盐城滨海湿地土壤多环芳烃分布特征及影响因素

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2021.06.016

生态环境学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (6): 1249-1259.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2021.06.016

盐城滨海湿地土壤多环芳烃分布特征及影响因素

蔡杨¹^,²(), 李伟¹^,²^,^*, 左雪燕¹^,², 崔丽娟¹^,², 雷茵茹¹^,², 赵欣胜¹^,², 翟夏杰¹^,², 李晶¹^,², 潘旭¹^,²

1.中国林业科学研究院湿地研究所,北京 100091
2.湿地生态功能与恢复北京市重点实验室,北京 100091

收稿日期:2020-11-24 出版日期:2021-06-18 发布日期:2021-09-10
通讯作者: *
作者简介:蔡杨（1994年生）,女,硕士研究生,主要从事湿地生态恢复研究。E-mail: caiy9160@163.com
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFC0506200)

Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of PAHs in Yancheng Coastal Wetland Soil

CAI Yang¹^,²(), LI Wei¹^,²^,^*, ZUO Xueyan¹^,², CUI Lijuan¹^,², LEI Yinru¹^,², ZHAO Xinsheng¹^,², ZHAI Xiajie¹^,², LI Jing¹^,², PAN Xu¹^,²

1. Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
2. Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Beijing 100091, China

Received:2020-11-24 Online:2021-06-18 Published:2021-09-10

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

多环芳烃（PAHs）是一类具有致癌、致畸和致突变作用的环境污染物,研究盐城滨海湿地土壤中PAHs的分布特征、来源以及环境因子对其分布的影响,可揭示盐城滨海湿地的污染现状,并为PAHs污染区域修复提供理论依据,进而为我国滨海湿地的生态修复与保护提供科学参考。2019年8月,分别采集研究区域内4种优势植被（互花米草Spartina alterniflora、海三稜藨草Scirpus×mariqueter、白茅Imperata cylindrica和盐地碱蓬Suaeda salsa）覆盖下的表层土壤（0—20 cm）样本21个,并测定PAHs的质量分数。结果显示,（1）盐城滨海湿地土壤中16种多环芳烃（∑₁₆PAHs）的检出率为100%,质量分数范围为227—884 ng∙g^-1,均值为479 ng∙g^-1,其中7种致癌多环芳烃（∑₇PAHs）质量分数范围为79.8—553 ng∙g^-1,均值为286 ng∙g^-1。研究区内21个点位中,有4个点位处于中度污染水平,其余点位均为轻度污染。不同植被覆盖下土壤中4种PAHs单体质量分数及总质量分数存在显著差异。（2）采用特征比值法和主成分分析法对研究区内土壤PAHs来源进行解析发现,PAHs主要来源于燃烧过程。（3）针对环境因素和PAHs的相关性分析得出,萘（Nap）、芴（Flu）和?（Chr）与土壤含水率（SWC）呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）;Chr和二苯并[a, h]蒽（DahA）与土壤有机质（SOM）呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）;苊烯（Acy）与土壤粘粒呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）。通过偏相关性分析发现,剔除土壤粒径这一因素后,SOM和SWC与PAHs的相关性显著减弱。剔除植被密度（VD）或土壤pH的影响后,减轻了SOM与PAHs关系的显著程度,而增加了SWC与PAHs的相关性。

关键词: 滨海湿地, 多环芳烃, 分布特征, 来源, 影响因素

Abstract:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental pollutants with carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects. Determining the distribution characteristics and sources of PAHs in Yancheng coastal wetland soil and the influence of environmental factors can reveal the characteristics of Yancheng coastal wetland Pollution status, and provide a theoretical basis for the restoration of PAHs contaminated areas, and then provide a scientific reference for ensuring the ecological restoration and protection of coastal wetlands in China. In August 2019, we collected samples and determined the mass concentration of PAHs of four dominant types of vegetation (Scirpus×mariqueter, Imperata cylindrica, Spartina alterniflora and Suaeda salsa) that covered the topsoil (0-20 cm) in the study area. The results showed the following. Firstly, the detection rate of 16 PAHs (∑₁₆PAHs) in Yancheng coastal wetland soil was 100%, and the content of ∑₁₆PAHs ranged from 227 to 884 ng∙g^-1, with an average of 479 ng∙g^-1, of which 7 carcinogenic PAHs (∑₇PAHs) were 79.8-553 ng∙g^-1, with an average of 286 ng∙g^-1. Moreover, among the 21 sites in the study area, 4 were at moderate pollution level, and the rest were slightly polluted. Secondly, the characteristic component ratio method and principal component analysis method were used to analyze the sources of PAHs in the study area. Results showed that combustion process may have been the sources of these compounds. Thirdly, according to the analysis of the correlation between environmental factors and PAHs, Naphthalene (Nap), Fluorene (Flu) and Chrysene (Chr) have a significant positive correlation with soil moisture content (SWC) (P<0.05); Chr and Dibenz[a, h]anthracene (DahA) are extremely significant positively correlated with soil organic matter (SOM) (P<0.01); Acenaphthylene (Acy) and soil clay have a significant positive correlation (P<0.05). Through partial correlation analysis, it is found that after controlling the factor of soil grain size, the correlation between SOM, SWC and PAHs is significantly weakened. After excluding the effects of vegetation density (VD) or soil pH, the significance of the relationship between SOM and PAHs was reduced, and the correlation between SWC and PAHs was increased.

Key words: coastal wetland, PAHs, distribution characteristics, source, influencing factors

中图分类号:

蔡杨, 李伟, 左雪燕, 崔丽娟, 雷茵茹, 赵欣胜, 翟夏杰, 李晶, 潘旭. 盐城滨海湿地土壤多环芳烃分布特征及影响因素[J]. 生态环境学报, 2021, 30(6): 1249-1259.

CAI Yang, LI Wei, ZUO Xueyan, CUI Lijuan, LEI Yinru, ZHAO Xinsheng, ZHAI Xiajie, LI Jing, PAN Xu. Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of PAHs in Yancheng Coastal Wetland Soil[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2021, 30(6): 1249-1259.

图/表 13

参考文献 48

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单体种类 Type	缩写 Abbreviation	环数 Ring	分子式 Molecular formula	分子质量 Molecular weight	致癌性 Carcinogenicity
萘	Nap	2	C₁₀H₈	128
苊烯	Acy	3	C₁₂H₈	152
苊	Ace	3	C₁₂H₁₀	154
芴	Flu	3	C₁₃H₁₀	166
蒽	Ant	3	C₁₄H₁₀	178
菲	Phe	3	C₁₄H₁₀	178
荧蒽	Flt	4	C₁₆H₁₀	202
芘	Pyr	4	C₁₆H₁₀	202
苯并[a]蒽	BaA	4	C₁₈H₁₂	228	√
䓛	Chr	4	C₁₈H₁₂	228	√
苯并[b]荧蒽	BbF	5	C₂₀H₁₂	252	√
苯并[k]荧蒽	BkF	5	C₂₀H₁₂	252	√
苯并[a]芘	BaP	5	C₂₀H₁₂	252	√
二苯并[a, h]蒽	DahA	5	C₂₂H₁₄	278	√
茚并[1, 2, 3-cd]芘	IcdP	6	C₂₂H₁₂	276	√
苯并[g, h, i]苝	BghiP	6	C₂₂H₁₂	276

单体种类 Type	缩写 Abbreviation	环数 Ring	分子式 Molecular formula	分子质量 Molecular weight	致癌性 Carcinogenicity
萘	Nap	2	C₁₀H₈	128
苊烯	Acy	3	C₁₂H₈	152
苊	Ace	3	C₁₂H₁₀	154
芴	Flu	3	C₁₃H₁₀	166
蒽	Ant	3	C₁₄H₁₀	178
菲	Phe	3	C₁₄H₁₀	178
荧蒽	Flt	4	C₁₆H₁₀	202
芘	Pyr	4	C₁₆H₁₀	202
苯并[a]蒽	BaA	4	C₁₈H₁₂	228	√
䓛	Chr	4	C₁₈H₁₂	228	√
苯并[b]荧蒽	BbF	5	C₂₀H₁₂	252	√
苯并[k]荧蒽	BkF	5	C₂₀H₁₂	252	√
苯并[a]芘	BaP	5	C₂₀H₁₂	252	√
二苯并[a, h]蒽	DahA	5	C₂₂H₁₄	278	√
茚并[1, 2, 3-cd]芘	IcdP	6	C₂₂H₁₂	276	√
苯并[g, h, i]苝	BghiP	6	C₂₂H₁₂	276

采样点 Sample sites	植被 Vegetation	植被覆盖度 Coverage/%	土壤类型 Soil type
S1	盐地碱蓬Suaeda salsa	23	砂土Sandy soil
S2	互花米草Spartina alterniflora	84	砂土Sandy soil
S3	海三稜藨草Scirpus×mariqueter	43	砂土Sandy soil
S4	盐地碱蓬Suaeda salsa	27	砂土Sandy soil
S5	盐地碱蓬Suaeda salsa	33	砂土Sandy soil
S6	互花米草Spartina alterniflora	76	砂土Sandy soil
S7	海三稜藨草Scirpus×mariqueter	39	砂土Sandy soil
S8	白茅Imperata cylindrica	66	砂土Sandy soil
S9	海三稜藨草Scirpus×mariqueter	36	砂土Sandy soil
S10	海三稜藨草Scirpus×mariqueter	43	砂土Sandy soil
S11	海三稜藨草Scirpus×mariqueter	30	砂土Sandy soil
S12	海三稜藨草Scirpus×mariqueter	37	砂土Sandy soil
S13	白茅Imperata cylindrica	58	砂土Sandy soil
S14	白茅Imperata cylindrica	54	砂土Sandy soil
S15	盐地碱蓬Suaeda salsa	21	砂土Sandy soil
S16	互花米草Spartina alterniflora	89	砂土Sandy soil
S17	白茅Imperata cylindrica	62	砂土Sandy soil
S18	互花米草Spartina alterniflora	83	砂土Sandy soil
S19	白茅Imperata cylindrica	68	砂土Sandy soil
S20	盐地碱蓬（Suaeda salsa	25	砂土Sandy soil
S21	互花米草Spartina alterniflora	78	粘土Clay loam

采样点 Sample sites	植被 Vegetation	植被覆盖度 Coverage/%	土壤类型 Soil type
S1	盐地碱蓬Suaeda salsa	23	砂土Sandy soil
S2	互花米草Spartina alterniflora	84	砂土Sandy soil
S3	海三稜藨草Scirpus×mariqueter	43	砂土Sandy soil
S4	盐地碱蓬Suaeda salsa	27	砂土Sandy soil
S5	盐地碱蓬Suaeda salsa	33	砂土Sandy soil
S6	互花米草Spartina alterniflora	76	砂土Sandy soil
S7	海三稜藨草Scirpus×mariqueter	39	砂土Sandy soil
S8	白茅Imperata cylindrica	66	砂土Sandy soil
S9	海三稜藨草Scirpus×mariqueter	36	砂土Sandy soil
S10	海三稜藨草Scirpus×mariqueter	43	砂土Sandy soil
S11	海三稜藨草Scirpus×mariqueter	30	砂土Sandy soil
S12	海三稜藨草Scirpus×mariqueter	37	砂土Sandy soil
S13	白茅Imperata cylindrica	58	砂土Sandy soil
S14	白茅Imperata cylindrica	54	砂土Sandy soil
S15	盐地碱蓬Suaeda salsa	21	砂土Sandy soil
S16	互花米草Spartina alterniflora	89	砂土Sandy soil
S17	白茅Imperata cylindrica	62	砂土Sandy soil
S18	互花米草Spartina alterniflora	83	砂土Sandy soil
S19	白茅Imperata cylindrica	68	砂土Sandy soil
S20	盐地碱蓬（Suaeda salsa	25	砂土Sandy soil
S21	互花米草Spartina alterniflora	78	粘土Clay loam

单体种类 Type	海三稜藨草 Scirpus× mariqueter	互花米草 Spartina alterniflora	盐地碱蓬 Suaeda salsa	白茅 Imperata cylindrica
Nap	4.98±1.13B ²⁾	9.89±4.72A	8.58±1.43A	6.34±2.41AB
Acy	7.75±2.16A	10.2±9.08A	11.6±4.64A	6.54±1.35A
Ace	9.15±6.75A	16.4±9.93A	8.20±3.47A	7.61±3.67A
Flu	9.49±3.00A	17.3±6.45A	11.2±2.36A	11.0±5.67A
Ant	13.9±3.33A	19.5±5.90A	17.5±6.07A	14.4±5.02A
Phe	16.0±12.4A	26.3±6.27A	26.6±17.8A	32.3±15.6A
Flt	12.6±6.51B	42.1±32.6A	17.5±8.97B	15.6±3.65B
Pyr	32.0±17.9A	77.7±84.3A	127±119A	23.6±7.08A
BaA	6.08±0.796A	19.4±13.9A	50.1±54.3A	10.3±5.81A
Chr	6.65±1.75A	12.4±3.81A	9.26±5.67A	8.56±5.00A
BbF	9.73±5.05A	9.14±6.34A	9.16±4.54A	5.18±0.953A
BkF	30.1±11.7B	171±90.3A	122±102AB	181±92.6A
BaP	17.0±11.0A	19.5±9.34A	12.6±3.47A	22.2±6.86A
DahA	26.3±18.6B	103±78.7A	26.4±10.6B	77.2±45.5AB
IcdP	37.1±25.9A	72.0±25.9A	58.9±40.7A	46.4±40.9A
BghiP	28.6±7.86A	29.8±7.88A	27.2±5.01A	24.9±8.33A
∑₁₆PAHs	267±21.3C	655±178A	544±57.3AB	493±81.1B

盐城滨海湿地土壤多环芳烃分布特征及影响因素

Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of PAHs in Yancheng Coastal Wetland Soil

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参考文献 48

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特征比值 Characteristic ratio	热解源 Combustion		石油源 Petroleum
特征比值 Characteristic ratio	石油燃烧 Petroleum combustion	生物质、煤燃烧 Biomass & coal combustion	石油源 Petroleum
Ant/(Ant+Phe)	>0.1		<0.1
Flt/(Flt+Pyr)	>0.4		<0.4
BaA/(BaA+Chr)	0.2‒0.35	>0.35	<0.2
IcdP/(IcdP+BghiP)	0.2‒0.5	>0.5	<0.2

单体种类 Type	PC1	PC2	PC3
Nap	0.381	-0.0624	0.205
Acy	0.327	-0.0522	-0.245
Ace	0.310	-0.0382	0.202
Flu	0.373	0.119	0.173
Ant	0.284	0.239	0.0480
Phe	0.0640	0.312	-0.289
Flt	0.373	-0.0183	-0.0182
Pyr	0.202	-0.423	0.198
BaA	0.100	-0.397	0.252
Chr	0.268	0.301	-0.0799
BbF	0.216	-0.231	-0.352
BkF	0.0425	0.361	0.250
BaP	-0.0224	0.307	0.246
DahA	0.153	0.191	0.352
IcdP	0.235	0.139	-0.498
BghiP	0.196	-0.251	-0.115
方差贡献率 Percentage of variance/%	33.3	19.6	9.93

研究区Study area	PAHs种数PAHs number	质量分数Concentration	参考文献Renference
盐城滨海湿地Yancheng coastal wetlands	16	227‒884 ng∙g^-1	本文This study
辽河口Liaohe estuary	16	235‒374 ng∙g^-1	Li et al., 2014
崇明岛Chongming Island	16	47.97‒1.67×10³ ng∙g^-1	锁玉栋, 2020 (Suo, 2020)
汕头红树林Mangrove wetlands in Shantou, South China	16	79.1‒853 ng∙g^-1	Cai et al., 2019
爱丁堡湾（爱琴海）Edremit Bay (Aegean Sea)	18	0.650‒175 ng∙g^-1	Darilmaz et al., 2019
印度申达本红树林湿地Sundarban Mangrove Wetland, India	19	9.40‒4.22×10³ ng∙g^-1	Santosh et al., 2012

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