广州某地质高背景地块土壤砷污染特征及成因分析

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2026.05.014

生态环境学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (5): 819-830.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2026.05.014

• 研究论文【环境科学】 • 上一篇

广州某地质高背景地块土壤砷污染特征及成因分析

魏龙毅¹(), 林亲铁¹^,^*(), 刘煜欣¹, 万家豪¹, 姚丽敏², 钟松雄³

¹ 广东工业大学环境科学工程学院/广东省工业污染场地修复技术与装备工程技术研究中心，广东广州 510006
² 广州沃索环境科技有限公司，广东广州 510525
³ 广东省科学院生态环境与土壤研究所，广东广州 510650

收稿日期:2025-10-08 修回日期:2025-12-21 接受日期:2026-01-21 出版日期:2026-05-18 发布日期:2026-05-08
通讯作者: *E-mail: qintlin@163.com
作者简介:魏龙毅（2000年生），男，硕士研究生，从事土壤修复研究。E-mail: 2607818377@qq.com
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC1802803);广州市科技计划项目(202206010057)

Arsenic Contamination Characteristics and Source Analysis in Soils of a Geogenic High-background Area in Guangzhou, China

WEI Longyi¹(), LIN Qintie¹^,^*(), LIU Yuxin¹, WAN Jiahao¹, YAO Limin², ZHONG Songxiong³

¹ School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology/Guangdong Industrial Contaminated Site Remediation Technology and Equipment Engineering Research Center, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
² Guangzhou verso Environmental Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510525, P. R. China
³ Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Science, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P. R. China

Received:2025-10-08 Revised:2025-12-21 Accepted:2026-01-21 Online:2026-05-18 Published:2026-05-08

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

砷（As）作为广泛分布于地质高背景区土壤中的潜在有毒元素，其高含量与特定赋存形态可能引发显著的生态与健康风险。为揭示典型地质高背景区土壤中砷的空间分布规律及其富集机制，以广州某高背景地块为研究对象，系统采集0－12 m深度范围内2336组土壤样品，利用分层统计方法分析砷含量的垂向变化特征，并结合区域地质调查资料将研究区划分为三类岩性单元；从高、中、低砷含量岩性中各选取3组代表性样品，开展连续提取实验以解析砷的赋存形态；进一步运用Spearman相关分析探讨砷与铁（Fe）之间的关系，并借助XRD、XPS和SEM-EDS等表征手段，揭示砷的矿物结合机制与赋存状态。结果表明，研究区土壤砷含量整体随深度增加而升高，深层土壤富集特征明显；砷形态以残渣态和铁氧化物结合态为主，活性形态占比较低，呈现出“总量高－活性低”的污染特征。砷与铁含量之间呈显著正相关（r=0.733，p<0.001）。微观表征结果进一步证实砷主要赋存于以铁、铝氧化物为主的矿物团聚体中。该研究阐明了地质高背景区土壤砷的分布规律与地球化学过程，为地质高背景土壤砷的环境风险评估与污染防控提供科学依据。

关键词: 地质高背景, 砷, 形态分析, 污染成因, 重金属

Abstract:

Arsenic (As) is widely present in soils of geogenic high-background areas, and its elevated concentrations and diverse chemical forms may pose potential ecological and human health risks. This study aims to elucidate the spatial distribution characteristics and enrichment mechanisms of As in a representative geogenic high-background area. A total of 2336 soil samples were systematically collected from depths of 0-12 m in a high-background site located in Guangzhou, China. Stratified statistical analysis was applied to examine the vertical variation trends of As concentrations. Based on regional geological survey data, the study area was classified into three lithological units. From lithologies representing high, medium, and low As concentrations, nine representative samples were selected to conduct sequential extraction experiments for As speciation analysis. Meanwhile, Spearman correlation analysis was performed to explore the relationship between As and Fe, and mineralogical characterization techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) were employed to identify the mineral associations and binding states of As. The results show that As concentrations in soils systematically increase with depth, indicating a pronounced enrichment in deeper horizons. Arsenic primarily occurs in the residual and Fe oxide-bound fractions, while the proportion of labile or bioavailable forms remains low, reflecting a contamination pattern characterized by “high total content-low mobility”. A significant positive correlation was observed between As and Fe concentrations (r=0.733, p<0.001). Mineralogical analyses further confirm that As mainly resides in mineral aggregates dominated by Fe and Al oxides. Overall, this study reveals the vertical distribution patterns and geochemical mechanisms of As in soils from geogenic high-background regions, providing a scientific basis for environmental risk assessment and pollution prevention in naturally As-enriched areas.

Key words: geogenic background, arsenic, arsenic speciation, contamination origin, heavy metals

中图分类号:

魏龙毅, 林亲铁, 刘煜欣, 万家豪, 姚丽敏, 钟松雄. 广州某地质高背景地块土壤砷污染特征及成因分析[J]. 生态环境学报, 2026, 35(5): 819-830.

WEI Longyi, LIN Qintie, LIU Yuxin, WAN Jiahao, YAO Limin, ZHONG Songxiong. Arsenic Contamination Characteristics and Source Analysis in Soils of a Geogenic High-background Area in Guangzhou, China[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2026, 35(5): 819-830.

图/表 9

图1 研究区位置及卫星影像图本图基于审图号为GS（2024）0650号的标准地图绘制；卫星影像图源于国家基础地理信息中心

Figure 1 Location map of the study area and satellite imagery

表1 形态提取步骤

Table 1 Steps of speciation extraction

步骤	分级形态	提取剂	提取步骤
1	非特异性吸附态	(NH₄)₂SO₄ (0.05 M)	室温振荡2 h，提取两次
2	特异性吸附态	(NH₄)₂H₂PO₄ (0.05 M)	室温振荡12 h
3	无定形铁氧结合态	(NH₄)₂C₂O₄ (0.2 M) pH=3.2	在室温避光下摇晃4 h
4	结晶型铁氧结合态	(NH₄)₂C₂O₄(0.2 M)+抗坏血酸 (0.1 M) pH=3.2	在 (96±3) ℃光照下水浴间断振荡30 min
5	残渣态	HNO₃/HCl	消解，参考土壤重金属总量分析

图2 砷空间分布图

Figure 2 Spatial distribution of Arsenic in the study area

表2 土壤基本理化性质及砷含量

Table 2 Basic physicochemical properties and heavy metal contents of soil

土壤样品编号	pH	w_(SOM)/ %	CEC/ (cmol∙kg⁻¹)	w_(As)/ (mg∙kg⁻¹)	ρ_(As)/(μg∙L⁻¹)
土壤样品编号	pH	w_(SOM)/ %	CEC/ (cmol∙kg⁻¹)	w_(As)/ (mg∙kg⁻¹)	水平振荡法	硫酸硝酸法
PL	7.61	4.97	5.61	52.87	1.01	1.48
PM	7.06	6.30	5.92	103.48	1.05	0.88
PH	7.98	4.22	3.68	389.92	6.75	11.47
FL	4.76	6.17	2.44	54.26	0.98	1.04
FM	5.16	6.71	2.83	150.34	0.90	0.84
FH	4.86	5.12	2.21	1193.77	0.94	0.92
SL	4.71	5.26	3.19	40.98	0.94	0.83
SM	4.67	6.01	2.58	71.81	0.96	1.03
SH	5.22	5.28	5.17	857.33	1.05	1.34

图3 不同岩性土壤砷形态分析图 F1为非特异性吸附态；F2为特异性吸附态；F3为无定形铁氧化物结合态；F4为结晶铁氧化物结合态；F5为残渣态

Figure 3 Arsenic speciation in soils of different lithologies

图4 土壤总砷与总铁质量分数Spearman相关性分析

Figure 4 Spearman correlation analysis between total soil arsenic and total iron content

图5 样品表征分析图 Q：石英；I：伊利石；K：高岭石；F：镁橄榄石

Figure 5 Sample characterization analysis

图6 土壤样品形貌及线扫描图

Figure 6 Morphology and line scan of soil samples

图7 土壤样品元素映射及能谱图

Figure 7 Elemental mapping and EDS spectra of soil samples

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广州某地质高背景地块土壤砷污染特征及成因分析

Arsenic Contamination Characteristics and Source Analysis in Soils of a Geogenic High-background Area in Guangzhou, China

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