22.90	10.80	0.368
6	同仁（德江） Tongren(Dejiang)	石灰土 Lime soil	7.46	24.30	9.20	0.194
7	安顺（关岭） Anshun (Guanling)	水稻土 Paddy soil	7.07	48.89	26.88	0.533
8	六盘水（盘县） Liupanshui (Pan County)	暗棕壤 Dark brown earth	5.16	29.51	19.24	0.239
9	贵阳（花溪区） Guiyang (Huaxi District)	黄壤 Yellow soil	6.51	3.90	12.70	0.132

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