中国退化草地生态修复措施综述与展望

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.07.020

生态环境学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (7): 1465-1475.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.07.020

中国退化草地生态修复措施综述与展望

古琛¹^,²(), 贾志清²^,⁴^,⁵^,^*(), 杜波波³, 何凌仙子⁴^,⁵, 李清雪⁴^,⁵

1.内蒙古科技大学能源与环境学院,内蒙古包头 014010
2.中国林业科学研究院林业研究所,北京 100091
3.中国农业科学院草原研究所,内蒙古呼和浩特 010010
4.中国林业科学研究院生态保护与修复研究所,北京 100091
5.青海共和荒漠生态系统定位观测研究站,青海共和 813005

收稿日期:2021-12-27 出版日期:2022-07-18 发布日期:2022-08-31
通讯作者: ^*贾志清（1968年生）,女,研究员,博士,主要从事荒漠化防治和草地生态修复研究。E-mail: jiazq@caf.ac.cn
作者简介:古琛（1988年生）,男,讲师,博士,主要从事草地生态学和生态系统修复研究。E-mail: guchen0706@sina.com
基金资助:
国家林业和草原局林草科技创新发展与研究项目(2021132007);中国林业科学研究院林业研究所专项资金项目(LYSZX202003)

Reviews and Prospects of Ecological Restoration Measures for Degraded Grasslands of China

GU Chen¹^,²(), JIA Zhiqing²^,⁴^,⁵^,^*(), DU Bobo³, HE Lingxianzi⁴^,⁵, LI Qingxue⁴^,⁵

1. School of Energy and Environment, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, 014010, P. R. China
2. Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P. R. China
3. Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, P. R. China
4. Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P. R. China
5. Qinghai Gonghe Desert Ecosystem Research Station, Gonghe 813005, P. R. China

Received:2021-12-27 Online:2022-07-18 Published:2022-08-31

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

草地是面积最大的陆地生态系统,具有极其重要的生产和生态功能,但长期的过度利用和气候变化导致草地生态系统在全球范围内出现不同程度的退化。退化草地的自然恢复需要相当长的时间,人为的修复措施是加快草地恢复必不可少的手段。中国草地生态修复的研究已经进行了几十年,但一直以来对生态功能的重视程度不够,导致先退化—后治理—再退化—再治理的现象普遍,草地退化状况仍未得到全面改善。近年来,在强调生态优先、绿色发展的大背景下,中国对草地保护和生态修复的重视程度不断提高,退化草地生态修复是中国当前亟待解决的重大难题和艰巨任务。通过综述草地生态修复的研究进展以及主要的技术和政策措施,分析了国内外草地生态修复主要技术措施（免耕补播、合理放牧、人工草地建植、围栏封育、耕翻和施肥）的恢复效果、限制因素和存在的不足,旨在为退化草地生态修复提供理论参考。论文在以上分析的基础上提出中国草地生态系统修复未来的研究方向和发展建议：（1）建立健全现代草牧业体系和管理模式,从根本上解决草畜矛盾,是解决草地退化和生态修复问题的根本途径;（2）完善草地退化分类分级体系,进一步为生态修复提供理论依据;（3）加强乡土种质资源和土壤微生物的挖掘利用,为生态修复提供物质保障;（4）突破毒草化草地恢复的理论与技术瓶颈;（5）建立分区—分类—分级的生态修复理论技术体系和评价体系。草地生态修复是一项复杂的跨学科的系统工程,加强多领域协作是解决问题的关键。

关键词: 草地退化, 生态修复, 免耕补播, 合理放牧, 人工草地建植, 围栏封育, 耕翻, 施肥

Abstract:

Grassland is the largest terrestrial ecosystem, which possesses extremely important production and ecological functions. Long-term overutilization and climate change, however, have contributed to degradations of grassland ecosystems worldwide. The natural restoration of degraded grasslands takes long time, and manipulating practices could be indispensable to accelerate the restoration. Although grassland ecological restorations have been studied for several decades in China, the phenomenon of degradation-restoration-re-degradation-re-restoration is common, and grassland degradation has not been comprehensively improved due to the ecological functions have not been paid enough attention. Lately, ecological priority and green development are emphasized, and more attention has been paid to grassland protection and ecological restoration. Restoration of degraded grassland ecosystems is a major problem and daunting task to be solved urgently in China. To provide scientific references for the ecological restoration of degraded grasslands, we reviewed the researches of grassland ecological restoration, as well as the main practical and policy measures. Restoration effects, limiting factors and existing shortcomings of different practical measures (no-tillage sowing, rational grazing, artificial pasture establishment, fence enclosure, tillage and fertilization) were also assessed. On these bases, research directions and suggestions for the grassland ecological restoration in the future were put forth: (1) To establish a modern grass husbandry system and management pattern to fundamentally solve the contradiction between grass and livestock is the prime way to tackle the grassland degradation and ecological restoration; (2) To improve the grassland degradation classification and grading system to provide theoretical bases for ecological restoration; (3) To strengthen the development and utilization of native grass germplasms and soil microorganisms to provide material support for ecological restoration; (4) To break through the theoretical and technical bottlenecks to restore the grasslands full of poisonous weeds; (5) To build a region-classification-grade theoretical and technical system and evaluation system of ecological restoration. Grassland ecological restoration is a complicated, transdisciplinary and systematic engineering, and the key is to strengthen multi-field cooperation.

Key words: grassland degradation, ecological restoration, no-tillage sowing, rational grazing, artificial pasture establishment, fence enclosure, tillage, fertilization

中图分类号:

S812
X171.4

古琛, 贾志清, 杜波波, 何凌仙子, 李清雪. 中国退化草地生态修复措施综述与展望[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022, 31(7): 1465-1475.

GU Chen, JIA Zhiqing, DU Bobo, HE Lingxianzi, LI Qingxue. Reviews and Prospects of Ecological Restoration Measures for Degraded Grasslands of China[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2022, 31(7): 1465-1475.

图/表 5

图1 草地免耕补播 a. 内蒙古呼伦贝尔草甸草原;b. 加拿大Swift Current矮草草原

Figure 1 No-tillage sowing in grasslands a and b represent meadow steppe in Hulunbeir, China and short prairie in Swift Current, Canada, respectively

图2 不同放牧强度的内蒙古荒漠草原 a. 不放牧;b. 轻度放牧,载畜率为0.15 sheep unit∙hm-2·month-1;c. 中度放牧,载畜率为0.30 sheep unit∙hm-2∙month-1;d. 重度放牧,载畜率为0.45 sheep unit·hm-2·month-1

Figure 2 Desert steppe with different grazing intensity in Inner Mongolia a. Stands for non-grazing; b. Stands for light grazing with the 0.15 sheep unit∙hm-2∙month-1 stocking rate; c. Stands for moderate grazing with the 0.30 sheep unit∙hm-2∙month-1; d. Stands for heavy grazing with the 0.45 sheep unit∙hm-2∙month-1

图3 加拿大人工草地 a和b分别是加拿大Lethbridge灌溉条件下红豆草与紫花苜蓿、红豆草与无芒雀麦混播的人工草地;c和d分别是加拿大Swift Current旱作条件下红豆草与紫花苜蓿、红豆草与冰草混播的人工草地

Figure 3 Pastures in Canada a and b represent sainfoin - alfalfa mixture and sainfoin-brome mixture with irrigation in Lethbridge; c and d represent sainfoin-alfalfa mixture and sainfoin-wheatgrass mixture in rainfed Swift Current

图4 围栏封育与放牧 a. 内蒙古草甸草原;b. 内蒙古荒漠草原

Figure 4 Enclosing and grazing a and b stand for meadow steppe and desert steppe in Inner Mongolia, respectively

图5 内蒙古草甸草原施肥与未施肥比较中间暗绿色的条带为施肥处理,两侧黄绿色是未施肥的对照

Figure 5 Fertilizing vs. no-fertilizing in meadow steppe of Inner Mongolia Dark green in the middle stands for fertilizing, yellow green in two sides stands for no-fertilizing

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中国退化草地生态修复措施综述与展望

Reviews and Prospects of Ecological Restoration Measures for Degraded Grasslands of China

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