生态环境学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (9): 1777-1786.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2021.09.001
• 研究论文 •
下一篇
收稿日期:
2020-10-28
出版日期:
2021-09-18
发布日期:
2021-12-08
作者简介:
张桂莲(1976年生),女,高级工程师,博士,研究方向为城市绿化碳汇计量与生态系统模型研究。E-mail: zgl@shsyky.com
基金资助:
Received:
2020-10-28
Online:
2021-09-18
Published:
2021-12-08
摘要:
城市森林在固碳释氧、应对气候变化方面发挥着重要作用,对其碳储量的估算为中国城市做好碳达峰、碳中和工作提供重要数据基础。以上海城市森林为研究对象,采用样地调查数据与Landsat OLI遥感影像,分别计算样地碳储量和遥感参数变量(波段数据、植被指数数据和纹理数据),构建基于多元逐步回归模型和普通克里格残差矫正相结合的估算模型,分析区域尺度城市森林碳储量和碳密度的空间分布特征。结果表明,(1)81个样地的碳储量范围为0.09—7.10 t,均值为2.14 t,数据有右偏分布和瘦尾特征,变异系数为0.75,样地类型多样;上海城市森林总碳储量为2.87 Mt,碳密度主要集中在13—40 t∙hm-2之间,均值为25.09 t∙hm-2,整体呈现中部较低,东西部较高的态势,与土地利用强度及城市森林分布有关。(2)主城区碳储量为0.37 Mt,碳密度为1—69 t∙hm-2,均值为21.77 t∙hm-2;非主城区碳储量为2.50 Mt,占上海城市森林碳储量的87.11%,碳密度范围为0—89 t∙hm-2,均值为25.66 t∙hm-2。(3)在选择波段反射率和遥感植被指数的同时,提取影像纹理特征并纳入模型,提高了影像的分类精度;采用多元逐步回归模型结合残差矫正的方法估算城市森林碳储量,使估算结果的均方根误差降低了10.29%,平均绝对误差降低了5.5%,提高了估算精度。
中图分类号:
张桂莲. 基于遥感估算的上海城市森林碳储量空间分布特征[J]. 生态环境学报, 2021, 30(9): 1777-1786.
ZHANG Guilian. Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Carbon Storage of Urban Forests in Shanghai Based on Remote Sensing Estimation[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2021, 30(9): 1777-1786.
区域 Area | 林分类型 Forest type | 样地数 Number of plots | 样本量 Number of samples | 最大胸径 Maximum D/cm | 最小胸径 Minimum D/cm | 平均胸径 Mean D/cm | 最大树高 Maximum tree heigtht/m | 最小树高 Minimum tree height/m | 平均树高 Mean tree height/m |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
主城区 Main urban area | 栾树 Koelreuteria paniculata | 2 | 12 | 18.6—24.5 | 8.2—9.5 | 13.6—16.3 | 10.2—11.0 | 4.0—6.0 | 5.4—8.5 |
旱柳 Salix matsudana | 1 | 7 | 33.5 | 7.5 | 13.2 | 6.5 | 3.7 | 5.1 | |
雪松 Cedrus deodara | 1 | 31 | 30.1 | 7.5 | 17.0 | 9.5 | 4.3 | 8.3 | |
水杉 Metasequoia glyptostroboides | 1 | 20 | 27.6 | 12.9 | 19.8 | 16.5 | 6.0 | 14.6 | |
混交林 Mixed forest | 2 | 54 | 38—40 | 5.2—6.0 | 14.9—16.7 | 8.8—16.0 | 1.1—3.0 | 6.4—8.1 | |
总计 Total | 7 | 141 | 18.6—40.0 | 5.2—12.9 | 13.2—19.8 | 6.5—16.5 | 1.1—6.0 | 5.1—8.5 | |
非主城区 Non-main urban area | 龙柏 Sabina chinensis | 1 | 15 | 19.1 | 9.8 | 12.7 | 6.5 | 4.0 | 5.5 |
池杉 Taxodium ascendens | 1 | 17 | 24.5 | 13.0 | 19.1 | 13.0 | 9.8 | 11.9 | |
杜英 Elaeocarpus decipiens | 2 | 59 | 18.0—24.2 | 6.2—11.4 | 11.1—18.8 | 7.8—8.7 | 1.8—2.8 | 6.2—6.3 | |
枫香 Liquidambar formosana | 1 | 59 | 17.2 | 6.0 | 11.3 | 12.0 | 1.2 | 8.9 | |
枫杨 Pterocarya stenoptera | 1 | 50 | 32.4 | 10.5 | 20.3 | 20.5 | 4.2 | 14.9 | |
构树 Broussonetia papyrifera | 1 | 10 | 20.5 | 9.6 | 14.4 | 7.0 | 4.5 | 5.9 | |
广玉兰 Magnolia grandiflora | 1 | 84 | 20.5 | 7.2 | 13.8 | 9.5 | 3.6 | 7.0 | |
桂花 Osmanthus fragrans | 1 | 29 | 11.5 | 5.2 | 7.2 | 3.5 | 2.7 | 3.0 | |
榉树 Zelkova serrata | 1 | 42 | 16.0 | 5.0 | 11.3 | 8.8 | 4.3 | 7.1 | |
旱柳 Salix matsudana | 1 | 85 | 18.2 | 5.0 | 9.9 | 10.5 | 1.7 | 8.0 | |
栾树 Koelreuteria paniculata | 1 | 38 | 27.8 | 5.0 | 16.3 | 18.0 | 5.0 | 11.2 | |
落羽杉 Taxodium distichum | 2 | 103 | 31.7—36.5 | 7.6—8.3 | 17.1—21 | 12.0—25.0 | 2.5—3.0 | 9.3—12.1 | |
马褂木 Liriodendron chinense | 1 | 105 | 25.4 | 5.2 | 14.2 | 14.0 | 5.0 | 10.8 | |
女贞 Ligustrum lucidum | 6 | 335 | 14.0—24.9 | 4.3—11.5 | 6.9—14.6 | 5.4—11.0 | 2.5—6.0 | 4.2—7.0 | |
水杉 Metasequoia glyptostroboides | 8 | 349 | 11.3—39.2 | 1.9—16.7 | 8.4—26.7 | 6.6—29.5 | 2.3—8.3 | 5.6—19.4 | |
喜树 Camptotheca acuminata | 2 | 71 | 21.2—24.3 | 6.3—8.2 | 14.0—17.5 | 12.5—16.5 | 2.8—7.0 | 11.0—11.9 | |
香樟 Cinnamomum camphora | 16 | 1053 | 18.4—42.6 | 5.0—18.8 | 11.0—26.0 | 6.3—18.0 | 1.3—8.5 | 3.8—10.7 | |
毛白杨 Populus tomentosa | 2 | 43 | 32.8—43.0 | 15.2—15.9 | 24.3—28.9 | 13.6—28.0 | 3.5—9.9 | 11.8—21.5 | |
银杏 Ginkgo biloba | 4 | 200 | 8.0—14.5 | 5.0—8.0 | 7.2—9.7 | 6.0—9.0 | 0.5—4.5 | 5.4—6.1 | |
广玉兰 Magnolia grandiflora | 1 | 69 | 53.0 | 6.3 | 12.1 | 14.6 | 4.0 | 9.6 | |
紫叶李 Prunus cerasifera | 1 | 35 | 16.1 | 5.0 | 10.0 | 8.0 | 2.9 | 5.4 | |
棕榈 Trachycarpus fortunei | 1 | 14 | 24.8 | 13.2 | 18.6 | 6.6 | 3.0 | 4.4 | |
混交林 Mixed forest | 18 | 533 | 16.4—55 | 5.1—6.5 | 10.1—19.5 | 6.5—18 | 1.1—5.5 | 3.7—9.7 | |
总计 Total | 74 | 3398 | 8.0—55.0 | 5.0—18.8 | 6.9—28.9 | 3.0—29.5 | 0.2—9.9 | 2.6—21.5 | |
上海市 Shanghai | 总计 Total | 81 | 3539 | 8.0—55 | 5.0—18.8 | 6.9—28.9 | 3.0—29.5 | 0.2—9.9 | 2.6—21.5 |
表1 研究区样地信息
Table 1 Information of sampling plots of different forest types in study areas
区域 Area | 林分类型 Forest type | 样地数 Number of plots | 样本量 Number of samples | 最大胸径 Maximum D/cm | 最小胸径 Minimum D/cm | 平均胸径 Mean D/cm | 最大树高 Maximum tree heigtht/m | 最小树高 Minimum tree height/m | 平均树高 Mean tree height/m |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
主城区 Main urban area | 栾树 Koelreuteria paniculata | 2 | 12 | 18.6—24.5 | 8.2—9.5 | 13.6—16.3 | 10.2—11.0 | 4.0—6.0 | 5.4—8.5 |
旱柳 Salix matsudana | 1 | 7 | 33.5 | 7.5 | 13.2 | 6.5 | 3.7 | 5.1 | |
雪松 Cedrus deodara | 1 | 31 | 30.1 | 7.5 | 17.0 | 9.5 | 4.3 | 8.3 | |
水杉 Metasequoia glyptostroboides | 1 | 20 | 27.6 | 12.9 | 19.8 | 16.5 | 6.0 | 14.6 | |
混交林 Mixed forest | 2 | 54 | 38—40 | 5.2—6.0 | 14.9—16.7 | 8.8—16.0 | 1.1—3.0 | 6.4—8.1 | |
总计 Total | 7 | 141 | 18.6—40.0 | 5.2—12.9 | 13.2—19.8 | 6.5—16.5 | 1.1—6.0 | 5.1—8.5 | |
非主城区 Non-main urban area | 龙柏 Sabina chinensis | 1 | 15 | 19.1 | 9.8 | 12.7 | 6.5 | 4.0 | 5.5 |
池杉 Taxodium ascendens | 1 | 17 | 24.5 | 13.0 | 19.1 | 13.0 | 9.8 | 11.9 | |
杜英 Elaeocarpus decipiens | 2 | 59 | 18.0—24.2 | 6.2—11.4 | 11.1—18.8 | 7.8—8.7 | 1.8—2.8 | 6.2—6.3 | |
枫香 Liquidambar formosana | 1 | 59 | 17.2 | 6.0 | 11.3 | 12.0 | 1.2 | 8.9 | |
枫杨 Pterocarya stenoptera | 1 | 50 | 32.4 | 10.5 | 20.3 | 20.5 | 4.2 | 14.9 | |
构树 Broussonetia papyrifera | 1 | 10 | 20.5 | 9.6 | 14.4 | 7.0 | 4.5 | 5.9 | |
广玉兰 Magnolia grandiflora | 1 | 84 | 20.5 | 7.2 | 13.8 | 9.5 | 3.6 | 7.0 | |
桂花 Osmanthus fragrans | 1 | 29 | 11.5 | 5.2 | 7.2 | 3.5 | 2.7 | 3.0 | |
榉树 Zelkova serrata | 1 | 42 | 16.0 | 5.0 | 11.3 | 8.8 | 4.3 | 7.1 | |
旱柳 Salix matsudana | 1 | 85 | 18.2 | 5.0 | 9.9 | 10.5 | 1.7 | 8.0 | |
栾树 Koelreuteria paniculata | 1 | 38 | 27.8 | 5.0 | 16.3 | 18.0 | 5.0 | 11.2 | |
落羽杉 Taxodium distichum | 2 | 103 | 31.7—36.5 | 7.6—8.3 | 17.1—21 | 12.0—25.0 | 2.5—3.0 | 9.3—12.1 | |
马褂木 Liriodendron chinense | 1 | 105 | 25.4 | 5.2 | 14.2 | 14.0 | 5.0 | 10.8 | |
女贞 Ligustrum lucidum | 6 | 335 | 14.0—24.9 | 4.3—11.5 | 6.9—14.6 | 5.4—11.0 | 2.5—6.0 | 4.2—7.0 | |
水杉 Metasequoia glyptostroboides | 8 | 349 | 11.3—39.2 | 1.9—16.7 | 8.4—26.7 | 6.6—29.5 | 2.3—8.3 | 5.6—19.4 | |
喜树 Camptotheca acuminata | 2 | 71 | 21.2—24.3 | 6.3—8.2 | 14.0—17.5 | 12.5—16.5 | 2.8—7.0 | 11.0—11.9 | |
香樟 Cinnamomum camphora | 16 | 1053 | 18.4—42.6 | 5.0—18.8 | 11.0—26.0 | 6.3—18.0 | 1.3—8.5 | 3.8—10.7 | |
毛白杨 Populus tomentosa | 2 | 43 | 32.8—43.0 | 15.2—15.9 | 24.3—28.9 | 13.6—28.0 | 3.5—9.9 | 11.8—21.5 | |
银杏 Ginkgo biloba | 4 | 200 | 8.0—14.5 | 5.0—8.0 | 7.2—9.7 | 6.0—9.0 | 0.5—4.5 | 5.4—6.1 | |
广玉兰 Magnolia grandiflora | 1 | 69 | 53.0 | 6.3 | 12.1 | 14.6 | 4.0 | 9.6 | |
紫叶李 Prunus cerasifera | 1 | 35 | 16.1 | 5.0 | 10.0 | 8.0 | 2.9 | 5.4 | |
棕榈 Trachycarpus fortunei | 1 | 14 | 24.8 | 13.2 | 18.6 | 6.6 | 3.0 | 4.4 | |
混交林 Mixed forest | 18 | 533 | 16.4—55 | 5.1—6.5 | 10.1—19.5 | 6.5—18 | 1.1—5.5 | 3.7—9.7 | |
总计 Total | 74 | 3398 | 8.0—55.0 | 5.0—18.8 | 6.9—28.9 | 3.0—29.5 | 0.2—9.9 | 2.6—21.5 | |
上海市 Shanghai | 总计 Total | 81 | 3539 | 8.0—55 | 5.0—18.8 | 6.9—28.9 | 3.0—29.5 | 0.2—9.9 | 2.6—21.5 |
类型 Types | 遥感数据 Remote sensing data | 计算公式 Formula |
---|---|---|
植被指数 Vegetation index | 归一化植被指数 Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) | |
比值植被指数 Simple ratio index (SRI) | Y=ρ1/ρ2 | |
增强植被指数 Enhanced vegetation index (EVI) | | |
大气阻抗植被指数 Atmospherically resistant vegetation index (ARVI) | | |
结构不敏感色数指数 Structure-senstitive pigment index (SIPI) | | |
纹理特征 Textural features | 平均值 Mean (ME) | |
方差 Variance (VA) | | |
信息熵 Entropy (EN) | | |
偏斜 Skewness (SK) | | |
数据范围 Datarange | — |
表2 植被指数及纹理参数计算方法
Table 2 Vegetation index and texture parameter calculation methods
类型 Types | 遥感数据 Remote sensing data | 计算公式 Formula |
---|---|---|
植被指数 Vegetation index | 归一化植被指数 Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) | |
比值植被指数 Simple ratio index (SRI) | Y=ρ1/ρ2 | |
增强植被指数 Enhanced vegetation index (EVI) | | |
大气阻抗植被指数 Atmospherically resistant vegetation index (ARVI) | | |
结构不敏感色数指数 Structure-senstitive pigment index (SIPI) | | |
纹理特征 Textural features | 平均值 Mean (ME) | |
方差 Variance (VA) | | |
信息熵 Entropy (EN) | | |
偏斜 Skewness (SK) | | |
数据范围 Datarange | — |
种类 Species | 生物量方程 Biomass equation | 碳质量分数 Mass fraction of carbon |
---|---|---|
香樟 Cinnamomum camphora | Mt =0.3455D2.0333 | 0.4433 |
水杉 Metasequoia glyptostroboides | Mt =0.06291D2.4841 | 0.4340 |
女贞 Ligustrum lucidum | Mt =0.139994D1.90957 | 0.4289 |
银杏 Ginkgo biloba | Mt =0.133137D2.3357 | 0.4437 |
杜英 Elaeocarpus sylvestri | Mt =0.18833D2.14125 | 0.4402 |
马褂木 Liriodendron chinense | Mt =0.06393D2.61147 | 0.4443 |
毛白杨 Populus tomentosa | Mt =0.01901D3.10510 | 0.4347 |
广玉兰 Magnolia grandiflora | Mt =0.330788D1.90957 | 0.4335 |
栾树 Koelreuteria bipinnata | Mt =0.10994D2.48438 | 0.4283 |
无患子 Sapindus saponaria | Ma=0.14119D2.35753 | 0.4359 |
雪松 Cedrus deodara | Mt =0.1606D2.2134 | 0.4542 |
毛白杨 Populus simonii | Mt =0.01901D3.10510 | 0.4347 |
其它软阔类 Other soft broad-leaved species | Mt =0.0275D2.8203 | 0.4850* |
其它硬阔类 Other hard broad-leaved species | Mt =0.2395D2.1044 | 0.4970* |
其他针叶类 Other conifers species | Mt =0.1606D2.2134 | 0.4542 |
表3 主要乔木树种的异速生长方程及碳质量分数
Table 3 The allometric growth equation of the main tree species
种类 Species | 生物量方程 Biomass equation | 碳质量分数 Mass fraction of carbon |
---|---|---|
香樟 Cinnamomum camphora | Mt =0.3455D2.0333 | 0.4433 |
水杉 Metasequoia glyptostroboides | Mt =0.06291D2.4841 | 0.4340 |
女贞 Ligustrum lucidum | Mt =0.139994D1.90957 | 0.4289 |
银杏 Ginkgo biloba | Mt =0.133137D2.3357 | 0.4437 |
杜英 Elaeocarpus sylvestri | Mt =0.18833D2.14125 | 0.4402 |
马褂木 Liriodendron chinense | Mt =0.06393D2.61147 | 0.4443 |
毛白杨 Populus tomentosa | Mt =0.01901D3.10510 | 0.4347 |
广玉兰 Magnolia grandiflora | Mt =0.330788D1.90957 | 0.4335 |
栾树 Koelreuteria bipinnata | Mt =0.10994D2.48438 | 0.4283 |
无患子 Sapindus saponaria | Ma=0.14119D2.35753 | 0.4359 |
雪松 Cedrus deodara | Mt =0.1606D2.2134 | 0.4542 |
毛白杨 Populus simonii | Mt =0.01901D3.10510 | 0.4347 |
其它软阔类 Other soft broad-leaved species | Mt =0.0275D2.8203 | 0.4850* |
其它硬阔类 Other hard broad-leaved species | Mt =0.2395D2.1044 | 0.4970* |
其他针叶类 Other conifers species | Mt =0.1606D2.2134 | 0.4542 |
模型 Regression model | 方程 Equation | R2 | Adjusted R2 | F | Sig. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
多元逐步回归模型 Stepwise regression model | Y=2219.23-605.05x1+0.22x2+151.83x3+0.06x4 | 0.464 | 0.40 | 6.92 | 0.000 |
线性模型 Linear model | Y=55.40+6152.52x1 | 0.263 | 0.24 | 12.507 | 0.001 |
二次曲线模型 Second-order polynomial model | Y= -1007.41+14412.20x1-13681.10 | 0.286 | 0.24 | 6.809 | 0.006 |
三次曲线模型 Cubic curve model | Y=2717.23+136728.20x1+179080.60 | 0.365 | 0.31 | 6.332 | 0.003 |
复合模型 Composite model | Y=369.15×74.78x1 | 0.297 | 0.28 | 14.817 | 0.002 |
幂 (次方) 模型 Power index model | Y=5902.48 | 0.337 | 0.32 | 17.763 | 0.000 |
S模型 S-Model | Y=e8.03-0.19/x1 | 0.315 | 0.30 | 16.092 | 0.000 |
成长模型 Growth model | Y=e5.91+4.32x1 | 0.297 | 0.28 | 14.817 | 0.000 |
指数模型 Exponential model | Y=369.15e4.32x1 | 0.297 | 0.30 | 14.817 | 0.000 |
对数模型 Logit model | Y=3980.33+1521.37lnx1 | 0.264 | 0.24 | 12.537 | 0.001 |
表4 城市森林碳储量回归模型与参数
Table 4 Regression model and parameters of urban forests carbon storage
模型 Regression model | 方程 Equation | R2 | Adjusted R2 | F | Sig. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
多元逐步回归模型 Stepwise regression model | Y=2219.23-605.05x1+0.22x2+151.83x3+0.06x4 | 0.464 | 0.40 | 6.92 | 0.000 |
线性模型 Linear model | Y=55.40+6152.52x1 | 0.263 | 0.24 | 12.507 | 0.001 |
二次曲线模型 Second-order polynomial model | Y= -1007.41+14412.20x1-13681.10 | 0.286 | 0.24 | 6.809 | 0.006 |
三次曲线模型 Cubic curve model | Y=2717.23+136728.20x1+179080.60 | 0.365 | 0.31 | 6.332 | 0.003 |
复合模型 Composite model | Y=369.15×74.78x1 | 0.297 | 0.28 | 14.817 | 0.002 |
幂 (次方) 模型 Power index model | Y=5902.48 | 0.337 | 0.32 | 17.763 | 0.000 |
S模型 S-Model | Y=e8.03-0.19/x1 | 0.315 | 0.30 | 16.092 | 0.000 |
成长模型 Growth model | Y=e5.91+4.32x1 | 0.297 | 0.28 | 14.817 | 0.000 |
指数模型 Exponential model | Y=369.15e4.32x1 | 0.297 | 0.30 | 14.817 | 0.000 |
对数模型 Logit model | Y=3980.33+1521.37lnx1 | 0.264 | 0.24 | 12.537 | 0.001 |
项目 Content | 统计值 Statistic | 变异系数 Variable coefficient | 偏度 Skewness | 峰度 Kurtosis | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
样本量 Simples | 最小值 Minimum value | 最大值 Maximum value | 均值 Mean value | 中位数 Median value | 标准偏差 Standard deviation | ||||
样地碳储量 Carbon storage in samples | 研究区 Study area | 81 | 0.09 | 7.10 | 2.14 | 1.70 | 1.60 | 0.75 | 1.16 |
非主城区 Non-main city area | 75 | 0.09 | 7.10 | 2.20 | 1.75 | 1.64 | 0.75 | 1.07 | |
主城区 Main urban area | 6 | 0.53 | 1.90 | 1.38 | 1.47 | 0.52 | 0.75 | -0.86 |
表5 调查样地的碳储量情况
Table 5 The carbon storage of the sampling plots
项目 Content | 统计值 Statistic | 变异系数 Variable coefficient | 偏度 Skewness | 峰度 Kurtosis | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
样本量 Simples | 最小值 Minimum value | 最大值 Maximum value | 均值 Mean value | 中位数 Median value | 标准偏差 Standard deviation | ||||
样地碳储量 Carbon storage in samples | 研究区 Study area | 81 | 0.09 | 7.10 | 2.14 | 1.70 | 1.60 | 0.75 | 1.16 |
非主城区 Non-main city area | 75 | 0.09 | 7.10 | 2.20 | 1.75 | 1.64 | 0.75 | 1.07 | |
主城区 Main urban area | 6 | 0.53 | 1.90 | 1.38 | 1.47 | 0.52 | 0.75 | -0.86 |
多元逐步回归模型 Multiple stepwise regression model | 回归残差模型 Multiple stepwise linear regression+ordinary Kriging model | |
---|---|---|
均方根误差 RMSE | 21.37% | 19.17% |
平均绝对误差 MAE | 15.87% | 15.00% |
表6 上海市城市森林碳储量估算模型精度验证结果
Table 6 Accuracy verification results of Shanghai urban forests carbon storage estimation model
多元逐步回归模型 Multiple stepwise regression model | 回归残差模型 Multiple stepwise linear regression+ordinary Kriging model | |
---|---|---|
均方根误差 RMSE | 21.37% | 19.17% |
平均绝对误差 MAE | 15.87% | 15.00% |
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