生态环境学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (12): 2411-2422.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2021.12.017
李锋民1,*(
), 陈琳1, 姜晓华1, 李晨光1, 赵莎莎1, 种云霄2, 胡洪营3, 高帅强1
收稿日期:2021-07-09
出版日期:2021-12-18
发布日期:2022-01-04
通讯作者:
*作者简介:李锋民（1975年生）,男,教授,博士,主要研究方向为水生态环境修复。E-mail: lifengmin@ouc.edu.cn
基金资助:
LI Fengmin1,*(), CHEN Lin1, JIANG Xiaohua1, LI Chenguang1, ZHAO Shasha1, CHONG Yunxiao2, HU Hongying3, GAO Shuaiqiang1
Received:2021-07-09
Online:2021-12-18
Published:2022-01-04
摘要：
水生植物水体修复技术是一种操作简单、成本低且生态友好的环境修复方式,已被广泛用于水质净化和生态修复中。但由于水生植物的种类繁多,目前选择水生植物存在一定盲目性,而其不当选择会导致植物长势不佳、净化效率低、资源化利用潜力低等问题。因此,文章构建了水质净化与生态修复植物优选指标体系。在优选植物时,应根据功能、生长特性和生物量资源化利用3个方面考虑适用度。其中,功能指标是需要关注的核心指标,包括水质净化能力和生态修复能力,分别可从促进悬浮物沉降、水体增氧、藻类抑制、氮磷吸收及蓄积、促进有机物污染物降解、重金属吸附沉淀能力方面,以及水生植物的群落构建能力、提高水生动物多样性能力、生态风险方面进行衡量。生长特性指标是植物生长的基础指标,在修复工作之初首先需要根据水体水深、水温和pH条件选定适宜生长的水生植物,此外生物量、生长速率、营养吸收部位和锚定能力等指标可用于判定植物净化潜力及长效修复效果,也可作为植物管控的依据。通过比较水生植物的资源化利用潜力,可选择具有附加经济效应的植物,以利于收割管理水生植物并实现其经济价值。该文可为生态修复工程中水生植物的优选工作提供理论基础。
中图分类号:
李锋民, 陈琳, 姜晓华, 李晨光, 赵莎莎, 种云霄, 胡洪营, 高帅强. 水质净化与生态修复的水生植物优选指标体系构建[J]. 生态环境学报, 2021, 30(12): 2411-2422.
LI Fengmin, CHEN Lin, JIANG Xiaohua, LI Chenguang, ZHAO Shasha, CHONG Yunxiao, HU Hongying, GAO Shuaiqiang. The Construction of Index System for Selecting Aquatic Plant in Water Purification and Ecological Restoration[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2021, 30(12): 2411-2422.
| 一级指标 First grade indexes | 二级指标 Second-grade indexes | 三级指标 Third-grade indexes |
|---|---|---|
| 功能指标 Function indexes | 水质净化能力 The ability of water purification | 促进悬浮物沉降 Promoting the sedimentation of suspended solids; 水体增氧 Increasing oxygen in water; 藻类抑制 Inhibiting algae growth; 氮､磷吸收及蓄积 Absorbing and accumulating nitrogen and phosphorus; 促进有机物降解 Enhancing degradation of organic pollutants; 重金属吸附沉淀 Promoting sorption and precipitation of heavy metals |
| 生态修复能力 The ability of ecological restoration | 水生植物群落构建能力 (生态位宽度､繁殖能力); The construction ability of aquatic plant community (niche breadth, fecundity); 提高水生动物多样性 (提供饵料、产卵介质、育幼场和避难所); Enhancing the diversity of aquatic animals (Providing food, oviposition media and shelter); 生态风险(入侵性､毒性) Ecological risk (invasiveness, toxicity) | |
| 生长特性指标 Growth characteristics indexes | 生活型 Life form | 0—1.5 m, 茎叶挺出水面 (挺水植物) stems and leaves emerging from the water (emergent plant); 0.3—6 m, 茎叶在水面以下 (沉水植物) stems and leaves below water surface (submerged plant); 0.15—5 m, 茎在水面以下, 叶漂浮水面(浮叶植物) stems below water surface, leaves floating water (floating-leaves plant); 水深使植株漂浮即可, 茎叶浮悬水面 (漂浮植物) Plants can be floated, stems and leaves suspending water surface (floating plant) |
| 适宜温度 Suitable temperature | 耐低温 (<10 ℃) Low temperature resistant type (<10 ℃); 常温 (10—30 ℃) Normal-temperature type (10—30 ℃); 耐高温 (>30 ℃) High temperature resistant type (>30 ℃) | |
| 适宜水体pH Suitable pH of water | 偏酸性 (pH 5—6.5) Weak acidity type (pH 5—6.5);中性 (pH 6.5—8) Neutrality (pH 6.5—8); 偏碱性 (pH 8—10) Weak alkaline type (pH 8—10) | |
| 生物量 Biomass | 大 (>1 kg∙m-2) Large (>1 kg∙m-2); 小 (<0.5 kg∙m-2) Small (<0.5 kg∙m-2) | |
| 生长速率 Growth rate | 快Fast (AGR>10 g∙m-2·d-1或RGR>100 mg∙g-1·d-1) 慢 Slow (AGR<5 g∙m-2·d-1或RGR>50 mg∙g-1·d-1) | |
| 营养吸收主要部位 Main parts of nutrition absorption | 茎叶 (水中N、P) stems and leaves (N, P from water); 根或根状茎 (底泥中N、P)Root or rhizome (N, P from sediment) | |
| 锚定(抗水流冲击､风浪扰动)能力 Anchoring ability (resistance to flow shock and wind wave disturbance) | 强 (挺水植物) Strong (emergent plant); 弱 (沉水植物､漂浮植物､浮叶植物) Weak (submerged plant, floating plant, floating-leaves plant, floating-leaves plant) | |
| 生物量资源化 利用指标 Biomass resource utilization index | 能源燃料生产 Energy fuel production | 固体燃料、液体燃料、气体燃料 Solid fuel, liquid fuel, gas fuel |
| 工业原料利用 Utilization of industrial raw materials | 造纸、工艺品编制、制作香料 Papermaking, crafts preparation, spices making | |
| 食药用 (健康安全保障) Edible and medicinal value (health and safety guarantee) | 食用 Edible value; 药用 Medicinal value | |
| 其他 Others | 制备生物炭、作饲料、肥料 Preparation of biochar, feed and fertilizer |
表1 水质净化与生态修复植物优选指标体系
Table 1 The optimization index system of water purification and ecological restoration plant
| 一级指标 First grade indexes | 二级指标 Second-grade indexes | 三级指标 Third-grade indexes |
|---|---|---|
| 功能指标 Function indexes | 水质净化能力 The ability of water purification | 促进悬浮物沉降 Promoting the sedimentation of suspended solids; 水体增氧 Increasing oxygen in water; 藻类抑制 Inhibiting algae growth; 氮､磷吸收及蓄积 Absorbing and accumulating nitrogen and phosphorus; 促进有机物降解 Enhancing degradation of organic pollutants; 重金属吸附沉淀 Promoting sorption and precipitation of heavy metals |
| 生态修复能力 The ability of ecological restoration | 水生植物群落构建能力 (生态位宽度､繁殖能力); The construction ability of aquatic plant community (niche breadth, fecundity); 提高水生动物多样性 (提供饵料、产卵介质、育幼场和避难所); Enhancing the diversity of aquatic animals (Providing food, oviposition media and shelter); 生态风险(入侵性､毒性) Ecological risk (invasiveness, toxicity) | |
| 生长特性指标 Growth characteristics indexes | 生活型 Life form | 0—1.5 m, 茎叶挺出水面 (挺水植物) stems and leaves emerging from the water (emergent plant); 0.3—6 m, 茎叶在水面以下 (沉水植物) stems and leaves below water surface (submerged plant); 0.15—5 m, 茎在水面以下, 叶漂浮水面(浮叶植物) stems below water surface, leaves floating water (floating-leaves plant); 水深使植株漂浮即可, 茎叶浮悬水面 (漂浮植物) Plants can be floated, stems and leaves suspending water surface (floating plant) |
| 适宜温度 Suitable temperature | 耐低温 (<10 ℃) Low temperature resistant type (<10 ℃); 常温 (10—30 ℃) Normal-temperature type (10—30 ℃); 耐高温 (>30 ℃) High temperature resistant type (>30 ℃) | |
| 适宜水体pH Suitable pH of water | 偏酸性 (pH 5—6.5) Weak acidity type (pH 5—6.5);中性 (pH 6.5—8) Neutrality (pH 6.5—8); 偏碱性 (pH 8—10) Weak alkaline type (pH 8—10) | |
| 生物量 Biomass | 大 (>1 kg∙m-2) Large (>1 kg∙m-2); 小 (<0.5 kg∙m-2) Small (<0.5 kg∙m-2) | |
| 生长速率 Growth rate | 快Fast (AGR>10 g∙m-2·d-1或RGR>100 mg∙g-1·d-1) 慢 Slow (AGR<5 g∙m-2·d-1或RGR>50 mg∙g-1·d-1) | |
| 营养吸收主要部位 Main parts of nutrition absorption | 茎叶 (水中N、P) stems and leaves (N, P from water); 根或根状茎 (底泥中N、P)Root or rhizome (N, P from sediment) | |
| 锚定(抗水流冲击､风浪扰动)能力 Anchoring ability (resistance to flow shock and wind wave disturbance) | 强 (挺水植物) Strong (emergent plant); 弱 (沉水植物､漂浮植物､浮叶植物) Weak (submerged plant, floating plant, floating-leaves plant, floating-leaves plant) | |
| 生物量资源化 利用指标 Biomass resource utilization index | 能源燃料生产 Energy fuel production | 固体燃料、液体燃料、气体燃料 Solid fuel, liquid fuel, gas fuel |
| 工业原料利用 Utilization of industrial raw materials | 造纸、工艺品编制、制作香料 Papermaking, crafts preparation, spices making | |
| 食药用 (健康安全保障) Edible and medicinal value (health and safety guarantee) | 食用 Edible value; 药用 Medicinal value | |
| 其他 Others | 制备生物炭、作饲料、肥料 Preparation of biochar, feed and fertilizer |
图1 水生植物茎叶与水关系及适应水深
Fig. 1 Relationship between stems and leaves of aquatic plants and water and adaptive depth
| 资源化利用途径 Ways for resource utilization | 水生植物 Aquatic plant | 植物特点 Plant feature | 参考文献 Refference |
|---|---|---|---|
| 能源燃料生产（乙醇、沼气等）Energy fuel production(ethyl alcohol, marsh gas) | 凤眼莲Eichhornia crassipes、大薸Pistia stratiotes、浮萍Lemna minor、香蒲Typha orientalis、再力花Thalia dealbata | 淀粉和糖类含量丰富 High content in starch and sugar | Mishima et al., Toyama et al., |
| 造纸Papermaking | 水葱Scirpus validus、香蒲Typha orientalis、短叶茳芏Cyperus malaccensis、芦苇Phragmites australis、莎草Cyperus rotundus | 纤维含量高且质量优 High fiber content and good quality | 陈耀东等, |
| 制备生物炭 Preparation of biochar | 凤眼莲Eichhornia crassipes、香蒲Typha orientalis、芦苇Phragmites australis、美人蕉Canna indica、菖蒲Acorus calamus、菰Zizania latifolia、喜旱莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides | 纤维素、半纤维素、木质素含量高High content in cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin | 杭嘉祥等, (Hang et al. Yang et al., Cui et al., |
| 作肥料 Fertilizer | 凤眼莲Eichhornia crassipes、伊乐藻Elodea nuttallii、狐尾藻Myriophyllum verticillatum | 矿质元素含量丰富 Rich in mineral elements | Liu et al., |
| 作饲料 Feed | 黑藻Hydrilla verticillata、金鱼藻Ceratophyllum demersum、菹草Potamogeton crispus、浮萍Lemna minor、紫萍Spirodela polyrrhiza、菰Zizania latifolia、喜旱莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides | 植物粗蛋白、粗纤维含量高,适口性较好High content of crude protein and crude fiber in plants, good palatability | 陈耀东等, (Chen et al., 陈守钜, (Chen et al., |
| 食用（健康安全保障） Edible value (health and safety guarantee) | 茭白Zizania latifolia、水芹Oenanthe javanica、慈姑Sagittaria trifolia、芡实Euryale ferox、菱Trapa bispinosa、莲藕Nelumbo nucifera | 营养丰富、口感佳 Rich nutrition and good taste | 陈耀东等, (Chen et al., Toyama et al., |
| 药用（健康安全保障）Medicinal value (health and safety guarantee) | 苦草Vallisneria natans、金鱼藻Ceratophyllum demersum、浮萍Lemna minor、芡实Euryale ferox、芦苇Phragmites australis、菖蒲Acorus calamus、莲Nelumbo nucifera、水烛Typha angustifolia | 内含药用活性成分 Containing medicinal active components | 曹岚等, (Cao et al., 任全进等, (Ren et al., |
表2 常见水生植物的资源化利用途径
Table 2 Resource utilization ways of common aquatic plants
| 资源化利用途径 Ways for resource utilization | 水生植物 Aquatic plant | 植物特点 Plant feature | 参考文献 Refference |
|---|---|---|---|
| 能源燃料生产（乙醇、沼气等）Energy fuel production(ethyl alcohol, marsh gas) | 凤眼莲Eichhornia crassipes、大薸Pistia stratiotes、浮萍Lemna minor、香蒲Typha orientalis、再力花Thalia dealbata | 淀粉和糖类含量丰富 High content in starch and sugar | Mishima et al., Toyama et al., |
| 造纸Papermaking | 水葱Scirpus validus、香蒲Typha orientalis、短叶茳芏Cyperus malaccensis、芦苇Phragmites australis、莎草Cyperus rotundus | 纤维含量高且质量优 High fiber content and good quality | 陈耀东等, |
| 制备生物炭 Preparation of biochar | 凤眼莲Eichhornia crassipes、香蒲Typha orientalis、芦苇Phragmites australis、美人蕉Canna indica、菖蒲Acorus calamus、菰Zizania latifolia、喜旱莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides | 纤维素、半纤维素、木质素含量高High content in cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin | 杭嘉祥等, (Hang et al. Yang et al., Cui et al., |
| 作肥料 Fertilizer | 凤眼莲Eichhornia crassipes、伊乐藻Elodea nuttallii、狐尾藻Myriophyllum verticillatum | 矿质元素含量丰富 Rich in mineral elements | Liu et al., |
| 作饲料 Feed | 黑藻Hydrilla verticillata、金鱼藻Ceratophyllum demersum、菹草Potamogeton crispus、浮萍Lemna minor、紫萍Spirodela polyrrhiza、菰Zizania latifolia、喜旱莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides | 植物粗蛋白、粗纤维含量高,适口性较好High content of crude protein and crude fiber in plants, good palatability | 陈耀东等, (Chen et al., 陈守钜, (Chen et al., |
| 食用（健康安全保障） Edible value (health and safety guarantee) | 茭白Zizania latifolia、水芹Oenanthe javanica、慈姑Sagittaria trifolia、芡实Euryale ferox、菱Trapa bispinosa、莲藕Nelumbo nucifera | 营养丰富、口感佳 Rich nutrition and good taste | 陈耀东等, (Chen et al., Toyama et al., |
| 药用（健康安全保障）Medicinal value (health and safety guarantee) | 苦草Vallisneria natans、金鱼藻Ceratophyllum demersum、浮萍Lemna minor、芡实Euryale ferox、芦苇Phragmites australis、菖蒲Acorus calamus、莲Nelumbo nucifera、水烛Typha angustifolia | 内含药用活性成分 Containing medicinal active components | 曹岚等, (Cao et al., 任全进等, (Ren et al., |
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