Sources, Spatial-temporal Distribution, and Health Risks of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in the Atmospheric Environment: A Review

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2023.12.003

Ecology and Environment ›› 2023, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (12): 2103-2114.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2023.12.003

• Papers on “New Pollutants” • Previous Articles Next Articles

Sources, Spatial-temporal Distribution, and Health Risks of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in the Atmospheric Environment: A Review

LI Shuting¹(), HU Guanjiu², LUO Xiaosan¹^,^*()

1. International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment/School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, P. R. China
2. Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210036, P. R. China

Received:2023-08-30 Online:2023-12-18 Published:2024-02-05
Contact: LUO Xiaosan

大气环境中全（多）氟烷基化合物（PFASs）的来源、分布及健康风险研究进展

李姝亭¹(), 胡冠九², 罗小三¹^,^*()

1.南京信息工程大学生态与应用气象学院/生态气象环境研究中心，江苏南京 210044
2.江苏省环境监测中心，江苏南京 210036

通讯作者: 罗小三
作者简介:李姝亭（1999年生），女，硕士研究生，主要从事环境新污染物与健康研究。E-mail: sclwdtz1001@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41977349)

Abstract

Abstract:

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a diverse group of emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) known for their versatile applications, complicated properties, and associated ecological and health risks through environmental pollution. While previous published reviews have summarized the sources and distribution of PFASs in soil and water ecosystems, this paper aims to fill the crucial gap by a systematic overview of their sources, spatial and temporal distribution, and human health risk assessment in the atmospheric environment. Sources of PFASs in atmosphere include the industrial production and application of fluoropolymers, product consumption, waste treatment, volatilization and sublimation from soil and water environments. The PFASs accumulate in atmospheric particulate matters, showing significant concentration variations across regions and seasons, influenced by the industrial activities, population density, and meteorological parameters. Typically, PFASs have a broader spatial distribution with low concentrations during warm seasons, while the pollution levels are higher and concentrated near emission sources in winter. Over the past decade, the concentration of atmospheric PFASs in China has decreased, but their types have significantly increased, mainly due to the impact of policy measures shifting towards the production of PFASs substitutes. Atmospheric PFASs can enter the human body and induce health risks through the exposure pathways of inhalation, skin uptake, and oral ingestion. Currently, inhalation exposure assessment models are mainly used to assess their health risks. Pollution prevention and control measures in developed regions, such as the United States and Europe, have achieved some reduction in PFAS emissions to environment, but they mostly targeted at single substance, and production is gradually moving towards substitutes with unclear risks. Looking ahead, future research on atmospheric PFASs should delve into the transport and transformation mechanisms, synergistic effects and toxicity risks with other pollutants (e.g., particulate matters), establishing long-term monitoring networks and quantitative source apportionment methods, revealing their health effect mechanisms in depth, and developing systematic and comprehensive human health risk assessment models.

Key words: emerging contaminants, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, source apportionment, temporal and spatial distribution, human health risk assessment

摘要：

全氟和多氟烷基化合物（PFASs）是一类极具多样性的新型持久性有机污染物，用途广泛、性质复杂且具有毒性，其环境污染导致的生态和健康危害问题引起了广泛关注。已有综述主要总结了土壤、水体中PFASs的来源和分布，缺乏对大气环境中PFASs污染来源、时空分布及人体健康风险评价的系统归纳，该文对此进行了概括和分析。PFASs可通过含氟聚合物的工业生产和应用、消费品使用、废弃物处理以及土壤和水环境中的挥发和升华过程进入大气环境，易在颗粒物中富集。大气颗粒态PFASs的质量浓度在不同地区和季节间存在显著差异，工业活动、人口密度、气象条件等是主要影响因素，通常在暖季广泛分布但质量浓度较低，冬季则质量浓度较高且多集中于排放源附近。近10年来，中国大气PFASs浓度下降明显，但其种类显著增多，主要归因于政策措施向PFASs替代品生产转型的影响。大气PFASs可通过呼吸暴露、皮肤接触和口腔摄入等途径进入人体从而造成健康风险，目前主要采用吸入暴露评估模型对其进行健康风险评价。污染防控方面，美国、欧洲等发达地区的系列管理措施在一定程度上减少了PFASs的环境排放，但多针对单一物质，且生产逐渐向替代物发展，然而其环境健康风险尚不明确。未来大气PFASs的研究需求和方向包括进一步解析其迁移和转化机制，阐明其与其他污染物（如颗粒物）的协同效应和毒性风险，建立长期监测网络以及定量源解析方法，深入揭示其健康危害机制，并建立系统全面的人体健康风险评估模型。

关键词: 新污染物, 全（多）氟烷基物质, 来源解析, 时空分布, 人体健康风险评价

CLC Number:

X16
X820.4

LI Shuting, HU Guanjiu, LUO Xiaosan. Sources, Spatial-temporal Distribution, and Health Risks of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in the Atmospheric Environment: A Review[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2023, 32(12): 2103-2114.

李姝亭, 胡冠九, 罗小三. 大气环境中全（多）氟烷基化合物（PFASs）的来源、分布及健康风险研究进展[J]. 生态环境学报, 2023, 32(12): 2103-2114.

Figures/Tables 9

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类型	简称	代表化合物	简称	分子式	主要用途
全氟烷基酸类化合物 (Perfluoroalkane acid)	PFAAs	全氟丁烷磺酸 (Perfluorobutane sulfonic acid)	PFBS	C₄HF₉O₃S	防火泡沫、润滑剂
		全氟己烷磺酸 (Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid)	PFHxS	C₆HF₁₃O₃S	防水、放油布料
		全氟辛基磺酸 (Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid)	PFOS	C₈HF₁₇O₃S	油墨、电子产品
全氟烷基磺酸类化合物 (Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids)	PFSIAs	全氟丁酸 (Perfluorobutanoic acid)	PFBA	C₄F₉COOH	油漆、涂装
		全氟己酸 (Perfluorohexanoic acid)	PFHxA	C₆F₁₃COOH	涂覆金属、不粘锅
		全氟辛酸 (Perfluorooctanoic acid)	PFOA	C₈HF₁₅O₂	电线绝缘层、帐篷
全氟羧酸羧酸盐 (Perfluorocarboxylic acid & carboxylates)	PFCAs	全氟庚烷羧酸 (Perfluoroheptanoic acid)	PFHpA	C₇HF₁₅O₂	食品包装、雨衣
		全氟康烷酸 (Perfluorononanoic acid)	PFNA	C₉HF₁₇O₂	润滑剂、催化剂
		全氟癸酸 (Perfluorodecanoic acid)	PFDA	C₁₀HF₁₉O₂	润滑油、防水衣物
		全氟己醇 (Perfluoro-1-hexanol)	6:2FTOH	C₆HF₁₃O	表面活性剂
		全氟辛醇 (Perfluoro-1-octanol)	8:2FTOH	C₈HF₁₇O	防水、放油涂料
		全氟十二烷醇 (Perfluoro-1-dodecanol)	10:2FTOH	C₁₂HF₂₃O	防水、放油涂料
		全氟十四烷醇 (Perfluoro-1-tetradecanol)	12:2FTOH	C₁₄HF₂₇O	电子、半导体制造
全氟烷基磺酰胺类化合物(Perfluoroalkane sulfonamido compounds)	Me/Et/ Bu-FASAs	甲基全氟辛烷磺酸 (Methyl perfluorooctane sulfonate)	MeFOSA	C₈F₁₇SO₃	油墨分散剂
		乙基全氟辛烷磺酸 (Ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonate)	EtFOSA	C₈F₁₇SO₃	清洗剂、洗涤剂
		甲基全氟辛烷磺酰氧乙基 (Methyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethyl sulfonate)	MeFOSE	C₁₀H₅F₁₇NO₄S₂	防腐蚀涂层
		乙基全氟辛烷磺酰氧乙基 (Ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethyl sulfonate)	EtFOSE	C₁₀H₄F₁₈NO₄S₂	电子清洗剂
		N-甲基全氟丁烷磺酰基乙基 (N-methylperfluorobutane sulfonamidoethyl sulfonate)	NMeFBSE	C₆H₄F₉NO₄S₂	有机合成
		N-甲基全氟丁烷磺酸 (N-methylperfluorobutane sulfonic acid)	NMeFBSA	C₄H₅F₉O₃S	药物研发

类型	简称	代表化合物	简称	分子式	主要用途
全氟烷基酸类化合物 (Perfluoroalkane acid)	PFAAs	全氟丁烷磺酸 (Perfluorobutane sulfonic acid)	PFBS	C₄HF₉O₃S	防火泡沫、润滑剂
		全氟己烷磺酸 (Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid)	PFHxS	C₆HF₁₃O₃S	防水、放油布料
		全氟辛基磺酸 (Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid)	PFOS	C₈HF₁₇O₃S	油墨、电子产品
全氟烷基磺酸类化合物 (Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids)	PFSIAs	全氟丁酸 (Perfluorobutanoic acid)	PFBA	C₄F₉COOH	油漆、涂装
		全氟己酸 (Perfluorohexanoic acid)	PFHxA	C₆F₁₃COOH	涂覆金属、不粘锅
		全氟辛酸 (Perfluorooctanoic acid)	PFOA	C₈HF₁₅O₂	电线绝缘层、帐篷
全氟羧酸羧酸盐 (Perfluorocarboxylic acid & carboxylates)	PFCAs	全氟庚烷羧酸 (Perfluoroheptanoic acid)	PFHpA	C₇HF₁₅O₂	食品包装、雨衣
		全氟康烷酸 (Perfluorononanoic acid)	PFNA	C₉HF₁₇O₂	润滑剂、催化剂
		全氟癸酸 (Perfluorodecanoic acid)	PFDA	C₁₀HF₁₉O₂	润滑油、防水衣物
		全氟己醇 (Perfluoro-1-hexanol)	6:2FTOH	C₆HF₁₃O	表面活性剂
		全氟辛醇 (Perfluoro-1-octanol)	8:2FTOH	C₈HF₁₇O	防水、放油涂料
		全氟十二烷醇 (Perfluoro-1-dodecanol)	10:2FTOH	C₁₂HF₂₃O	防水、放油涂料
		全氟十四烷醇 (Perfluoro-1-tetradecanol)	12:2FTOH	C₁₄HF₂₇O	电子、半导体制造
全氟烷基磺酰胺类化合物(Perfluoroalkane sulfonamido compounds)	Me/Et/ Bu-FASAs	甲基全氟辛烷磺酸 (Methyl perfluorooctane sulfonate)	MeFOSA	C₈F₁₇SO₃	油墨分散剂
		乙基全氟辛烷磺酸 (Ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonate)	EtFOSA	C₈F₁₇SO₃	清洗剂、洗涤剂
		甲基全氟辛烷磺酰氧乙基 (Methyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethyl sulfonate)	MeFOSE	C₁₀H₅F₁₇NO₄S₂	防腐蚀涂层
		乙基全氟辛烷磺酰氧乙基 (Ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethyl sulfonate)	EtFOSE	C₁₀H₄F₁₈NO₄S₂	电子清洗剂
		N-甲基全氟丁烷磺酰基乙基 (N-methylperfluorobutane sulfonamidoethyl sulfonate)	NMeFBSE	C₆H₄F₉NO₄S₂	有机合成
		N-甲基全氟丁烷磺酸 (N-methylperfluorobutane sulfonic acid)	NMeFBSA	C₄H₅F₉O₃S	药物研发

采样时间		样品数		粒径		检出种类		区域		采样点 (n)		FTOHs						NMeFOSA						NEtFOSA					NEtFOSE					PFBS						参考文献
2005-02‒2006-02		81		TSP		‒		城市/ 郊区		英国 (4)		ND-237		63.5		102		‒		‒	‒			‒		‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		1.60-3.20		2.40		2.40		Barber et al., 2007
										挪威 (2)		0.02- 3.42×10³		870		3.42× 10³		‒		‒	‒			‒		‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		0.09-0.50		0.30		0.30
										爱尔兰 (1)		‒		5.66		‒		‒		‒	‒			‒		‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		1.00		‒
2005-10‒2007-11		>100		TSP		24		‒		德国 (2)		0-0.30		0.10		0.10		‒		‒	‒			‒		‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		0-0.90		0.20		‒		Dreyer et al., 2009
2006-10‒2006-12		‒		PM₁₀		13		郊区		大西洋 (2)		0-8.02		0.90		0.10		ND- 0.10		0.04	0.05			‒		0.10	‒		0.10-0.50		0.20	0.10		‒		‒		‒		Cai et al., 2012
2009-03‒ 2009-07		14		TSP		14		城市/农村/偏远地区		加拿大 (8)		ND-870		161		0		ND		‒	‒			ND		‒	‒		ND-565		70.6	‒		ND		‒		‒		Genualdi et al., 2010
										美国 (5)		ND-435		87.0		0		ND		‒	‒			ND		‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		ND		‒		‒
										法国 (1)		ND		‒		‒		‒		115	‒			‒		‒	‒		ND		‒	‒		ND		‒		‒
										冰岛 (2)		‒		505		‒		ND		‒	‒			ND		‒	‒		ND		‒	‒		ND		‒		‒
2009-07‒ 2009-09		18		TSP		18		排放源		加拿大 (4)		70.4‒1.74×10⁴		3.4×10³		991		6.11- 48.2		16.2	14.4			6.07-30.0		10.9	9.56		4.80-29.2		10.9	7.96		‒		‒		‒		Lutz et al., 2011
2009-03‒ 2009-08		>100		TSP		14		城市/郊区/农村		日本 (9)		2.37- 808		91.6		47.0		ND- 10.2		5.65	5.91			1.85-7.23		3.43	2.65		0.67-56.2		8.16	2.27		‒		‒		‒		Li et al., 2011
										印度 (18)		0.56- 135		29.7		18.0		ND- 13.1		6.51	6.89			ND-817		72.3	0.96		1.43-11.4		5.15	4.24		‒		‒		‒
										中国 (18)		ND- 498		68.2		40.5		1.27- 12.5		7.24	7.40			1.85-14.2		4.37	2.99		ND-24.2		6.02	4.27		‒		‒		‒
2013-11‒ 2014-06		2		TSP		2		城市/ 郊区		中国 (86)		‒		‒		‒		‒		‒	‒			‒		‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒		‒		方祥光等, 2018
2014-10		9		PM_2.5/ PM₁₀/ TSP		9		城市		中国 (1)		9.50- 22.7		128		121		‒		‒	‒			0.30-0.60		0.50	0.50		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒		‒		杨朔等, 2018
2014‒2015		‒		PM_2.5		12		城市		中国 (6)		0.73- 48.1		17.5		512		‒		‒	‒			‒		‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		ND-0.96		0.56		0.49		Yu et al., 2018
2014-06‒ 2015-02		‒		TSP		‒		城市/ 郊区		中国 (3)		ND- 189		20.5		9.96		ND-0.81		0.46	0			ND-423		110	9.42		ND		‒	‒		ND		‒		‒		Yao et al., 2017
2016‒2018		17		PM_2.5/ PM₁₀/ TSP		17		城市		中国 (5)		‒		‒		‒		ND		‒	‒			ND-0.50		0.45	0.42		‒		‒	‒		ND-0.38		0.38		‒		Lin et al., 2020
										印度 (2)		‒		‒		‒		ND-0.53		0.07	0.34			0.21-2.27		1.24	1.42		‒		‒	‒		ND-1.19		1.04		‒
										日本 (1)		‒		‒		‒		0.06-0.18		0.1	0.08			0.37-0.70		0.51	0.41		‒		‒	‒		ND-0.04		0.02		‒
										韩国 (1)		‒		‒		‒		0.17-0.31		0.22	0.18			0.68-1.46		0.72	0.72		‒		‒	‒		ND-0.11		0.01		0.01
2020-12‒2021-01		17		PM₁₀/ TSP		17		排放源/偏远地区		中国香港 (6)		ND- 335		66.5		17.9		‒		‒	‒			ND-3.00		1.82	1.60		‒		‒	‒		0.39-138		14.9		1.62		Lin et al., 2022
采样时间	样品数		粒径		检出种类		区域		采样点 (n)		PFHxS				PFOS				PFOA						PFNA					PFHpA					PFHxA						参考文献
2005-02‒ 2006-02	81		TSP		-		城市/ 郊区		英国 (4)		0.04-5.90	1.76	1.76		1.60-44.5	23.1	1.60		101-552			327	327		0.80-26.6		10.5	10.5		0.20-14.4		6.10	6.10		26.0-107		55.8		55.8		Barber et al., 2007
									挪威 (2)		0.05-4.10	2.08	2.08		1.00-47.4	24.2	47.4		1.50-4.40			2.97	4.4		0.12-2.70		1.41	1.41		0.80-0.87		0.84	0.84		0.50-17.1		8.80		8.80
									爱尔兰 (1)		‒	0.07	‒		‒	1.80	‒		‒			8.90	‒		‒		3.30	‒		-		0.01	‒		‒		13.8		‒
2005-10‒ 2007-11	>100		TSP		24		‒		德国 (2)		‒	‒	‒		0.10-2.50	0.95	0.20		0.10-0.40			0.25	0.15		‒		‒	‒		0-0.10		‒	‒		0-0.20		0.10		0.10		Dreyer et al., 2009
2006-10‒ 2006-12	‒		PM₁₀		13		郊区		大西洋 (2)		‒	‒	‒		‒	‒	‒		‒			‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒		‒		Cai et al., 2012
2009-03‒ 2009-07	14		TSP		14		城市/ 农村/ 偏远地区		加拿大 (8)		ND	‒	‒		ND-130	16.3	‒		ND			‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒		‒		Genualdi et al., 2010
									美国 (5)		ND	‒	‒		ND-560	112	‒		ND			‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒		‒
									法国 (1)		ND	‒	‒		ND	‒	‒		‒			‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒		‒
									冰岛 (2)		ND	‒	‒		470-1.96×10³	1.22× 10³	‒		ND			‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒		‒
2009-07‒ 2009-09	18		TSP		18		排放源		加拿大 (4)		‒	‒	‒		ND-171	57.8	34.2		ND-47.3			14.8	7.44		ND-15.8		3.51	2.50		ND-20.4		8.01	4.13		ND-62.8		21.8		10.5		Lutz et al., 2011
2009-03‒ 2009-08	>100		TSP		14		城市/ 郊区/ 农村		日本 (9)		‒	‒	‒		‒	‒	‒		‒			‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒		‒		Li et al., 2011
									印度 (18)		‒	‒	‒		‒	‒	‒		‒			‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒		‒
									中国 (18)		‒	‒	‒		‒	‒	‒		‒			‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒		‒
2013-11‒ 2014-06	2		TSP		2		城市/ 郊区		中国 (86)		‒	‒	‒		ND-25.0	2.43	0.82		0.12-14.0			1.82	0.79		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒		‒		方祥光等, 2018
2014-10	9		PM_2.5/ PM₁₀/ TSP		9		城市		中国 (1)		‒	‒	‒		0.80-10.8	4.40	3.60		3.70-32.0			12.3	11.7		1.00-3.00		1.91	1.80		0.20-2.60		1.01	0.60		0.40-1.60		0.83		0.60		杨朔等, 2018
2014‒ 2015	‒		PM_2.5		12		城市		中国 (6)		ND-2.01	1.32	1.83		0.14-8.37	3.98	4.30		2.07-556			181	12.5		0.17-12.8		3.40	0.65		0.24-11.7		4.54	0.99		1.10-31.5		5.28		1.34		Yu et al., 2018
2014-06‒ 2015-02	‒		TSP		-		城市/ 郊区		中国 (3)		ND	‒	‒		3.24-6.75	4.97	4.94		8.29-8.60			24.4	23.4		0.75-7.25		3.39	2.66		ND-7.36		6.92	6.92		‒		‒		‒		Yao et al., 2017
2016‒ 2018	17		PM_2.5/ PM₁₀/ TSP		17		城市		中国 (5)		ND-1.07	0.49	0.43		0.18-3.42	0.99	0.72		0.10-13.6			1.80	0.80		ND-0.80		0.32	0.34		ND-2.38		0.74	0.63		ND-1.33		0.54		0.50		Lin et al., 2020
									印度 (2)		ND	‒	‒		0.17-1.09	0.50	0.31		0.26-0.77			0.40	0.31		ND-0.35		0.35	0.35		0.67-1.04		0.81	0.78		0.14-1.17		0.55		0.56
									日本 (1)		ND-0.05	0.05	0.05		0.24-0.43	0.28	0.24		0.23-1.46			0.53	0.25		0.14-0.99		0.33	0.18		0.53-1.03		0.66	0.57		ND-1.91		1.01		0.72
									韩国 (1)		ND-0.12	0.04	‒		0.42-0.68	0.53	0.48		0.56-5.05			2.07	0.60		0.18-0.33		0.36	0.18		0.47-1.02		0.68	0.54		ND		‒		‒
2020-12‒2021-01	17		PM₁₀/ TSP		17		排放源/偏远地区		中国香港 (6)		ND-1.59	0.66	0.63		5.31-34.4	13.4	9.44		4.81-14.8			10.13	8.49		ND-9.18		2.95	1.98		0.56-2.61		1.27	1.23		1.22-3.42		2.16		1.75		Lin et al., 2022

采样时间		样品数		粒径		检出种类		区域		采样点 (n)		FTOHs						NMeFOSA						NEtFOSA					NEtFOSE					PFBS						参考文献
2005-02‒2006-02		81		TSP		‒		城市/ 郊区		英国 (4)		ND-237		63.5		102		‒		‒	‒			‒		‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		1.60-3.20		2.40		2.40		Barber et al., 2007
										挪威 (2)		0.02- 3.42×10³		870		3.42× 10³		‒		‒	‒			‒		‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		0.09-0.50		0.30		0.30
										爱尔兰 (1)		‒		5.66		‒		‒		‒	‒			‒		‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		1.00		‒
2005-10‒2007-11		>100		TSP		24		‒		德国 (2)		0-0.30		0.10		0.10		‒		‒	‒			‒		‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		0-0.90		0.20		‒		Dreyer et al., 2009
2006-10‒2006-12		‒		PM₁₀		13		郊区		大西洋 (2)		0-8.02		0.90		0.10		ND- 0.10		0.04	0.05			‒		0.10	‒		0.10-0.50		0.20	0.10		‒		‒		‒		Cai et al., 2012
2009-03‒ 2009-07		14		TSP		14		城市/农村/偏远地区		加拿大 (8)		ND-870		161		0		ND		‒	‒			ND		‒	‒		ND-565		70.6	‒		ND		‒		‒		Genualdi et al., 2010
										美国 (5)		ND-435		87.0		0		ND		‒	‒			ND		‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		ND		‒		‒
										法国 (1)		ND		‒		‒		‒		115	‒			‒		‒	‒		ND		‒	‒		ND		‒		‒
										冰岛 (2)		‒		505		‒		ND		‒	‒			ND		‒	‒		ND		‒	‒		ND		‒		‒
2009-07‒ 2009-09		18		TSP		18		排放源		加拿大 (4)		70.4‒1.74×10⁴		3.4×10³		991		6.11- 48.2		16.2	14.4			6.07-30.0		10.9	9.56		4.80-29.2		10.9	7.96		‒		‒		‒		Lutz et al., 2011
2009-03‒ 2009-08		>100		TSP		14		城市/郊区/农村		日本 (9)		2.37- 808		91.6		47.0		ND- 10.2		5.65	5.91			1.85-7.23		3.43	2.65		0.67-56.2		8.16	2.27		‒		‒		‒		Li et al., 2011
										印度 (18)		0.56- 135		29.7		18.0		ND- 13.1		6.51	6.89			ND-817		72.3	0.96		1.43-11.4		5.15	4.24		‒		‒		‒
										中国 (18)		ND- 498		68.2		40.5		1.27- 12.5		7.24	7.40			1.85-14.2		4.37	2.99		ND-24.2		6.02	4.27		‒		‒		‒
2013-11‒ 2014-06		2		TSP		2		城市/ 郊区		中国 (86)		‒		‒		‒		‒		‒	‒			‒		‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒		‒		方祥光等, 2018
2014-10		9		PM_2.5/ PM₁₀/ TSP		9		城市		中国 (1)		9.50- 22.7		128		121		‒		‒	‒			0.30-0.60		0.50	0.50		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒		‒		杨朔等, 2018
2014‒2015		‒		PM_2.5		12		城市		中国 (6)		0.73- 48.1		17.5		512		‒		‒	‒			‒		‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		ND-0.96		0.56		0.49		Yu et al., 2018
2014-06‒ 2015-02		‒		TSP		‒		城市/ 郊区		中国 (3)		ND- 189		20.5		9.96		ND-0.81		0.46	0			ND-423		110	9.42		ND		‒	‒		ND		‒		‒		Yao et al., 2017
2016‒2018		17		PM_2.5/ PM₁₀/ TSP		17		城市		中国 (5)		‒		‒		‒		ND		‒	‒			ND-0.50		0.45	0.42		‒		‒	‒		ND-0.38		0.38		‒		Lin et al., 2020
										印度 (2)		‒		‒		‒		ND-0.53		0.07	0.34			0.21-2.27		1.24	1.42		‒		‒	‒		ND-1.19		1.04		‒
										日本 (1)		‒		‒		‒		0.06-0.18		0.1	0.08			0.37-0.70		0.51	0.41		‒		‒	‒		ND-0.04		0.02		‒
										韩国 (1)		‒		‒		‒		0.17-0.31		0.22	0.18			0.68-1.46		0.72	0.72		‒		‒	‒		ND-0.11		0.01		0.01
2020-12‒2021-01		17		PM₁₀/ TSP		17		排放源/偏远地区		中国香港 (6)		ND- 335		66.5		17.9		‒		‒	‒			ND-3.00		1.82	1.60		‒		‒	‒		0.39-138		14.9		1.62		Lin et al., 2022
采样时间	样品数		粒径		检出种类		区域		采样点 (n)		PFHxS				PFOS				PFOA						PFNA					PFHpA					PFHxA						参考文献
2005-02‒ 2006-02	81		TSP		-		城市/ 郊区		英国 (4)		0.04-5.90	1.76	1.76		1.60-44.5	23.1	1.60		101-552			327	327		0.80-26.6		10.5	10.5		0.20-14.4		6.10	6.10		26.0-107		55.8		55.8		Barber et al., 2007
									挪威 (2)		0.05-4.10	2.08	2.08		1.00-47.4	24.2	47.4		1.50-4.40			2.97	4.4		0.12-2.70		1.41	1.41		0.80-0.87		0.84	0.84		0.50-17.1		8.80		8.80
									爱尔兰 (1)		‒	0.07	‒		‒	1.80	‒		‒			8.90	‒		‒		3.30	‒		-		0.01	‒		‒		13.8		‒
2005-10‒ 2007-11	>100		TSP		24		‒		德国 (2)		‒	‒	‒		0.10-2.50	0.95	0.20		0.10-0.40			0.25	0.15		‒		‒	‒		0-0.10		‒	‒		0-0.20		0.10		0.10		Dreyer et al., 2009
2006-10‒ 2006-12	‒		PM₁₀		13		郊区		大西洋 (2)		‒	‒	‒		‒	‒	‒		‒			‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒		‒		Cai et al., 2012
2009-03‒ 2009-07	14		TSP		14		城市/ 农村/ 偏远地区		加拿大 (8)		ND	‒	‒		ND-130	16.3	‒		ND			‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒		‒		Genualdi et al., 2010
									美国 (5)		ND	‒	‒		ND-560	112	‒		ND			‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒		‒
									法国 (1)		ND	‒	‒		ND	‒	‒		‒			‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒		‒
									冰岛 (2)		ND	‒	‒		470-1.96×10³	1.22× 10³	‒		ND			‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒		‒
2009-07‒ 2009-09	18		TSP		18		排放源		加拿大 (4)		‒	‒	‒		ND-171	57.8	34.2		ND-47.3			14.8	7.44		ND-15.8		3.51	2.50		ND-20.4		8.01	4.13		ND-62.8		21.8		10.5		Lutz et al., 2011
2009-03‒ 2009-08	>100		TSP		14		城市/ 郊区/ 农村		日本 (9)		‒	‒	‒		‒	‒	‒		‒			‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒		‒		Li et al., 2011
									印度 (18)		‒	‒	‒		‒	‒	‒		‒			‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒		‒
									中国 (18)		‒	‒	‒		‒	‒	‒		‒			‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒		‒
2013-11‒ 2014-06	2		TSP		2		城市/ 郊区		中国 (86)		‒	‒	‒		ND-25.0	2.43	0.82		0.12-14.0			1.82	0.79		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒	‒		‒		‒		‒		方祥光等, 2018
2014-10	9		PM_2.5/ PM₁₀/ TSP		9		城市		中国 (1)		‒	‒	‒		0.80-10.8	4.40	3.60		3.70-32.0			12.3	11.7		1.00-3.00		1.91	1.80		0.20-2.60		1.01	0.60		0.40-1.60		0.83		0.60		杨朔等, 2018
2014‒ 2015	‒		PM_2.5		12		城市		中国 (6)		ND-2.01	1.32	1.83		0.14-8.37	3.98	4.30		2.07-556			181	12.5		0.17-12.8		3.40	0.65		0.24-11.7		4.54	0.99		1.10-31.5		5.28		1.34		Yu et al., 2018
2014-06‒ 2015-02	‒		TSP		-		城市/ 郊区		中国 (3)		ND	‒	‒		3.24-6.75	4.97	4.94		8.29-8.60			24.4	23.4		0.75-7.25		3.39	2.66		ND-7.36		6.92	6.92		‒		‒		‒		Yao et al., 2017
2016‒ 2018	17		PM_2.5/ PM₁₀/ TSP		17		城市		中国 (5)		ND-1.07	0.49	0.43		0.18-3.42	0.99	0.72		0.10-13.6			1.80	0.80		ND-0.80		0.32	0.34		ND-2.38		0.74	0.63		ND-1.33		0.54		0.50		Lin et al., 2020
									印度 (2)		ND	‒	‒		0.17-1.09	0.50	0.31		0.26-0.77			0.40	0.31		ND-0.35		0.35	0.35		0.67-1.04		0.81	0.78		0.14-1.17		0.55		0.56
									日本 (1)		ND-0.05	0.05	0.05		0.24-0.43	0.28	0.24		0.23-1.46			0.53	0.25		0.14-0.99		0.33	0.18		0.53-1.03		0.66	0.57		ND-1.91		1.01		0.72
									韩国 (1)		ND-0.12	0.04	‒		0.42-0.68	0.53	0.48		0.56-5.05			2.07	0.60		0.18-0.33		0.36	0.18		0.47-1.02		0.68	0.54		ND		‒		‒
2020-12‒2021-01	17		PM₁₀/ TSP		17		排放源/偏远地区		中国香港 (6)		ND-1.59	0.66	0.63		5.31-34.4	13.4	9.44		4.81-14.8			10.13	8.49		ND-9.18		2.95	1.98		0.56-2.61		1.27	1.23		1.22-3.42		2.16		1.75		Lin et al., 2022

评价方法	评价内容	计算公式	参考文献
PBPK模型	评估环境污染物在人体内的暴露水平	A_{S, L}=U/(E×24)	Chen et al., 2022
		$E=D\times \frac{{{A}_{\text{S,L}}}}{{{A}_{\text{S,L}}}}$
		$E=D\times \frac{1}{{{C}_{\text{SS}}}}$
人体吸入暴露评估模型	评估人体吸入化学物质的暴露水平	$F\mathrm{=}\frac{\sum{({{C}_{i}}\times {{F}_{i}})}}{\sum{{{C}_{i}}}}$ F_i=0.5×(1+exp(−0.06×D_P,_i))	Qiao et al., 2022
		$C_{D,j}=\sum(E_{j,i} \times C_{i})$
		${{E}_{\text{HA},\mathrm{ }i}}\mathrm{=}{{F}_{i}}\times \left( \frac{1}{1+\exp (6.84+1.183\ln {{D}_{\text{P},\mathrm{ }i}})}+\frac{1}{1+\exp (0.924-1.885\ln {{D}_{\text{P},\mathrm{ }i}})} \right)$
		${{E}_{\text{TB},\mathrm{ }i}}\mathrm{=}\frac{0.00352}{{{D}_{\text{P},\mathrm{ }i}}}\times (\exp (-0.234{{(\ln {{D}_{\text{P},\mathrm{ }i}}+3.40)}^{2}})-63.9\exp (-0.819{{(\ln {{D}_{\text{P},\mathrm{ }i}}-1.61)}^{2}}))$
		${{E}_{\text{AR},\mathrm{ }i}}\mathrm{=}\frac{0.0155}{{{D}_{\text{P},i}}}\times (\exp (-0.416{{(\ln {{D}_{\text{P},\mathrm{ }i}}+2.84)}^{2}})+19.11\exp (-0.482{{(\ln {{D}_{\text{P},\mathrm{ }i}}-1.362)}^{2}}))$
		I_inh−g=C_g×I_R×t
皮肤暴露估计	人类皮肤对空气污染物的摄入量	${{K}_{\text{p-d},\mathrm{ }i}}\mathrm{=}{1}/{\left[ \frac{2.6+({{M}^{0.5}}\times {{K}_{\text{P-CW}}})}{0.026\left( \frac{R\times T}{H} \right)\times {{K}_{\text{P-CW}}}}+\frac{1}{{{V}_{\text{d}(\text{P},\mathrm{ }i)}}} \right]}\;$	Weschler et al., 2012
		${{K}_{\text{P-CW}}}=3600\times {{10}^{0.7\times \log {{K}_{\text{OW}}}-0.0722\times M{{W}^{-\frac{2}{3}}}-5.252}}$
		I_der−g=C_g×K_p−g×S_A×f×t
		$I_{der-p}=\sum(C_{p,i} \times K_{p-d,i})$

Sources, Spatial-temporal Distribution, and Health Risks of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in the Atmospheric Environment: A Review

大气环境中全（多）氟烷基化合物（PFASs）的来源、分布及健康风险研究进展

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