Abstract:

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely used highly fluorinated synthetic compounds. Due to their large quantities, persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential toxicity, the exposure risks of PFAS have gained significant attention. Humans can be exposed to PFAS through various routes, such as food, drinking water, indoor air and dust. While most studies have focused on PFAS exposure through drinking water and food, the exposure through indoor air and dust, especially for infants, cannot be ignored. This paper provides a review of indoor products that release PFAS, the distribution of PFAS in different media, and the exposure pathways of PFAS. This review specifically analyzes the exposure characteristics for different populations and the research progress on PFAS bio-accessibility. Additionally, effective measures were proposed to reduce indoor PFAS abundance. However, research on PFAS exposure through dermal contact is limited, and the transfer mechanisms of PFAS from various products to indoor environment are still unclear. Furthermore, most studies calculate external exposure levels through the risk assessment model by detecting PFAS concentrations in environmental media, such as diet, drinking water, dust, air, or measuring internal exposure levels of PFAS in urine, blood, hair, etc. As a result, research on external and internal exposure are relatively independent and their relationship is not clear. High levels of PFAS have been detected in various exposure sources and the evaluation of exposure risks based solely on existing in vitro exposure risk assessment models may lead to overestimation. Therefore, more accurate risk exposure assessment methods are urgently needed. Some studies have shown that PFAS exposure may be overestimated in the assessment of certain exposure routes, and bio-accessibility can provide an objective evaluation of the mass balance between biological and human exposure. Optimizing PFAS exposure risk assessment models is necessary to access precise exposure risks and advantageous pathways of PFAS to human beings.

Key words: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, indoor, distribution, transportion, exposure pathways, bio-accessibility

摘要：

全（多）氟烷基化合物（PFAS）是一类人工合成、应用广泛、高度氟化的化合物，由于数量众多及其持久性、生物累积性和潜在毒性，其暴露风险受到越来越多关注。人体可能通过食物、饮水、室内空气和灰尘等多种介质暴露于PFAS，当前研究多集中于饮水和食品暴露途径，较少针对室内空气和灰尘的人体暴露进行评估。然而人类通过室内环境介质对PFAS的暴露不可忽视，尤其对婴儿而言。该文综述了室内环境中释放PFAS的各类产品，PFAS在不同介质中的分布特征以及人体暴露于PFAS的途径，重点分析了不同人群的暴露特点和PFAS生物有效性的研究进展，提出了降低室内PFAS浓度的有效措施。发现皮肤接触暴露途径的研究数据较少，室内环境中PFAS从产品到室内的迁移转化机制尚不清楚，此外，目前的研究大多是通过检测膳食、饮水、灰尘、空气等环境介质中的PFAS浓度，然后通过风险评估模型去计算外暴露水平，或者通过尿液、血液、头发等检测PFAS的内暴露水平，外暴露和内暴露研究是相对独立的，二者之间的关联并不明确。众多研究已经表明，很多PFAS类型在各种暴露源中均有高水平检出，仅通过已有的体外暴露风险评估模型对外暴露风险的评估可能高估了暴露量，所以迫切需要更精确的风险暴露评估方式，而现有的生物有效性的建立，确实证明了在某些暴露途径评估上，高估了暴露量，生物有效性可客观评价生物和人体内外暴露之间的质量平衡。未来继续优化PFAS暴露风险评估模型，是评估PFAS对人体的精确暴露风险和优势途径的发展趋势。

关键词: 全（多）氟烷基化合物, 室内环境, 分布, 迁移, 暴露途径, 生物有效性