生态环境学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (5): 1084-1093.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2021.05.022
张太平*(
), 肖嘉慧, 胡凤洁
收稿日期:2020-12-02
出版日期:2021-05-18
发布日期:2021-08-06
通讯作者:
*作者简介:张太平（1967年生）,男,副教授,博士,研究方向为生态工程与环境修复。E-mail:lckzhang@scut.edu.cn
基金资助:
ZHANG Taiping*(), XIAO Jiahui, HU Fengjie
Received:2020-12-02
Online:2021-05-18
Published:2021-08-06
摘要：
许多研究致力于固定化微生物技术在去除水环境中污染物方面的应用。生物炭具有高的比表面积、大的孔隙率、低成本和来源广等优势,生物炭与固定化微生物技术结合在处理水中污染物方面具有很大的应用潜力。因此,了解生物炭固定化微生物对水中污染物去除的作用机制对于其在环境修复和废水利用中的应用至关重要。文章综述了微生物固定化方法、载体的选择、生物炭作为载体材料在固定化微生物技术中的优势及应用以及生物炭固定化微生物在去除水中不同种污染物的应用及其作用机制。同时,还探讨了初始污染物浓度、pH、温度、接触时间和颗粒投加量等对生物炭固定化微生物对去除水中污染物的影响,并分析这些环境因素对微生物生长、生物炭特性以及污染物去除效果的影响。当前研究表明：生物炭相比于其他固定化载体而言更加适宜微生物的生长,生物炭固定化微生物去除污染物的主要作用机制是吸附和生物降解的协同作用,以及生物炭对微生物具有保护及快速定殖作用。另外,过高的初始浓度、过高或过低的pH和温度都会影响微生物的活性而不利于污染物的去除。生物炭固定化微生物颗粒对污染物的去除能力随着时间和颗粒投加量的增加而提高。此外,文章分析了生物炭固定化微生物技术在水环境应用中存在的问题,可为未来相关领域的研究提供参考。
中图分类号:
张太平, 肖嘉慧, 胡凤洁. 生物炭固定化微生物技术在去除水中污染物的应用研究进展[J]. 生态环境学报, 2021, 30(5): 1084-1093.
ZHANG Taiping, XIAO Jiahui, HU Fengjie. Research Progress in the Removal of Contaminants from Water by Immobilized Microorganisms Combined with Biochar[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2021, 30(5): 1084-1093.
| 生物炭固定化颗粒的组成 Composition of biochar immobilized pellets | 生物炭原料 Biochar raw material | 固定化的微生物 Immobilized microorganisms | 固定化方法Immobilization method | 去除对象 Object removed | 文献 References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9%聚乙烯醇,1%海藻酸钠,0.8%生物炭/纳米零价铁,50%细胞悬浮液 9% PVA, 1% SA, 0.8% BC/nZVI, 50% cell suspension | 稻壳 Rice hull | 非脱羧勒克菌 Leclercia adecarboxylata | 吸附-包埋法 Adsorption-embedding | 二价铅 Pb(Ⅱ) | Teng et al., |
| 200 mg生物炭,2%细胞悬浮液 200 mg BC, 2% cell suspension | 小麦秸秆、活性污泥 Activated sludge/wheat straw | 解磷菌(PSB20-3） Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB20-3） | 吸附法Adsorption | 二价铅 Pb(Ⅱ) | 张杰等, (Zhang et al., |
| 5 g生物炭,2 mL细胞悬浮液 5 g DBC-700, 2 mL of condensed cell suspension | 水华藻 D. flos-aquae | 奇异变形杆菌 YC801 Proteus mirabilis YC801 | 吸附法Adsorption | 六价铬 Cr(VI) | Huang et al., |
| 6%海藻酸钠,1.5 g生物炭,5 mL细菌初始浓度 6% SA, 1.5 g biochar and an initial bacterial concentration of 5 mL | 稻草、鸡粪、污泥Rice straw/chicken manure/sewage sludge | 蜡样芽孢杆菌 RC-1 Bacillus cereus RC-1 | 包埋法Embedding | 二价镉 Cd(Ⅱ) | Huang et al., |
| 10 g生物炭,细菌培养基（9×105 CFU∙mL-1） 10 g biochar, cell suspension (9×105 CFU∙mL-1) | 木材 Eucalyptus leaves | 紫色链霉菌SBP1 Streptomyces violarus strain SBP1 | 吸附法Adsorption | 二价锰 Mn(Ⅱ) | Youngwilai et al., |
| 8%聚乙烯醇溶液,3%海藻酸钠溶液, 60%的包泥量,适量生物炭 8% PVA, 3% SA, 60% activated sludge, some biochar | 芦苇 Reed | 活性污泥的混合菌 Mixed bacteria from activated sludge | 包埋法Embedding | 氨氮 ammonia-nitrogen | 郑华楠等, (Zheng et al., |
| 9 g生物炭,2 mL细胞悬浮液 9 g biochar, 2 mL of cell suspension | 核桃壳 Walnut shell | 施氏假单胞菌XL-2 Pseudomonas stutzeri XL-2 | 吸附法Adsorption | 铵 Ammonium | Yu et al., |
| 0.5 g生物炭,细胞悬浮液（1.5%,v/v） 0.5 g biochar, cell suspension (1.5%, v/v) | 竹材 Bamboo | 副球菌属YF1 Paracoccus sp. YF1 | 吸附法Adsorption | 硝酸盐 Nitrate | Liu et al., |
| 0.1 g生物炭,35 mL细胞悬浮液 0.1 g biochar, 35 mL of cell suspension | 水稻秸秆 Rice straw | 黄假单胞菌WD-3 Seudomonas flava WD-3 | 吸附法Adsorption | 污水 Sewage | 唐美珍等, (Tang et al., |
| 1 g四氧化三铁/生物炭,1 g细胞（湿重） 1 g Fe3O4/biochar, 1 g cell (wet weight) | 麦秸 Wheat straw | 荚膜红细菌（PSB） Rhodobacter capsulatus (PSB) | 吸附法Adsorption | 废水 Wastewater | He et al., |
| 生物炭或木屑与细胞悬浮液比例5꞉100（W/V） The biochar/wood chips and cell suspension were mixed in 5꞉100 (W/V) ratios. | 木屑 Wood chips | 可变棒状杆菌HRJ4 Corynebacterium variabile HRJ4 | 吸附法Adsorption | 石油烃 Petroleum hydrocarbon | Zhang et al., |
| 细胞悬浮液（1.5%,v/v）,0.5 g生物炭 cell suspension (1.5%, v/v), 0.5 g biochar | 竹材 Bamboo | 威尼斯不动杆菌 Acinetobacter venetianus | 吸附法Adsorption | 柴油 Diesel oil | Chen et al., |
| 0.05 g膨胀石墨或0.5 g膨胀珍珠岩或0.5 g竹炭,1 mL细菌储备液 0.05 g expanded graphite/expanded perlite/bamboo charcoal, 1 mL of bacterial stock solution | 竹材 Bamboo | ODB-1（假单胞菌属）,ODB-2/ODB-3（短波单胞菌属） ODB-1 (Pseudomonas sp.), ODB-2/ODB-3 (Brevundimonas sp.) | 吸附法Adsorption | 柴油 Diesel oil | Wang et al., |
| 0.1 g生物炭,2 mL细胞悬浮液 0.1 g biochar, 2 mL of cell suspension | 玉米秸秆 Maize straw | 鞘氨醇单胞菌DZ3 Sphingomonas sp. DZ3 | 吸附法Adsorption | 4-溴联苯醚4-bromodiphengl ether | Du et al., |
| 50 g的9%聚乙烯醇溶液, 10 mL细菌菌株,65 g竹炭粉 50 g of 9% PVA gel solution, 10 mL of bacterial strain, 65 g of bamboo-biochar powder | 竹材 Bamboo | 假单胞菌YATO411, 香茅醇假单胞菌YAIP521 Pseudomonas sp. YATO411, Pseudomonas citronellolis YAIP521 | 包埋法Embedding | 甲苯和丙酮Toluene and acetone | Liu et al., |
| 0.05 g生物炭,3 mL浓缩细胞悬浮液 0.05 g biochar, 3 mL of condensed cell suspension | 木材和竹材 Wood and bamboo | 由沉积物中富集培养的降解菌Degrading bacteria enriched by sediments | 吸附法Adsorption | 壬基酚Nonylphenol | Lou et al., |
| 5.0 g四氧化三铁/生物炭,细胞悬浮液（10%,v/v） 5.0 g Fe3O4/biochar, cell suspension (10%, v/v) | 竹材 Bamboo | 链霉菌属N01 Streptomyces sp. N01 | 吸附法Adsorption | 喹啉 Quinoline | Zhuang et al., |
表1 生物炭固定化微生物技术在水中的应用
Table 1 Application of biochar immobilized microorganism technology in water
| 生物炭固定化颗粒的组成 Composition of biochar immobilized pellets | 生物炭原料 Biochar raw material | 固定化的微生物 Immobilized microorganisms | 固定化方法Immobilization method | 去除对象 Object removed | 文献 References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9%聚乙烯醇,1%海藻酸钠,0.8%生物炭/纳米零价铁,50%细胞悬浮液 9% PVA, 1% SA, 0.8% BC/nZVI, 50% cell suspension | 稻壳 Rice hull | 非脱羧勒克菌 Leclercia adecarboxylata | 吸附-包埋法 Adsorption-embedding | 二价铅 Pb(Ⅱ) | Teng et al., |
| 200 mg生物炭,2%细胞悬浮液 200 mg BC, 2% cell suspension | 小麦秸秆、活性污泥 Activated sludge/wheat straw | 解磷菌(PSB20-3） Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB20-3） | 吸附法Adsorption | 二价铅 Pb(Ⅱ) | 张杰等, (Zhang et al., |
| 5 g生物炭,2 mL细胞悬浮液 5 g DBC-700, 2 mL of condensed cell suspension | 水华藻 D. flos-aquae | 奇异变形杆菌 YC801 Proteus mirabilis YC801 | 吸附法Adsorption | 六价铬 Cr(VI) | Huang et al., |
| 6%海藻酸钠,1.5 g生物炭,5 mL细菌初始浓度 6% SA, 1.5 g biochar and an initial bacterial concentration of 5 mL | 稻草、鸡粪、污泥Rice straw/chicken manure/sewage sludge | 蜡样芽孢杆菌 RC-1 Bacillus cereus RC-1 | 包埋法Embedding | 二价镉 Cd(Ⅱ) | Huang et al., |
| 10 g生物炭,细菌培养基（9×105 CFU∙mL-1） 10 g biochar, cell suspension (9×105 CFU∙mL-1) | 木材 Eucalyptus leaves | 紫色链霉菌SBP1 Streptomyces violarus strain SBP1 | 吸附法Adsorption | 二价锰 Mn(Ⅱ) | Youngwilai et al., |
| 8%聚乙烯醇溶液,3%海藻酸钠溶液, 60%的包泥量,适量生物炭 8% PVA, 3% SA, 60% activated sludge, some biochar | 芦苇 Reed | 活性污泥的混合菌 Mixed bacteria from activated sludge | 包埋法Embedding | 氨氮 ammonia-nitrogen | 郑华楠等, (Zheng et al., |
| 9 g生物炭,2 mL细胞悬浮液 9 g biochar, 2 mL of cell suspension | 核桃壳 Walnut shell | 施氏假单胞菌XL-2 Pseudomonas stutzeri XL-2 | 吸附法Adsorption | 铵 Ammonium | Yu et al., |
| 0.5 g生物炭,细胞悬浮液（1.5%,v/v） 0.5 g biochar, cell suspension (1.5%, v/v) | 竹材 Bamboo | 副球菌属YF1 Paracoccus sp. YF1 | 吸附法Adsorption | 硝酸盐 Nitrate | Liu et al., |
| 0.1 g生物炭,35 mL细胞悬浮液 0.1 g biochar, 35 mL of cell suspension | 水稻秸秆 Rice straw | 黄假单胞菌WD-3 Seudomonas flava WD-3 | 吸附法Adsorption | 污水 Sewage | 唐美珍等, (Tang et al., |
| 1 g四氧化三铁/生物炭,1 g细胞（湿重） 1 g Fe3O4/biochar, 1 g cell (wet weight) | 麦秸 Wheat straw | 荚膜红细菌（PSB） Rhodobacter capsulatus (PSB) | 吸附法Adsorption | 废水 Wastewater | He et al., |
| 生物炭或木屑与细胞悬浮液比例5꞉100（W/V） The biochar/wood chips and cell suspension were mixed in 5꞉100 (W/V) ratios. | 木屑 Wood chips | 可变棒状杆菌HRJ4 Corynebacterium variabile HRJ4 | 吸附法Adsorption | 石油烃 Petroleum hydrocarbon | Zhang et al., |
| 细胞悬浮液（1.5%,v/v）,0.5 g生物炭 cell suspension (1.5%, v/v), 0.5 g biochar | 竹材 Bamboo | 威尼斯不动杆菌 Acinetobacter venetianus | 吸附法Adsorption | 柴油 Diesel oil | Chen et al., |
| 0.05 g膨胀石墨或0.5 g膨胀珍珠岩或0.5 g竹炭,1 mL细菌储备液 0.05 g expanded graphite/expanded perlite/bamboo charcoal, 1 mL of bacterial stock solution | 竹材 Bamboo | ODB-1（假单胞菌属）,ODB-2/ODB-3（短波单胞菌属） ODB-1 (Pseudomonas sp.), ODB-2/ODB-3 (Brevundimonas sp.) | 吸附法Adsorption | 柴油 Diesel oil | Wang et al., |
| 0.1 g生物炭,2 mL细胞悬浮液 0.1 g biochar, 2 mL of cell suspension | 玉米秸秆 Maize straw | 鞘氨醇单胞菌DZ3 Sphingomonas sp. DZ3 | 吸附法Adsorption | 4-溴联苯醚4-bromodiphengl ether | Du et al., |
| 50 g的9%聚乙烯醇溶液, 10 mL细菌菌株,65 g竹炭粉 50 g of 9% PVA gel solution, 10 mL of bacterial strain, 65 g of bamboo-biochar powder | 竹材 Bamboo | 假单胞菌YATO411, 香茅醇假单胞菌YAIP521 Pseudomonas sp. YATO411, Pseudomonas citronellolis YAIP521 | 包埋法Embedding | 甲苯和丙酮Toluene and acetone | Liu et al., |
| 0.05 g生物炭,3 mL浓缩细胞悬浮液 0.05 g biochar, 3 mL of condensed cell suspension | 木材和竹材 Wood and bamboo | 由沉积物中富集培养的降解菌Degrading bacteria enriched by sediments | 吸附法Adsorption | 壬基酚Nonylphenol | Lou et al., |
| 5.0 g四氧化三铁/生物炭,细胞悬浮液（10%,v/v） 5.0 g Fe3O4/biochar, cell suspension (10%, v/v) | 竹材 Bamboo | 链霉菌属N01 Streptomyces sp. N01 | 吸附法Adsorption | 喹啉 Quinoline | Zhuang et al., |
图1 生物炭固定化微生物去除（a）二价镉和（b）4-溴联苯醚的机制
Fig. 1 Mechanisms of (a) Cd2+ and (b) 4-bromodiphengl ether removal by biochar immobilized microorganism
| 影响因素 Influence factors | 主要影响对象 Main Influenced Objects | 影响效果 Impact effect | 参考文献 References |
|---|---|---|---|
| 污染物的 初始浓度 The initial concentration of the pollutant | 微生物的活性、颗粒的活性位点 Microbial activity, active site of particles | 颗粒的污染物去除能力先随着其初始浓度的增加而提高,当浓度过高后会抑制微生物生长以及颗粒存在很少的结合位点,从而降低污染物的去除效果 The pollutant removal ability of particles first increases with the increase of its initial concentration. When the concentration is too high, the growth of microorganisms will be inhibited and the particles have few binding sites, thus reducing the removal effect of pollutants | Abdel-Fattah et al., Chen et al., 陈楸健等, (Chen et al., Du et al., Huang et al., Huang et al., Lin et al., Liu et al., Lu et al., Tan et al., 唐美珍等, (Tang et al., Teng et al., Youngwilai et al., Yu et al., Zhuang et al., |
| pH | 微生物的活性、溶液电离的可能性、污染物的化学形态、颗粒的活性位 点、生物炭的表面官能团的行为 Microbial activity, possibility of ionization of solution, chemical morphology of contaminants, active sites of particles, behavior of surface functional groups of biochar | pH过高或过低均影响微生物的活性;生物炭在低pH下表面带正电,在溶液偏中性和碱性下带负电,有利于吸附阳离子污染物 Too high or too low pH will affect the activity of microorganisms. The surface of biochar is positively charged at low pH, and negatively charged at neutral and alkaline solutions, which is conducive to the adsorption of cationic pollutants | |
| 温度 Temperature | 微生物的活性、氧溶解度、生物炭的吸附容量 Microbial activity, oxygen solubility, adsorption capacity of biochar | 温度过高或过低均影响微生物的活性;较高的温度会降低氧溶解度而对微生物的活性有负面影响;生物炭的吸附容量随着温度的升高而增加 Too high or too low temperature will affect the activity of microorganisms. A higher temperature will reduce the oxygen solubility and have a negative impact on the activity of microorganisms. The adsorption capacity of biochar increases with the increase of temperature | |
| 时间 Time | 生物炭固定化微生物颗粒的吸附过程（主要是生物炭的吸附） Adsorption process of biochar immobilized microorganism particles (mainly biochar adsorption) | 在吸附初期,固定化微生物颗粒对污染物的吸附速率较快, 但随时间的延长逐渐达到平衡 At the initial stage of adsorption, the adsorption rate of immobilized microorganism particles to pollutants is faster, but gradually reaches equilibrium with time | |
| 投加量 Dosage | 颗粒的活性位点总量 Total number of active sites of particles | 颗粒的活性位点总量的随着使用投加量的增加 而增多同时提高污染物去除效果 The total number of active sites of particles increases with the increase of dosage and the removal effect of pollutants is also improved |
表2 生物炭固定化微生物去除污染物的环境影响因素分析
Table 2 Analysis of environmental influencing factors for the removal of pollutants by biochar immobilized microorganisms
| 影响因素 Influence factors | 主要影响对象 Main Influenced Objects | 影响效果 Impact effect | 参考文献 References |
|---|---|---|---|
| 污染物的 初始浓度 The initial concentration of the pollutant | 微生物的活性、颗粒的活性位点 Microbial activity, active site of particles | 颗粒的污染物去除能力先随着其初始浓度的增加而提高,当浓度过高后会抑制微生物生长以及颗粒存在很少的结合位点,从而降低污染物的去除效果 The pollutant removal ability of particles first increases with the increase of its initial concentration. When the concentration is too high, the growth of microorganisms will be inhibited and the particles have few binding sites, thus reducing the removal effect of pollutants | Abdel-Fattah et al., Chen et al., 陈楸健等, (Chen et al., Du et al., Huang et al., Huang et al., Lin et al., Liu et al., Lu et al., Tan et al., 唐美珍等, (Tang et al., Teng et al., Youngwilai et al., Yu et al., Zhuang et al., |
| pH | 微生物的活性、溶液电离的可能性、污染物的化学形态、颗粒的活性位 点、生物炭的表面官能团的行为 Microbial activity, possibility of ionization of solution, chemical morphology of contaminants, active sites of particles, behavior of surface functional groups of biochar | pH过高或过低均影响微生物的活性;生物炭在低pH下表面带正电,在溶液偏中性和碱性下带负电,有利于吸附阳离子污染物 Too high or too low pH will affect the activity of microorganisms. The surface of biochar is positively charged at low pH, and negatively charged at neutral and alkaline solutions, which is conducive to the adsorption of cationic pollutants | |
| 温度 Temperature | 微生物的活性、氧溶解度、生物炭的吸附容量 Microbial activity, oxygen solubility, adsorption capacity of biochar | 温度过高或过低均影响微生物的活性;较高的温度会降低氧溶解度而对微生物的活性有负面影响;生物炭的吸附容量随着温度的升高而增加 Too high or too low temperature will affect the activity of microorganisms. A higher temperature will reduce the oxygen solubility and have a negative impact on the activity of microorganisms. The adsorption capacity of biochar increases with the increase of temperature | |
| 时间 Time | 生物炭固定化微生物颗粒的吸附过程（主要是生物炭的吸附） Adsorption process of biochar immobilized microorganism particles (mainly biochar adsorption) | 在吸附初期,固定化微生物颗粒对污染物的吸附速率较快, 但随时间的延长逐渐达到平衡 At the initial stage of adsorption, the adsorption rate of immobilized microorganism particles to pollutants is faster, but gradually reaches equilibrium with time | |
| 投加量 Dosage | 颗粒的活性位点总量 Total number of active sites of particles | 颗粒的活性位点总量的随着使用投加量的增加 而增多同时提高污染物去除效果 The total number of active sites of particles increases with the increase of dosage and the removal effect of pollutants is also improved |
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