Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution in the Xiangshan Bay Area

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2024.11.011

Ecology and Environment ›› 2024, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (11): 1768-1781.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2024.11.011

• Research Article [Environmental Science] • Previous Articles Next Articles

Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution in the Xiangshan Bay Area

TANG Shuya¹^,²^,³^,⁴(), WANG Chunhui¹^,³^,⁴, SONG Jing¹^,⁴^,^*(), LI Gang¹^,³^,⁴

1. Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
2. College of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
4. Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, P. R. China

Received:2024-04-22 Online:2024-11-18 Published:2024-12-06
Contact: SONG Jing

环象山港区域土壤重金属污染特征及风险评估

唐舒娅¹^,²^,³^,⁴(), 王春辉¹^,³^,⁴, 宋靖¹^,⁴^,^*(), 李刚¹^,³^,⁴

1.中国科学院城市环境研究所，福建厦门 361021
2.福州大学环境与安全工程学院，福建福州 350108
3.中国科学院大学，北京 100049
4.宁波（北仑）中科海西产业技术创新中心/浙江省城市环境过程与污染控制重点实验室，浙江宁波 315830

通讯作者: 宋靖
作者简介:唐舒娅（1999年生），女，硕士研究生，从事区域土壤环境质量与安全研究。E-mail: sytang@iue.ac.cn
基金资助:
浙江省自然科学基金探索一般项目(LY23D010004);宁波市公益性科技计划项目(2022S107)

Abstract

Abstract:

In recent years, soil heavy metal pollution has become an increasingly serious issue in the southeastern coastal regions of China, owing to rapid economic growth and industrialization. Although several studies have focused on key coastal areas, most have concentrated on marine sediments or organisms, with limited attention given to soil heavy metal contamination under different land-use types. To address this gap, this study aimed to investigate the spatial and temporal distributions of heavy metals in soil and their potential ecological risks in a typical coastal area. From April to May 2023, surface soil samples (0-20 cm, n=216) were collected from various land-use types in Xiangshan Bay, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province. The concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and manganese (Mn) were measured and analyzed for their distribution patterns. The results showed that the median concentrations of these heavy metals were 19.0, 93.7, 17.4, 32.0, 13.5, 35.4, 0.170, and 605 mg·kg^-1, respectively. Among them, As, Cd, and Mn showed higher levels of pollution, with As and Cd posing significant ecological risks, while Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, and Cr levels were relatively low, often below background values or at mild contamination levels. The potential ecological risk assessment indicated that the overall risk in the Xiangshan Bay area was moderate, with croplands exhibiting the highest risk level. Source apportionment analysis revealed that agricultural activities, natural sources, transportation, industry, and parent materials contributed 22.0%, 27.5%, 14.4%, 22.2%, and 13.9% of heavy metal pollution, respectively. These findings suggest that heavy metal pollution, particularly that of As and Cd, is a major concern in the Xiangshan Bay area. Continuous monitoring and remediation efforts are required to ensure sustainable environmental development in the region.

Key words: soil heavy metals, land use types, distributional characteristics, source analysis, potential ecological risks

摘要：

探究典型港湾区域不同土地利用类型土壤重金属污染的时空分布特征及其潜在生态风险，可为相关区域的生态环境保护及土壤重金属污染治理提供科学依据。于2023年4－5月在浙江省宁波市象山港采集了不同土地利用类型下的表层（0－20 cm）土壤样品（共计216个），利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）测定了重金属铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）、砷（As）、铬（Cr）、镍（Ni）、铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）、锰（Mn）的质量分数，并分析其分布特征。结果显示，重金属Cu、Zn、As、Cr、Ni、Pb、Cd、Mn质量分数的中值分别为19.0、93.7、17.4、32.0、13.5、35.4、0.170、605 mg·kg^-1。其中，As、Cd和Mn的污染较严重，尤其是As和Cd达到强生态风险水平，而Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni和Cr的质量分数取值相对较低，大多低于其背景值或轻度污染标准。利用潜在生态风险指数法评估表明，环象山港区域土壤综合潜在生态风险属于中等水平，耕地土壤的生态风险最高，需引起重视。通过相关分析法、主成分分析法和正定矩阵因子分解法等多种源解析方法发现，农业活动、自然源、交通、工业及成土母质混合源分别对重金属污染贡献了22.0%、27.5%、14.4%、22.2%和13.9%。宁波环象山港区域已经出现了一定程度的重金属污染问题，尤其是As和Cd的污染情况较严重，未来应加强对该区域土壤重金属的污染监测与治理，以确保区域生态环境的可持续发展。

关键词: 土壤重金属, 土地利用类型, 分布特征, 源解析, 潜在生态风险

CLC Number:

X53
X820.4

TANG Shuya, WANG Chunhui, SONG Jing, LI Gang. Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution in the Xiangshan Bay Area[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2024, 33(11): 1768-1781.

唐舒娅, 王春辉, 宋靖, 李刚. 环象山港区域土壤重金属污染特征及风险评估[J]. 生态环境学报, 2024, 33(11): 1768-1781.

Figures/Tables 13

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土地利用类型	pH	w_(SOM)/(g·kg^-1)	MC/%	w_(NH4+-N)/(mg·kg^-1)	w_(NO3--N)/(mg·kg^-1)	w_(TN)/(g·kg^-1)
耕地	5.70±0.940b	47.2±12.3b	20.3±4.51a	54.2±18.1b	58.4±25.6a	3.04±0.490a
林地	5.03±0.330c	58.6±16.4a	19.2±4.04a	68.2±23.5a	17.6±7.90b	3.07±0.570a
建设用地	6.60±0.820a	44.0±11.0b	16.1±2.56b	45.0±15.2c	36.5±17.6a	2.95±0.390a

土地利用类型	pH	w_(SOM)/(g·kg^-1)	MC/%	w_(NH4+-N)/(mg·kg^-1)	w_(NO3--N)/(mg·kg^-1)	w_(TN)/(g·kg^-1)
耕地	5.70±0.940b	47.2±12.3b	20.3±4.51a	54.2±18.1b	58.4±25.6a	3.04±0.490a
林地	5.03±0.330c	58.6±16.4a	19.2±4.04a	68.2±23.5a	17.6±7.90b	3.07±0.570a
建设用地	6.60±0.820a	44.0±11.0b	16.1±2.56b	45.0±15.2c	36.5±17.6a	2.95±0.390a

E_r	R_I	污染评价
E_r<40	R_I<60	轻微
40≤E_r<80	60≤R_I<130	中等
80≤E_r<160	130≤R_I<250	强
160≤E_r<320	R_I>250	很强
E_r≥320		极强

E_r	R_I	污染评价
E_r<40	R_I<60	轻微
40≤E_r<80	60≤R_I<130	中等
80≤E_r<160	130≤R_I<250	强
160≤E_r<320	R_I>250	很强
E_r≥320		极强

土地利用类型	统计因子	Cu	Zn	As	Cr	Ni	Pb	Cd	Mn
耕地 (n=89)	最大值	81.6	183	32.4	214	146	122	0.51	2.05×10³
	最小值	7.16	55.8	1.49	10.5	4.64	22.5	0.08	94.2
	中位数	22.2	96.9	18.8	33.9	12.4	38.7	0.2	484
	平均值	24.6	100	17.4	44.9	20.6	42.7	0.21	554
	标准差	10.4	27.0	8.40	32.2	20.4	15.9	0.08	338
	变异系数	42.3	27.0	48.2	71.8	98.8	37.2	39.2	61.0
林地 (n=55)	最大值	44.2	244	30.4	113	73.7	138	0.72	1.71×10³
	最小值	4.70	33.3	1.32	5.03	2.65	19.8	0.06	115
	中位数	12.1	82.1	16.8	25.3	10.6	31.3	0.15	502
	平均值	14.2	92.7	15.5	28.5	12.9	41.1	0.18	616
	标准差	9.53	41.5	7.37	20.6	11.1	25.3	0.1	377
	变异系数	66.9	44.8	47.4	72.3	86.0	61.4	57.7	61.2
建设用地 (n=72)	最大值	126	664	34.9	110	42.7	254	0.9	1.59×10³
	最小值	7.45	47.5	3.43	9.51	5.00	18.2	0.06	152
	中位数	18.6	99.0	14.2	35.5	16.5	35.7	0.16	773
	平均值	21.6	120	14.6	39.2	17.5	46.3	0.2	811
	标准差	15.9	85.2	8.25	18.1	7.08	36.9	0.15	286
	变异系数	73.4	71.2	56.6	46.2	40.4	79.7	73.7	35.3
三门湾沿岸背景值*¹⁾		23.6	84.7	9.50	71.9	32.3	31.6	0.11	‒
宁波市土壤背景值** ²⁾		23.1	86.6	5.75	56.1	20.7	36.2	0.16	571
全国土壤背景值***³⁾		22.6	74.2	11.2	61.0	26.9	26.0	0.1	583

Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution in the Xiangshan Bay Area

环象山港区域土壤重金属污染特征及风险评估

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重金属	因子载荷
重金属	PC1	PC2	PC3	PC4
Cu	0.81	-0.02	-0.40	-0.02
Zn	0.67	0.52	-0.18	0.09
As	0.41	-0.38	-0.11	0.79
Cr	0.77	-0.51	0.01	-0.29
Ni	0.76	-0.54	0.07	-0.27
Pb	0.26	0.68	-0.05	-0.06
Cd	0.53	0.68	0.03	-0.03
Mn	0.54	0.13	0.79	0.15
特征值	3.09	1.92	0.83	0.82
方差贡献率/%	38.6	24.0	10.4	10.2
累积方差贡献率/%	38.6	62.5	72.9	83.1

土地利用类型	项目	Cu	Zn	As	Cr	Ni	Pb	Cd	Mn
耕地 (n=89)	最大值	17.7	2.11	56.4	7.65	14.1	16.9	95.5	3.59
	最小值	1.55	0.64	2.59	0.37	0.45	3.10	15.0	0.16
	中位数	5.31	1.16	30.3	1.60	1.99	5.90	40.14	0.97
	平均值	4.81	1.12	32.6	1.21	1.20	5.34	37.2	0.85
	标准差	2.25	0.31	14.6	1.15	1.97	2.20	15.7	0.59
	风险等级	S	S	S	S	S	S	M	S
林地 (n=55)	最大值	9.56	2.82	52.9	4.03	7.12	19.0	135	2.99
	最小值	1.02	0.38	2.29	0.18	0.26	2.73	10.5	0.20
	中位数	3.08	1.07	27.0	1.02	1.25	5.68	34.1	1.08
	平均值	2.62	0.95	29.2	0.90	1.02	4.32	28.4	0.88
	标准差	2.06	0.48	12.8	0.73	1.07	3.49	19.7	0.66
	风险等级	S	S	S	S	S	S	S	S
建设用地 (n=72)	最大值	27.4	7.67	60.7	3.91	4.13	35.0	1.70×10³	2.79
	最小值	1.61	0.55	5.96	0.34	0.48	2.52	10.7	0.27
	中位数	4.67	1.38	25.4	1.40	1.69	6.39	37.8	1.42
	平均值	4.03	1.14	24.7	1.26	1.60	4.93	29.6	1.35
	标准差	3.43	0.98	14.4	0.65	0.68	5.09	27.8	0.50
	风险等级	S	S	S	S	S	S	S	S

项目	R_I			占比/%
项目	最小值	最大值	均值	轻微风险	中等风险	强风险
耕地	42.3	152	87.4	10.1	84.3	5.62
林地	20.3	207	74.3	27.3	70.9	1.82
建设用地	28.0	204	80.1	30.6	62.5	6.94

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